Nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are information-rich polymers of nucleotides
|
|
- Magdalen Morton
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Nucleic acids Nucleic acids are information-rich polymers of nucleotides DNA and RNA Serve as the blueprints for proteins and thus control the life of a cell RNA and DNA are made up of very similar nucleotides. OH O P O O! Phosphate group N H N CH 2 O H H H H OH H Sugar DNA H N H N N H Nitrogenous base (A) OH O P O O! Phosphate group N H N CH 2 O H H H H OH OH Sugar RNA H N H N N H Nitrogenous base (A) 1
2 The sugar and phosphate form the backbone for the nucleic acid or polynucleotide A Nucleotide T C G T Sugar-phosphate backbone DNA consists of two polynucleotides twisted around each other in a double helix. C C G A G C T C Base pair TA T A A G A A A T T GC T T 2
3 RNA, by contrast is a single-stranded polynucleotide. C C G A G C T C Base pair TA T A A G A A A T T GC T T RNA consists of one polynucleotides twisted around itself. 3
4 DNA and RNA have different functions: DNA encodes information in the form of genes. RNAs are both is both the messenger of information RNAs also can have enzyme activity. C C G A G C T T A C G A T T Base A pair G C A T A T T A RNA as the progenitor of life? 4
5 Early scientists who observed cells made detailed sketches of what they saw. Early scientists who observed cells made detailed sketches of what they saw. CORK 5
6 Early scientists who observed cells made detailed sketches of what they saw. CORK These early sketches revealed an important relationship between art and biology, the most visual of the sciences 6
7 Microscopes provide windows to the world of the cell The light microscope (LM) enables us to see the overall shape and structure of a cell Eyepiece Ocular lens Objective lens Specimen Condenser lens Light source Light microscopes Magnify cells, living and preserved, up to 1,000 times 7
8 Light microscopes Magnify cells, living and preserved, up to 1,000 times The electron microscope Allows greater magnification and reveals cellular details 8
9 Different types of light microscopes Use different techniques to enhance contrast and selectively highlight cellular components Different types of light microscopes Use different techniques to enhance contrast and selectively highlight cellular components Figure 4.1E Figure 4.1F 220" 1,000" 9
10 Most cells are microscopic and vary in size and shape 10 m 1 m 100 mm (10 cm) 10 mm (1 cm) 1 mm Human height Length of some nerve and muscle cells Chicken egg Frog egg Unaided eye 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm Most plant and animal cells Nucleus Most bacteria Mitochondrion Light microscope 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm Mycoplasmas (smallest bacteria) Viruses Ribosome Proteins Lipids Small molecules Electron microscope 0.1 nm Atoms A small cell has a greater ratio of surface area to volume than a large cell of the same shape. 30 µm 10 µm 30 µm 10 µm Surface area of one large cube = 5,400 µm 2 Total surface area of 27 small cubes = 16,200 µm 2 10
11 There are two kinds of cells Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells Are small relatively simple cells 11
12 Prokaryotic cells Are small relatively simple cells Do not have membrane bound organelles Prokaryotic cells Are small relatively simple cells Do not have membrane bound organelles Two main classes: Gram-positive and Gram-negative 12
13 Prokaryotic cells Are small relatively simple cells Do not have membrane bound organelles Two main classes: Gram-positive and Gram-negative May have a capsule Prokaryotic cells Are small relatively simple cells Do not have membrane bound organelles Two main classes: Gram-positive and Gram-negative May have a capsule May have a rigid cell wall 13
14 Prokaryotic cells Are small relatively simple cells Do not have membrane bound organelles Two main classes: Gram-positive and Gram-negative May have a capsule May have a rigid cell wall May have and outer membrane (Gram-negative) Prokaryotic cells Are small relatively simple cells Do not have membrane bound organelles Two main classes: Gram-positive and Gram-negative May have a capsule May have a rigid cell wall May have an outer membrane (Gram-negative) May have a periplasmic space (Gram-negative) 14
15 Prokaryotic cells Are small relatively simple cells Do not have membrane bound organelles Two main classes: Gram-positive and Gram-negative May have a capsule May have a rigid cell wall May have an outer membrane (Gram-negative) May have a periplasmic space (Gram-negative) May have a flagellum (motility) Prokaryotic cells Are small relatively simple cells Do not have membrane bound organelles Two main classes: Gram-positive and Gram-negative May have a capsule May have a rigid cell wall May have an outer membrane (Gram-negative) May have a periplasmic space (Gram-negative) May have a flagellum (motility) Have pili or fimbrae (adhesins) 15
16 Prokaryotic cells Are small relatively simple cells Do not have membrane bound organelles Two main classes: Gram-positive and Gram-negative May have a capsule May have a rigid cell wall May have an outer membrane (Gram-negative) May have a periplasmic space (Gram-negative) May have a flagellum (motility) Have pili or fimbrae (adhesins) May have a circular plasmid Prokaryotic cells Are small relatively simple cells Do not have membrane bound organelles Two main classes: Gram-positive and Gram-negative May have a capsule May have a rigid cell wall May have an outer membrane (Gram-negative) May have a periplasmic space (Gram-negative) May have a flagellum (motility) Have pili or fimbrae (adhesins) May have a circular plasmid Are haploid with no nuclear membrane 16
17 Prokaryotic cells Are small relatively simple cells Do not have membrane bound organelles Two main classes: Gram-positive and Gram-negative May have a capsule May have a rigid cell wall May have an outer membrane (Gram-negative) May have a periplasmic space (Gram-negative) May have a flagellum (motility) Have pili or fimbrae (adhesins) May have a circular plasmid Are haploid with no nuclear membrane Have inclusion bodies Prokaryotic cells Are small relatively simple cells Do not have membrane bound organelles Two main classes: Gram-positive and Gram-negative May have a capsule May have a rigid cell wall May have an outer membrane (Gram-negative) May have a periplasmic space (Gram-negative) May have a flagellum (motility) Have pili or fimbrae (adhesins) May have a circular plasmid Are haploid with no nuclear membrane Have inclusion bodies Have different ribosomes 17
18 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments. Membranes form the boundaries of many eukaryotic cells. membranes 18
19 These membranes form compartments in the interior of the cell and enable a variety of metabolic activities membranes One such compartment is the nucleus. A true nucleus distinguishes a Eukaryotic cell from a Prokaryotic cell. Nucleus 19
20 A typical animal cell contains a variety of membranous organelles. Smooth endoplasmic Rough reticulum endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Not in most plant cells Cytoskeleton Flagellum Lysosome Centriole Peroxisome Microtubule Intermediate filament Microfilament Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Plasma membrane A typical plant cell has some structures that an animal cell lacks such as: chloroplasts a rigid cell wall Not in animal cells Nucleus Golgi apparatus Central vacuole Chloroplast Cell wall Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Microtubule Intermediate filament Microfilament Cytoskeleton Mitochondrion Peroxisome Plasma membrane 20
21 The nucleus The nucleus is the cell s genetic control center Nucleus The nucleus The nucleus is the cell s genetic control center It is separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane Nucleus Two membranes of nuclear envelope 21
22 The nucleus The nucleus is the cell s genetic control center It is separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane It contains the cell s DNA and ultimately directs the activities of the cell. Nucleus Two membranes of nuclear envelope Many cell organelles are connected through the endomembrane system that manufactures and distributes cell products Smooth endoplasmic Rough reticulum endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Ribosomes Golgi apparatus 22
23 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has a variety of functions: Synthesizes lipids Processes toxins and drugs in liver cells Stores and releases calcium ions in muscle cells Smooth ER Rough ER Nuclear envelope Smooth ER Ribosomes Rough ER TEM 45,000" Rough endoplasmic reticulum: Manufactures membranes Makes proteins Smooth ER Rough ER Nuclear envelope Smooth ER Ribosomes Rough ER TEM 45,000" 23
24 Rough endoplasmic reticulum: Ribosomes on the surface of the rough ER produce proteins that are secreted, inserted into membranes, or transported to other organelles Transport vesicle buds off 4 Ribosome 1 3 Secretory (glyco-) protein inside transport vesicle Sugar chain Polypeptide 2 Glycoprotein Rough ER The Golgi apparatus: finishes, sorts, and ships cell products Receiving side of Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle from ER New vesicle forming Shipping side of Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle from the Golgi TEM 130,000" 24
25 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell Rough ER Plasma membrane Transport vesicle (containing inactive hydrolytic enzymes) Golgi apparatus Food Engulfment of particle Lysosomes Lysosome engulfing damaged organelle Food vacuole Digestion Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell destroy bacteria that have been ingested Rough ER Plasma membrane Transport vesicle (containing inactive hydrolytic enzymes) Golgi apparatus Food Engulfment of particle Lysosomes Lysosome engulfing damaged organelle Food vacuole Digestion 25
26 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell destroy bacteria that have been ingested Recycle damaged organelles Rough ER Plasma membrane Transport vesicle (containing inactive hydrolytic enzymes) Golgi apparatus Food Engulfment of particle Lysosomes Lysosome engulfing damaged organelle Food vacuole Digestion Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell destroy bacteria that have been ingested Recycle damaged organelles Abnormal lysozymes cause fatal diseases Rough ER Plasma membrane Transport vesicle (containing inactive hydrolytic enzymes) Golgi apparatus Cystinosis Food Engulfment of particle Lysosome engulfing damaged organelle Lysosomes Food vacuole Digestion 26
27 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell: Plant cells contain a large central vacuole with lysosomal and storage functions Protists have contractile vacuoles that pump out excess water Nucleus Contractile vacuoles LM 650" A review of the endomembrane system Rough ER Transport vesicle from ER to Golgi Transport vesicle from Golgi to plasma membrane Plasma membrane Nucleus Vacuole Lysosome Smooth ER Nuclear envelope Golgi apparatus 27
28 Chloroplasts: convert solar energy to chemical energy found in plants and some protists Convert solar energy to chemical energy in sugars Chloroplast Stroma Inner and outer membranes Granum TEM 9,750" Intermembrane space Mitochondria: harvest chemical energy from food: carry out cellular respiration uses the chemical energy in food to make ATP for cellular work Mitochondrial disease Mitochondrion Intermembrane space Outer membrane Inner membrane Cristae Matrix TEM 44,880" 28
29 The cytoskeleton: helps organize its structure and activities A network of protein fibers Make up the cytoskeleton. Microfilaments of actin (Enable cells to change shape and move) Actin subunit 7 nm Fibrous subunits 10 nm Tubulin subunit 25 nm Microfilament Intermediate filament Microtubule The cytoskeleton: helps organize its structure and activities A network of protein fibers Make up the cytoskeleton. Microfilaments of actin (Enable cells to change shape and move) Intermediate filaments (Reinforce the cell and anchor certain organelles) Actin subunit 7 nm Fibrous subunits 10 nm Tubulin subunit 25 nm Microfilament Intermediate filament Microtubule 29
30 The cytoskeleton: helps organize its structure and activities A network of protein fibers Make up the cytoskeleton. Microfilaments of actin (Enable cells to change shape and move) Intermediate filaments (Reinforce the cell and anchor certain organelles) Microtubules give the cell rigidity, provide anchors for organelles, act as tracks for organelle movement, divide the chromosomes, and power cilia and flagella Actin subunit 7 nm Fibrous subunits 10 nm Tubulin subunit 25 nm Microfilament Intermediate filament Microtubule The cytoskeleton: helps organize its structure and activities A network of protein fibers Make up the cytoskeleton. Microfilaments of actin (Enable cells to change shape and move) Intermediate filaments (Reinforce the cell and anchor certain organelles) Microtubules give the cell rigidity, provide anchors for organelles, act as tracks for organelle movement, divide the chromosomes, and power cilia and flagella Figure 4.17A Figure 4.17B Colorized SEM 4,100" LM 600" 30
31 Cell surfaces: protect, support, and join cells interact via their surfaces Plasma membrane Plant cells Are supported by rigid cell walls made largely of cellulose Connect by plasmodesmata, which are connecting channels Vacuole Walls of two adjacent plant cells Plasmodesmata Layers of one plant cell wall Cytoplasm Plasma membrane 31
32 Animal cells are embedded in an extracellular matrix Which binds cells together in tissues Tight junctions can bind cells together into leak-proof sheets Anchoring junctions link animal cells into strong tissues Gap junctions allow substances to flow from cell to cell Tight junctions Anchoring junction Gap junctions Plasma membranes of adjacent cells Extracellular matrix Space between cells A typical animal cell contains a variety of membranous organelles. Smooth endoplasmic Rough reticulum endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Not in most plant cells Cytoskeleton Flagellum Lysosome Centriole Peroxisome Microtubule Intermediate filament Microfilament Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Plasma membrane 32
33 A typical plant cell has some structures that an animal cell lacks such as: chloroplasts a rigid cell wall Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Microtubule Not in animal cells Central vacuole Chloroplast Cell wall Intermediate filament Microfilament Cytoskeleton Mitochondrion Peroxisome Plasma membrane Review Eukaryotic organelles comprise four functional categories Manufacturing Breakdown Energy processing Support, movement, and communication between cells 33
34 Review Eukaryotic organelles comprise four functional categories Manufacturing Nucleus» DNA and RNA synthesis, assembly of ribosomes Ribosomes» Protein synthesis Rough ER» Synthesis of membrane proteins, secretory proteins, hydrolytic enzymes, formation of transport vesicles Smooth ER» Lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification, and calcium ion storage Golgi» Macromolecule modification, temporary storage, transport, and lysosome formation Breakdown Energy processing Support, movement, and communication between cells Review Eukaryotic organelles comprise four functional categories Manufacturing Breakdown Lysosomes» Digestion / recycling Vacuoles» Digestion / recycling, storage of chemicals, and water balance Energy processing Support, movement, and communication between cells 34
35 Review Eukaryotic organelles comprise four functional categories Manufacturing Breakdown Energy processing Chloroplasts» Conversion of light energy to chemical energy (sugars) Mitochondria» Conversion of chemical energy of sugars, fats, proteins to the universal energy source, ATP Support, movement, and communication between cells Review Eukaryotic organelles comprise four functional categories Manufacturing Breakdown Energy processing Support, movement, and communication between cells Plasma membrane and associated proteins» Cell barrier, communication, transport Cell wall» Cell shape, protection, connection to other cells Cytoskeleton» Cell shape, anchorage and movement of organelles, cell movement, signaling, transport of molecules Extracellular matrix» Connection of cells, regulation of cell function Cell junctions» Communication, connection of cells 35
36 Review Eukaryotic organelles comprise four functional categories Manufacturing Breakdown Energy processing Support, movement, and communication between cells Review Eukaryotic organelles comprise four functional categories Manufacturing Nucleus» DNA and RNA synthesis, assembly of ribosomes Ribosomes» Protein synthesis Rough ER» Synthesis of membrane proteins, secretory proteins, hydrolytic enzymes, formation of transport vesicles Smooth ER» Lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification, and calcium ion storage Golgi» Macromolecule modification, temporary storage, transport, and lysosome formation Breakdown Energy processing Support, movement, and communication between cells 36
37 Review Eukaryotic organelles comprise four functional categories Manufacturing Breakdown Lysosomes» Digestion / recycling Vacuoles» Digestion / recycling, storage of chemicals, and water balance Energy processing Support, movement, and communication between cells Review Eukaryotic organelles comprise four functional categories Manufacturing Breakdown Energy processing Chloroplasts» Conversion of light energy to chemical energy (sugars) Mitochondria» Conversion of chemical energy of sugars, fats, proteins to the universal energy source, ATP Support, movement, and communication between cells 37
38 Review Eukaryotic organelles comprise four functional categories Manufacturing Breakdown Energy processing Support, movement, and communication between cells Plasma membrane and associated proteins» Cell barrier, communication, transport Cell wall» Cell shape, protection, connection to other cells Cytoskeleton» Cell shape, anchorage and movement of organelles, cell movement, signaling, transport of molecules Extracellular matrix» Connection of cells, regulation of cell function Cell junctions» Communication, connection of cells 38
Early scientists who observed cells made detailed sketches of what they saw.
Early scientists who observed cells made detailed sketches of what they saw. Early scientists who observed cells made detailed sketches of what they saw. CORK Early scientists who observed cells made detailed
More informationA Tour of the Cell. Chapter 4. Most cells are microscopic. Cells vary in size and shape
Chapter 4 A Tour of the Cell Most cells are microscopic Cells vary in size and shape 10 m Human height 1 m Length of some nerve and muscle cells 100 mm (10 cm) 10 mm (1 cm) Chicken egg Unaided eye 1 mm
More informationUnit A: Cells. Ch. 4 A Tour of the Cell
Unit A: Cells Ch. 4 A Tour of the Cell Standards By the end of this unit you should be able to: Recognize and explain the function of each organelle Look at micrographs/diagrams/pictures and correctly
More informationORGANELLES OF THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
Membranes compartmentalize the interior of the cell and facilitate a variety of metabolic activities. Chloroplasts and a rigid cell wall are what distinguish a plant cell from an animal cell. A typical
More information4/12/17. Cells. Cell Structure. Ch. 2 Cell Structure and Func.on. Range of Cell Sizes BIOL 100
Ch. 2 Cell Structure and Func.on BIOL 100 Cells Fundamental units of life Cell theory All living things are composed of one or more cells. The cell is the most basic unit of life. All cells come from pre-existing
More information10 m Human height 1 m Length of some nerve and muscle cells eye 100 mm (10 cm) Chicken egg aid n 10 mm
Biology 112 Unit Three Chapter Four 1 Cell Sizes Smallest Bacteria Largest Bird egg Longest Giraffe s Nerve Cell Most Cells Diameter of 0.7µm to 105 µm 2 10 m 1 m 100 mm (10 cm) 10 mm (1 cm) Human height
More informationHuman height. Length of some nerve and muscle cells. Chicken egg. Frog egg. Most plant and animal cells Nucleus Most bacteria Mitochondrion
10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm Human height Length of some nerve and muscle cells Chicken egg Unaided eye 1 mm Frog egg 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm Most plant and animal cells Nucleus Most bacteria Mitochondrion
More informationName 4 A Tour of the Cell Test Date Study Guide You must know: The difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The structure and function of
Name _ 4 A Tour of the Cell Test Date Study Guide You must know: The difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The structure and function of organelles common to plant and animal cells. The
More informationA Tour of the Cell. Chapter 6. Biology. Edited by Shawn Lester. Inner Life of Cell. Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell Inner Life of Cell Edited by Shawn Lester PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin
More informationA Tour of the Cell Chapter 4. Outline. Early contributors to Understanding Cells. Cell Theory. Cell Size s Matt Schleiden & Ted Schann
A Tour of the Cell Chapter 4 Outline History of the science behind cells Cell theory & its importance Why are cells small? Microscopes Cell structure and function Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells Early
More informationChapter 4. A Tour of the Cell. Lecture by Richard L. Myers
Chapter 4 A Tour of the Cell PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Lecture by Richard L. Myers Introduction: Cells on the Move
More informationChapter 4. A Tour of the Cell. Lecture by Richard L. Myers
Chapter 4 A Tour of the Cell PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Lecture by Richard L. Myers Introduction: Cells on the Move
More information(a) TEM of a plasma. Fimbriae. Nucleoid. Ribosomes. Plasma membrane. Cell wall Capsule. Bacterial chromosome
0 m m 0. m cm mm 00 µm 0 µm 00 nm 0 nm Human height Length of some nerve and muscle cells Chicken egg Frog egg Most plant and animal cells Most bacteria Smallest bacteria Viruses Proteins Unaided eye Light
More informationCytosol the fluid Cytoplasm cell interior, everything outside the nucleus but within the cell membrane, includes the organelles, cytosol, and
Cell Organelles Plasma Membrane comprised of a phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins Outer surface has oligosaccharides separates the cells s contents from its surroundings Cytosol the fluid Cytoplasm
More informationCh 3 Cell Structure 10/1/2008. Cells Under the Microscope. Natural laws limit cell size. Biology Periods 2, 3, 4, & 6 Mrs.
Ch 3 Cell Structure Cells Under the Microscope Electron microscopes have much higher magnifying and resolving powers than light microscopes. Biology Periods 2, 3, 4, & 6 Mrs. Stolipher Cell size and shape
More informationPlasma Membrane. comprised of a phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins separates the cells s contents from its surroundings
Cell Organelles Plasma Membrane comprised of a phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins separates the cells s contents from its surroundings Cytosol the fluid Cytoplasm cell interior, everything outside
More informationA. Major parts 1. Nucleus 2. Cytoplasm a. Contain organelles (see below) 3. Plasma membrane (To be discussed in Cellular Transport Lecture)
Lecture 5: Cellular Biology I. Cell Theory Concepts: 1. Cells are the functional and structural units of living organisms 2. The activity of an organism is dependent on both the individual and collective
More informationChapter 7. (7-1 and 7-2) A Tour of the Cell
Chapter 7 (7-1 and 7-2) A Tour of the Cell Microscopes as Windows to the World of Cells Cells were first described in 1665 by Robert Hooke. By the mid-1800s, the accumulation of scientific evidence led
More information4 A Tour of the Cell CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS. Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece 4 A Tour of the Cell Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge Overview: The Fundamental Units of Life All
More informationChapter 4. A Tour of the Cell. Lectures by Edward J. Zalisko
Chapter 4 A Tour of the Cell PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Essential Biology, Fifth Edition, and Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, Fourth Edition Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, and Jane B.
More informationCells. Variation and Function of Cells
Cells Variation and Function of Cells Cell Theory states that: 1. All living things are made of cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things 3. New cells are produced from
More informationBio10 Cell Structure SRJC
3.) Cell Structure and Function Structure of Cell Membranes Fluid mosaic model Mixed composition: Phospholipid bilayer Glycolipids Sterols Proteins Fluid Mosaic Model Phospholipids are not packed tightly
More information10/13/11. Cell Theory. Cell Structure
Cell Structure Grade 12 Biology Cell Theory All organisms are composed of one or more cells. Cells are the smallest living units of all living organisms. Cells arise only by division of a previously existing
More informationA Tour of the Cell. Chapter 6. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for
Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
More informationCELL PARTS TYPICAL ANIMAL CELL
AP BIOLOGY CText Reference, Campbell v.8, Chapter 6 ACTIVITY1.12 NAME DATE HOUR CELL PARTS TYPICAL ANIMAL CELL ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM TYPICAL PLANT CELL QUESTIONS: 1. Write the name of the cell part in the
More informationThe Microscopic World of Cells. The Microscopic World of Cells. The Microscopic World of Cells 9/21/2012
Organisms are either: Single-celled, such as most prokaryotes and protists or Multicelled, such as plants, animals, and most fungi How do we study cells? Light microscopes can be used to explore the structures
More informationMicrofilaments. myosin. In muscle cells. Microfilaments. Microfilaments. Video: Cytoplasmic Streaming. amoeboid movement. Pseudopodia.
Microfilaments Fig, 6-27a myosin Microfilaments protein func3ons in cellular mo3lity in addi3on to ac3n In muscle cells Thousands of ac3n filaments are arranged parallel to one another Thicker myosin filaments
More informationChapter 4 A Tour of the Cell
Chapter 4 A Tour of the Cell PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh Edition Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko The image The Introduction Cells
More informationA TOUR OF THE CELL 10/1/2012
A TOUR OF THE CELL Chapter 6 KEY CONCEPTS: Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions The eukaryotic cell s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried
More informationCell Structure & Function. Source:
Cell Structure & Function Source: http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html Definition of Cell A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions. http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/nsc/images/cell.gif
More informationCHAPTER 4 - CELLS. All living things are made up of one or more cells. A cell is the smallest unit that can carry on all of the processes of life.
CHAPTER 4 - CELLS Objectives Name the scientists who first observed living and nonliving cells. Summarize the research that led to the development of the cell theory. State the three principles of the
More informationChapters 4 & 5: The Cell
Chapters 4 & 5: The Cell Honors Biology 2011 1 The History of the Microscope and Cell Theory 1665 - Robert Hooke uses a simple microscope to look at cork. 1668 - Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed single celled
More informationCell Structure and Function
Cell Theory Cell Structure and Function Chapter 6 Pg. 94-124 What is a cell? The basic functional unit of all living things. The Cell Theory states All organisms are made of one or more cells. Cells are
More informationA Tour of the Cell. Chapter 7
A Tour of the Cell Chapter 7 Cytology: Study of Cells Light Microscopes uses light & a set of lenses Magnification ratio of object s image size to its real size Resolution measures the clarity of the image
More informationChapter 6: A Tour of the Cell. 1. Studying Cells 2. Intracellular Structures 3. The Cytoskeleton 4. Extracellular Structures
Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell 1. Studying Cells 2. Intracellular Structures 3. The Cytoskeleton 4. Extracellular Structures 1. Studying Cells Concepts of Microscopy MAGNIFICATION factor by which the image
More information1. Studying Cells. Concepts of Microscopy 11/7/2016. Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell
Electron microscope Light microscope Unaided eye 11/7/2016 Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell 1. Studying Cells 2. Intracellular Structures 3. The Cytoskeleton 4. Extracellular Structures 1. Studying Cells
More informationA Tour of the Cell. Ch. 7
A Tour of the Cell Ch. 7 Cell Theory O All organisms are composed of one or more cells. O The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms. O All cells come from preexisting cells.
More informationStructures in Cells. Cytoplasm. Lecture 5, EH1008: Biology for Public Health, Biomolecules
Structures in Cells Lecture 5, EH1008: Biology for Public Health, Biomolecules Limian.zheng@ucc.ie 1 Cytoplasm Nucleus Centrioles Cytoskeleton Cilia Microvilli 2 Cytoplasm Cellular material outside nucleus
More informationChapter 4. A Tour of the Cell. Lectures by Chris C. Romero, updated by Edward J. Zalisko
Chapter 4 A Tour of the Cell Lectures by Chris C. Romero, updated by Edward J. Zalisko PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Essential Biology, Fourth Edition Eric Simon, Jane Reece, and Jean Dickey Campbell
More informationCytology II Study of Cells
Cytology II Study of Cells Biology 20 Cellular Basis of Life 1. Basic unit of Life 2. Composed of one or more cells 3. Arises from pre-existing cells Asexual (Mitosis)/Sexual (Meiosis) 4. Surrounded by
More informationCell Theory. Chapter 6. cell. fundamental unit of structure and function for all living organisms. arise only from previously existing cell
Chapter 6 cell Cell Theory fundamental unit of structure and function for all living organisms arise only from previously existing cell Figure 5.4 The size range of cells WHY are your brain cells the same
More informationStructures in Cells. Lecture 5, EH1008: Biology for Public Health, Biomolecules.
Structures in Cells Lecture 5, EH1008: Biology for Public Health, Biomolecules Limian.zheng@ucc.ie 1 Cytoplasm Nucleus Centrioles Cytoskeleton Cilia Microvilli 2 Cytoplasm Cellular material outside nucleus
More informationThe Golgi Apparatus: Shipping and Receiving Center. The Golgi apparatus. Functions of the Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes: Digestive Compartments
The Golgi Apparatus: Shipping and Receiving Center The Golgi apparatus Receives (on the cis-side) many of the transport vesicles produced in the rough ER Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae
More informationCHAPTER 4 A TOUR OF THE CELL
CHAPTER 4 A TOUR OF THE CELL Microscopes Con. 4.1 magnification: size resolution: clarity contrast: differences in parts Light Microscopy Techniques (p.68) a. Brightfield unstained b. Brightfield stained
More informationA Tour of the Cell Lecture 2, Part 1 Fall 2008
Cell Theory 1 A Tour of the Cell Lecture 2, Part 1 Fall 2008 Cells are the basic unit of structure and function The lowest level of structure that can perform all activities required for life Reproduction
More informationA Tour of the Cell. Chapter 6. Slide 1. Slide 2. Slide 3. Overview: The Fundamental Units of Life
Slide 1 Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan
More informationCh. 6 Tour of the Cell
Ch. 6 Tour of the Cell 2007-2008 Microscopy Scientists use microscopes to visualize cells too small to see with the naked eye In a light microscope (LM), visible light is passed through a specimen and
More informationChapter 4: Cell Structure and Function
Chapter 4: Cell Structure and Function Robert Hooke Fig. 4-2, p.51 The Cell Smallest unit of life Can survive on its own or has potential to do so Is highly organized for metabolism Senses and responds
More informationReview from Biology A
Chapter 4 Review from Biology A The Cell Theory All organisms are made of cells Cells come from pre-existing cells The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can live Scientists whose work you
More informationGeneral Biology. The Fundamental Unit of Life The Cell. All organisms are made of cells The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can live
General Biology Course No: BNG2003 Credits: 3.00 3. A Tour of the Cell Prof. Dr. Klaus Heese The Fundamental Unit of Life The Cell All organisms are made of cells The cell is the simplest collection of
More informationChapter 4. A Tour of the Cell. Lectures by Edward J. Zalisko
Chapter 4 A Tour of the Cell PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Essential Biology, Fifth Edition, and Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, Fourth Edition Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, and Jane B.
More informationChapter 4. A Tour of the Cell. RPTSE Biology Fall 2015, Dr. Jong B. Lee 1. Biology and Society: Antibiotics: Drugs that Target Bacterial Cells
Chapter 4 A Tour of the Cell Biology and Society: Antibiotics: Drugs that Target Bacterial Cells Antibiotics were first isolated from mold in 1928. The widespread use of antibiotics drastically decreased
More informationEukaryotic cell. Premedical IV Biology
Eukaryotic cell Premedical IV Biology The size range of organisms Light microscopes visible light is passed through the specimen and glass lenses the resolution is limited by the wavelength of the visible
More informationCh. 6: A Tour of the Cell
Ch. 6: A Tour of the Cell 1. Compare the 2 Types of Cells PROKARYOTES BOTH EUKARYOTES Domain: Domain: Relative Size & Complexity: Relative Size & Complexity: No DNA in No Examples: Has Has Examples: 2.
More informationLECTURE 3 CELL STRUCTURE
LECTURE 3 CELL STRUCTURE HISTORY The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 examining very thin slices of cork and saw a multitude of tiny pores that remarked looked like the walled compartments
More informationIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question.
CHAPTER 3 TEST Cell Structure Circle T if the statement is true or F if it is false. T F 1. Small cells can transport materials and information more quickly than larger cells can. T F 2. Newly made proteins
More informationOrganelles. copyright cmassengale 1
Organelles copyright cmassengale 1 Organelles Very small (Microscopic) Perform various functions for a cell Found in the cytoplasm May or may not be membrane-bound 2 Animal Cell Organelles Nucleolus Nucleus
More informationChapter 4 A Tour of the Cell
Chapter 4 A Tour of the Cell PowerPoint Lectures Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Eighth Edition REECE TAYLOR SIMON DICKEY HOGAN Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko Introduction Cells have a cytoskeleton
More informationAP Biology Book Notes Chapter 4: Cells v Cell theory implications Ø Studying cell biology is in some sense the same as studying life Ø Life is
AP Biology Book Notes Chapter 4: Cells v Cell theory implications Ø Studying cell biology is in some sense the same as studying life Ø Life is continuous v Small cell size is becoming more necessary as
More informationEukaryotic Cell Structures
Comparing the Cell to a Factory Eukaryotic Cell Structures Structures within a eukaryotic cell that perform important cellular functions are known as organelles. Cell biologists divide the eukaryotic cell
More informationStructure and Function of Cells
Structure and Function of Cells Learning Outcomes Explain the cell theory Explain why cell size is usually very small Describe the Fluid Mosaic Model of membranes Describe similarities and differences
More informationA Tour of the Cell. reference: Chapter 6. Reference: Chapter 2
A Tour of the Cell reference: Chapter 6 Reference: Chapter 2 Monkey Fibroblast Cells stained with fluorescent dyes to show the nucleus (blue) and cytoskeleton (yellow and red fibers), image courtesy of
More informationLecture 5- A Tour of the Cell
Lecture 5- A Tour of the Cell 1 In this lecture Prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes The organelles of the eukaryotic cell The cytoskeleton Extracellular components 2 What are cells? Cells are the fundamental unit
More informationChapter 3 Cell Structures & Functions
Biology 12 Name: Cell Biology Per: Date: Chapter 3 Cell Structures & Functions Complete using BC Biology 12, pages 62-107 Diagnostic Questions (mark using the answer key on page 527) 1. 2. 3. 4. 9. What
More informationAP Biology Summer Assignment
AP Biology Summer Assignment 2018-2019 AP Biology is a rigorous course and due to the large amount of material that needs to be covered during the school year, a summer assignment is essential. The first
More informationCELL PART OF THE DAY. Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function
CELL PART OF THE DAY Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function Cell Membrane Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers. Cell membrane is flexible, not rigid The cell membrane has two major functions.
More informationEukaryotic cells contain organelles that allow the specializations and the separation of functions within the cell.
Section 3: Eukaryotic cells contain organelles that allow the specializations and the separation of functions within the cell. K What I Know W What I Want to Find Out L What I Learned Essential Questions
More informationAll organisms are made of cells (cells are the basic units of life) Cell structure is highly correlated to cellular function
CELLS CHAPTER 6 I. CELL THEORY - All organisms are made of cells (cells are the basic units of life) Cell structure is highly correlated to cellular function All cells are related by their descent from
More informationThe Cell Organelles. Eukaryotic cell. The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment. Plasma membrane: a cell s boundary
Eukaryotic cell The Cell Organelles Enclosed by plasma membrane Subdivided into membrane bound compartments - organelles One of the organelles is membrane bound nucleus Cytoplasm contains supporting matrix
More informationSBI3U7 Cell Structure & Organelles. 2.2 Prokaryotic Cells 2.3 Eukaryotic Cells
SBI3U7 Cell Structure & Organelles 2.2 Prokaryotic Cells 2.3 Eukaryotic Cells No nucleus Prokaryotic Cells No membrane bound organelles Has a nucleus Eukaryotic Cells Membrane bound organelles Unicellular
More informationHuman Epithelial Cells
The Cell Human Epithelial Cells Plant Cells Cells have an internal structure Eukaryotic cells are organized Protective membrane around them that communicates with other cells Organelles have specific jobs
More informationBIOSC 041. v Today s lecture. v Today s lab. v Note- Monday is a holiday good time to do some reading!
BIOSC 041 v Today s lecture Review questions Chapter 6, Cells More review questions v Today s lab Quick review of lab safety The Scientific Method start thinking about which environments you might want
More informationBIOLOGY 111. CHAPTER 3: The Cell: The Fundamental Unit of Life
BIOLOGY 111 CHAPTER 3: The Cell: The Fundamental Unit of Life The Cell: The Fundamental Unit of Life Learning Outcomes 3.1 Explain the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
More informationChapter 6 Review Page 1
hapter 6 Review Page 1 1 Which of the following statements about prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells is FLS? They both contain ribosomes. They both contain mitochondria. They are both bounded by a plasma
More informationAnimal & Plant Cells Biology 20
Animal & Plant Cells Biology 20 Structures in Cells ALL cells start out as fully functional living things They must be able to create and maintain substances (compounds, ATP, ADP) and structures (membranes,
More informationEndomembrane system, *Chloroplasts, *Mitochondria. *Learn these from text/connect1. Fertilization of a human cell
Key Concepts: - Cells are the Basic Unit of Life Cell Theory, Surface to Volume - 2 Cell Types Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic - Cell Membrane Membrane Structure - Cell Organelles Endomembrane system, *Chloroplasts,
More informationCh. 4 Cells: The Working Units of Life
Ch. 4 Cells: The Working Units of Life Originally prepared by Kim B. Foglia. Revised and adapted by Nhan A. Pham Types of cells Cell Size Why organelles? Specialized structures - specialized functions
More informationA Tour of the Cell 4/10/12. Chapter 6. Overview: The Fundamental Units of Life
Chapter 6 LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson A Tour of the Cell Lectures by
More informationCHAPTER 6: A TOUR OF THE CELL AP BIOLOGY 2011
CHAPTER 6: A TOUR OF THE CELL AP BIOLOGY 2011 1 IMPORTANCE OF CELLS ALL ORGANISMS ARE MADE OF CELLS CELLS ARE THE SMALLEST LIVING UNIT STRUCTURE IS CORRELATED TO FUNCTION ALL CELLS ARE RELATED BY THEIR
More informationCell Cell
Go to cellsalive.com. Select Interactive Cell Models: Plant and Animal. Fill in the information on Plant and Animal Organelles, then Click on Start the Animation Select Plant or Animal Cell below the box.
More informationTHE CELL Cells: Part 1
THE CELL Cells: Part 1 OBJECTIVES By the end of the lesson you should be able to: State the 2 types of cells Relate the structure to function for all the organelles TYPES OF CELLS There are two types of
More informationFirst to View Cells. copyright cmassengale
CELL THEORY All living things are made of cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life) Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division)
More informationBiology Structures in Cells. 1.3 Structures in Cells
Biology 2201 1.3 Structures in Cells Structures in Cells ALL cells start out as fully functional living things They must be able to create and maintain substances (compounds, ATP, ADP) and structures (membranes,
More informationChapters 2 and 3. Pages and Pages Prayer Attendance Homework
Chapters 2 and 3 Pages 44-45 and Pages 59-62 Prayer Attendance Homework The Cell The cell is the basic unit of life on Earth, separated from its environment by a membrane and sometimes an outer wall. Prokaryotic
More informationCell Biology. a review! Cell Theory & Cell Structures
Cell Biology Cell Theory & a review! Cell Structures Cell Theory refers to the idea that cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things. Cells are either prokaryotic or eukaryotic
More informationChapter 4. A Tour of the Cell. Lectures by Edward J. Zalisko
Chapter 4 A Tour of the Cell PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Essential Biology, Fifth Edition, and Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, Fourth Edition Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, and Jane B.
More informationThursday, October 16 th
Thursday, October 16 th Good morning. Those of you needing to take the Enzymes and Energy Quiz will start very soon. Students who took the quiz Wednesday: Please QUIETLY work on the chapter 6 reading guide.
More informationCell Category? Prokaryote
CELLS Cell Category? Prokaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Cell Category? Cell Type? Cell Category? Cell Type? Endosymbiosis eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes Endo within Symbiosis together
More informationChapter 6. A Tour of the Cell. Concept 6.1 Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells
Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell Chapter Outline Concept 6.1 Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells In a light microscope (LM), visible light passes through the specimen and
More informationCellular Boundaries. Cell Organelles. The Nucleus and Cell Control. Cell Membrane. Cell Wall. Nucleus 10/11/2012. Cell Membrane Cell Wall
Cell Organelles Cellular Boundaries Protects cell Support and shape Controls what comes in and out of the cell Selectively permeable the process in which a membrane allows some molecules to pass through
More informationLab 3: Cellular Structure and Function
Lab 3: Cellular Structure and Function What is the basic unit of life? The simplest form of life is the cell! All living things are either: unicellular (only one cell) multicellular (many cells make one
More informationLECTURE PRESENTATIONS
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell Lectures by
More informationThe Cell. Biology 105 Lecture 4 Reading: Chapter 3 (pages 47 62)
The Cell Biology 105 Lecture 4 Reading: Chapter 3 (pages 47 62) Outline I. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic II. Eukaryotic A. Plasma membrane transport across B. Main features of animal cells and their functions
More informationCell Structure and Function
Cell Structure and Function Agre and cells in the news Cells Smallest living unit Most are microscopic Discovery of Cells Robert Hooke (mid-1600s) Observed sliver of cork Saw row of empty boxes Coined
More informationBell Work: What is the fundamental unit of life? 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bell Work: What is the fundamental unit of life? All organisms are made of cells The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can be alive All cells are related by their descent from earlier cells
More informationPeroxisomes. Endomembrane System. Vacuoles 9/25/15
Contains enzymes in a membranous sac that produce H 2 O 2 Help survive environmental toxins including alcohol Help the cell use oxygen to break down fatty acids Peroxisomes Endo System Components of the
More informationEukaryotic Cell Structure
Eukaryotic Cell Structure Vocabulary listed for Chapter 7.3: cell wall, chromatin, nucleolus, ribosome, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vacuole, lysosome, chloroplast, plastid, chlorophyll,
More informationA Tour of the Cell. Chapter 6. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for
Chapter 6 1 A Tour of the Cell PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
More informationCH 4: A tour of the cell Overview: The Fundamental Units of Life. Concept 4.1: Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells
CH 4: A tour of the cell Overview: The Fundamental Units of Life All organisms are made of cells The cell is the simplest collection of matter that is alive All cells are related by descent from earlier
More informationCell Theory. Cells are the basic unit of life.
3.1 7.1 Cell Theory Cells are the basic unit of life. 3.1 7.1 Cell Theory The cell theory grew out of the work of many scientists Galileo (1610) made the first microscope Hooke (1665) made up the term
More information