Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine"

Transcription

1 Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine 0 \ Second Edition BARRY HALLIWELL Professor of Medical Biochemistry, University of London King's College and JOHN M.C. GUTTERIDGE Senior Scientist, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control and Visiting Professor, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Q0 CLARENDON PRESS 1989 OXFORD

2 Contents 1 Oxygen is poisonous an introduction to oxygen toxicity and free radicals Oxygen and the Earth Oxygen and anaerobic organisms Oxygen and aerobes What causes the toxic effects of oxygen? What is a free radical? Oxygen and its derivatives Ozone and oxides of nitrogen Transition metals Other free radicals Further reading 20 2 The chemistry of oxygen radicals and other oxygen-derived species Reaction rates and rate constants Measurement of reaction rates for radical reactions Pulse radiolysis Stopped-flow methods Reactions of the hydroxyl radical Production of hydroxyl radicals in living systems Ionizing radiation Ultrasound, lithotripsy, and freeze-drying Reaction of metal ions with hydrogen peroxide Formation of hydroxyl radicals from ozone Ethanol metabolism Detection of hydroxyl radicals in biological systems Electron spin resonance and spin-trapping Aromatic hydroxylation Measurement of products of radical attack upon DNA Conversion of methional and related compounds into ethene (ethylene) gas (C 2 H 4 ) Other methods Production of singlet oxygen Reactions of singlet oxygen Detection of singlet oxygen in biological systems Use of scavengers 70

3 xii Contents Deuterium oxide Light emission Reactions of the superoxide radical Hydrogen peroxide in biological systems Further reading 81 3 Protection against oxidants in biological systems: the superoxide theory of oxygen toxicity Protection by enzymes 86 $ Protection against hydrogen peroxide by catalase and peroxidases Superoxide dismutase Protection by small molecules Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) Glutathione Uric acid Protection by sequestration of metal ions Metallothioneins Repair systems Methionine sulphoxide reductase DNA repair Degradation of abnormal proteins The superoxide theory of oxygen toxicity Is superoxide formed in vivo} Is the true function of superoxide dismutase that of removing superoxide radicals? Evidence bearing on the superoxide theory of oxygen toxicity Is superoxide a damaging species? Challenges to the superoxide theory Regulation of bacterial SOD synthesis by metal ions Oxygen radicals and radiation damage Food irradiation Further reading Lipid peroxidation: a radical chain reaction 188 o 4.1 Membrane structure 189 * 4.2 The peroxidation process Initiation and propagation The importance of iron in lipid peroxidation Products of the reaction of metal complexes with lipid peroxides 204

4 Contents xiii * 4.3 Enzymic and non-enzymic lipid peroxidation Acceleration of lipid peroxidation by species other than oxygen radicals Singlet oxygen 'A g Ozone Halogen radicals Peroxidation of other molecules Measurement of lipid peroxidation Uptake of oxygen Measurement of peroxides Diene conjugation Measurement of hydrocarbon gases Loss of fatty acids Light emission Measurement of fluorescence 225 tf The thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test Measurement of aldehydes other than MDA Summary which is the method of choice? Protection against lipid peroxidation 234 ' Protection by structural organization of the lipids 234, Protection by 'antioxidants': general principles 236, Vitamin E Synthetic antioxidants Glutathione peroxidase, a peroxide-decomposing antioxidant Antioxidants of extracellular fluids Erythrocyte lipid peroxidation The biomedical significance of lipid peroxidation Further reading Protection against radical damage: systems with problems The chloroplasts of higher plants The problems The solutions The eye Diabetic cataract Further reading Free radicals and toxicology Bipyridyl herbicides Paraquat toxicity to plants Toxicity to bacteria 305

5 xiv Contents Toxicity to animals Paraquat, lipid peroxidation, and hydroxyl radical formation Alloxan and streptozotocin Substituted dihydroxyphenylalanines and other phenolic compounds Cigarette smoke Lung defences against cigarette smoke Other air pollutants Haemolytic and anti-malarial drugs Hydrazines Sulphur-containing haemolytic drugs Quinones Oxidant stress, favism, and malaria Ethanol Paracetamol and phenacetin Halogenated hydrocarbons Carbon tetrachloride and chloroform Other halogenated hydrocarbons Hypoxic cell sensitizers and related compounds Antibiotics MPTP and Parkinson's disease Aluminium and Alzheimer's disease Aluminium and lipid peroxidation Toxicity of other metals Sporidesmin The 'Spanish cooking-oil' syndrome Ultraviolet light Further reading Free radicals as useful species Reduction of ribonucleosides Oxidation, carboxylation, and hydroxylation reactions Dioxygenases Pyruvate-metabolizing enzymes Hydroxylases Carboxylation of glutamic acid Phagocytosis The bacterial killing mechanism Significance of extracellular oxidant production by phagocytes Peroxidase and NADH oxidase enzymes Fruit ripening and the'wound response'of plant tissues 394

6 Contents xv 7.6 Eicosanoids: prostaglandins and leukotrienes Prostaglandins and thromboxanes Leukotrienes and other lipoxygenase products Endothelial-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) Further reading 408 Free radicals, ageing, and disease General principles Atherosclerosis Chronic inflammation and the autoimmune diseases Autoimmune diseases and phagocyte action Oxidants and human rheumatoid disease Are oxidants important in autoimmune diseases? Anti-inflammatory drugs and oxidant damage Ischaemia/reoxygenation injury Intestinal injury Cardiac injury Cerebral injury Preservation of organs for transplantation: kidney, liver, and skin Rheumatoid arthritis Pancreas Limb ischaemia Lung damage and the adult respiratory distress syndrome Exercise-induced oxidant damage Ageing 450 e Programmed ageing 451 «8.7.2 Damage accumulation ageing 454 t Free-radical theory of ageing Fluorescent tissue pigments Progeroid syndromes Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) Amyloid Model systems Cancer Oxidants and carcinogenesis Immune surveillance Mechanism of action of carcinogens Antitumour drugs and oxidant production Footprinting of DNA by using hydroxyl radical and other active complexes Further reading 494

7 xvi Contents Appendix I: A consideration of atomic structure and bonding 509 A. 1 Atomic structure 509 A.2 Bonding between atoms 517 A.2.1 Ionic binding 517 A.2.2 Covalent bonding 518 A.2.3 Non-ideal character of bonds 521 A.2.4 Hydrocarbons and electron delocalization 522 A.3 Further reading 524 Appendix II: A simple guide to lymphocytes 525 Index 527

Biologic Oxidation BIOMEDICAL IMPORTAN

Biologic Oxidation BIOMEDICAL IMPORTAN Biologic Oxidation BIOMEDICAL IMPORTAN Chemically, oxidation is defined as the removal of electrons and reduction as the gain of electrons. Thus, oxidation is always accompanied by reduction of an electron

More information

Lipid Oxidation and its Implications to Food Quality and Human Health. Dong Uk Ahn Animal Science Department Iowa State University

Lipid Oxidation and its Implications to Food Quality and Human Health. Dong Uk Ahn Animal Science Department Iowa State University Lipid Oxidation and its Implications to Food Quality and Human Health Dong Uk Ahn Animal Science Department Iowa State University Introduction Process of Lipid Oxidation Free Radicals and Reactive Oxygen

More information

Important reactions of lipids

Important reactions of lipids Taif University College of Medicine Preparatory Year Students Medical chemistry (2) Part II (Lipids) week 4 lectures 1435-36 Important reactions of lipids Lectures outlines Definition and importance of

More information

number Done by Corrected by Doctor

number Done by Corrected by Doctor number 19 Done by حسام ابو عوض Corrected by وسيم ابو عبيدة Doctor د.نايف 1 P a g e GAGs and Glycoproteins: GAGs: long, unbranched heteropolysaccharides, made from زunits repeating disaccharide [Acidic

More information

Reactive Oxygen species ROS + Anti-oxidants. Dr. Naif Karadsheh

Reactive Oxygen species ROS + Anti-oxidants. Dr. Naif Karadsheh Reactive Oxygen species ROS + Anti-oxidants Dr. Naif Karadsheh Oxygen Toxicity & Free Radicals Biradical O 2 Radical O 2 Non-Radical Radical H 2 O 2 OH ROS O 2 Metabolism and Toxicity O 2 Consumption >90%

More information

State of the art ingredients fast friendly service

State of the art ingredients fast friendly service ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID An Efficient Antioxidant α-lipoic acid also known as thioctic acid, plays an important role in metabolic processes. It functions as a co-factor for a number of key enzymes that help in

More information

Moh Tarek + Faisal Massad. Tala Saleh ... Naif

Moh Tarek + Faisal Massad. Tala Saleh ... Naif 19 Moh Tarek + Faisal Massad Tala Saleh... Naif Last lecture we ve talked about the main antioxidant system which are the enzymes found in our body, mainly: 1. Glutathione peroxidase 2. Super oxide dismutase(sod)

More information

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh number 17 Done by Abdulrahman Alhanbali Corrected by Lara Abdallat Doctor Nayef Karadsheh 1 P a g e Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) Or Hexose Monophosphate Shunt In this lecture We will talk about the

More information

Lujain Hamdan. Faisal Nimri

Lujain Hamdan. Faisal Nimri 20 Lujain Hamdan Faisal Nimri...... Sources of NADPH [ The pentose phosphate pathway is the primary source of the NADPH and is the only source in RBC.] Cytosolic conversion of oxaloacetate to pyruvate

More information

Mechanistic Toxicology

Mechanistic Toxicology SECOND EDITION Mechanistic Toxicology The Molecular Basis of How Chemicals Disrupt Biological Targets URS A. BOELSTERLI CRC Press Tavlor & France Croup CRC Press is an imp^t o* :H Taylor H Francn C'r,,jpi

More information

Antioxidant Products

Antioxidant Products Antioxidant Products Introduction Introduction Antioxidant Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) Ransel Ransod Glutathione Reductase Antioxidants help defend living organisms against free radical attack. Many

More information

number Done by Corrected by Doctor

number Done by Corrected by Doctor number 18 Done by Mahmoud Harbi Corrected by حسام أبو عوض Doctor Nayef Karadsheh Sources of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) 1 P a g e 1- Oxidases: there are some that produce hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) 2-

More information

AN ACTIVE SHELTER AGAINST POLLUTION V.16

AN ACTIVE SHELTER AGAINST POLLUTION V.16 AN ACTIVE SHELTER AGAINST POLLUTION V.16 THE SKIN IS CONSTANTLY EXPOSED The skin is an interface and thus is constantly exposed to environmental agents: Sun radiation Smoke Air pollution Free radicals

More information

Chemical and Biochemical Mechanism Of Cell Injury.

Chemical and Biochemical Mechanism Of Cell Injury. Chemical and Biochemical Mechanism Of Cell Injury. Professor Dr. M. Tariq Javed Dept. of Pathology Faculty of Vet. Science The University Of Agriculture Faisalabad Cell Injury When the cell is exposed

More information

BIOASTIN Bioastin is product that contains 4 mg astaxantin and 50 i.e. vitamin E (α-tocopherol) per tabl.. Carotenoids are family of around 700 substa

BIOASTIN Bioastin is product that contains 4 mg astaxantin and 50 i.e. vitamin E (α-tocopherol) per tabl.. Carotenoids are family of around 700 substa INTRODUCTION In 1956 Rebecca Gerchman and Daniel Gilbert detected toxic effect of superoxid on aerobs. Till today there are identificated many free radicals. Their toxic effect is registrated in more than

More information

Radicals. Structure and Stability of Radicals. Radicals are formed from covalent bonds by adding energy in the form of heat (Δ) or light (hν).

Radicals. Structure and Stability of Radicals. Radicals are formed from covalent bonds by adding energy in the form of heat (Δ) or light (hν). Radicals Chapter 15 A small but significant group of reactions involve radical intermediates. A radical is a reactive intermediate with a single unpaired electron, formed by homolysis of a covalent bond.

More information

Factors Affecting Oxidative Stability of Pork, Beef, and Chicken Meat

Factors Affecting Oxidative Stability of Pork, Beef, and Chicken Meat Animal Industry Report AS 654 ASL R2257 2008 Factors Affecting Oxidative Stability of Pork, Beef, and Chicken Meat Byung R. Min Ki C. Nam Joseph C. Cordray Dong U. Ahn, duahn@iastate.edu Recommended Citation

More information

1 INTRODUCTION. Page 1

1 INTRODUCTION. Page 1 INTRODUCTION 1 INTRODUCTION You are what you eat. Diet is an integral part of human life which indirectly reflects the physical and emotional state of a person. There is a huge diversity in food patterns

More information

Suggested homework problems: 8.8, 8.13, ,

Suggested homework problems: 8.8, 8.13, , Chapter 8 Outline: Haloalakanes, Halogenation, & Radical reactions Cover 8.1-8.3 on your own 1. Halogenation of Alkanes A. Mechanism of Halogenation B. Regioselectivity & Stereoselectivity of Halogenation

More information

Organic Chemistry Part 2

Organic Chemistry Part 2 Organic Chemistry Part 2 Benzene Benzene is a special structure C 6 H 6 The carbon-carbon bonds aren t a single or double bond but something in-between Resonance bond CYCLIC HYDROCARBONS Carbon chains

More information

Aging and nutrition 03/11/2012. Why do people age? Oxidative stress and damage

Aging and nutrition 03/11/2012. Why do people age? Oxidative stress and damage Aging and nutrition % of elderly people in Canadian population is increasing more than for other age groups within the elderly age group there is great variability in terms health, metabolism, physical

More information

Ch 07. Microbial Metabolism

Ch 07. Microbial Metabolism Ch 07 Microbial Metabolism SLOs Differentiate between metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism. Fully describe the structure and function of enzymes. Differentiate between constitutive and regulated enzymes.

More information

Arthritis is a very common medical condition estimated to affect around. seven million people in the UK. However, it is not a single disease but comes

Arthritis is a very common medical condition estimated to affect around. seven million people in the UK. However, it is not a single disease but comes Chapter 6: Antiarthritic activity of cultured mycelium of Volvariella volvacea 6.1. Introduction Arthritis is a very common medical condition estimated to affect around seven million people in the UK.

More information

Membrane lipid peroxidation by ultrasound: Mechanism and implications

Membrane lipid peroxidation by ultrasound: Mechanism and implications J. Biosci., Vol. 15, Number 3, September 1990, pp. 211 215. Printed in India. Membrane lipid peroxidation by ultrasound: Mechanism and implications A. K. JANA, S. AGARWAL and S. N. CHATTERJEE* Biophysics

More information

Iron Chelates and Unwanted Biological Oxidations

Iron Chelates and Unwanted Biological Oxidations The Virtual Free Radical School Iron Chelates and Unwanted Biological Oxidations Kevin D. Welch and Steven D. Aust Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Biotechnology Center Utah State University Logan,

More information

Sphingolipids. Sphingolipids are an additional type of membrane lipids, after glycerophospholipids, galactolipids and sulfolipids

Sphingolipids. Sphingolipids are an additional type of membrane lipids, after glycerophospholipids, galactolipids and sulfolipids Lipids 2 Steven E. Massey, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Bioinformatics Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras Office & Lab: Bioinformatics Lab NCN#343B Tel:

More information

Organohalides and Applications of Free Radical Reactions. Dr. Sapna Gupta

Organohalides and Applications of Free Radical Reactions. Dr. Sapna Gupta Organohalides and Applications of Free Radical Reactions Dr. Sapna Gupta Applications of Radical Reactions Since these reactions are hard to control they have few practical applications. This does not

More information

BIOL 158: BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY II

BIOL 158: BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY II BIOL 158: BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY II Lecture 5: Vitamins and Coenzymes Lecturer: Christopher Larbie, PhD Introduction Cofactors bind to the active site and assist in the reaction mechanism Apoenzyme is an

More information

Zuf Globus Laboratories Ltd.

Zuf Globus Laboratories Ltd. Chemical Analysis of the LifeMel As for request Professor Stefan Soback, the head of the i National Residue Control Laboratory, has performed a chemical analysis of the LifeMel. The purpose of the analysis

More information

Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and

Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere

More information

Oxygen Metabolism and Oxygen Toxicity

Oxygen Metabolism and Oxygen Toxicity xygen Metabolism and xygen Toxicity February 26, 2003 Bryant Miles Chemiosmotic Theory Chemiosomitic Theory state that the free energy of electron transport is coupled to the pumping of protons from the

More information

Erythrocytes. Dr. MOHAMED SAAD DAOUD BCH 471 1

Erythrocytes. Dr. MOHAMED SAAD DAOUD BCH 471 1 Red blood cells Erythrocytes Circulating erythrocytes are derived from erythropoietic cells (the precursors of erythrocytes). RBCs arise from mesenchymal cells present in bone marrow. RBCs lack nucleus

More information

Biochemistry of the Eye

Biochemistry of the Eye Biochemistry of the Eye Elaine R. Berman Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical School Jerusalem, Israel Plenum Press New York and London Contents 1. Selected Topics in Biochemistry Relevant to the Eye 1.1.

More information

This student paper was written as an assignment in the graduate course

This student paper was written as an assignment in the graduate course 77:222 Spring 2001 Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine Page 0 This student paper was written as an assignment in the graduate course Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine (77:222, Spring 2001) offered

More information

VITAMINS, MINERALS AND THE GUT

VITAMINS, MINERALS AND THE GUT VITAMINS, MINERALS AND THE GUT Nutrients Looking at individual nutrients that are involved with gut health can be misleading This is not about taking individual nutrients It supports more a whole food

More information

Organic photosynthetic reactions

Organic photosynthetic reactions rganic photosynthetic reactions Singlet oxygen 2 " excited state! excited state 3 2 ground state atomic orbitals molecular orbitals atomic orbitals 5 rganic photosynthetic reactions Singlet oxygen lifetime

More information

shehab Moh Tarek ... ManarHajeer

shehab Moh Tarek ... ManarHajeer 3 shehab Moh Tarek... ManarHajeer In the previous lecture we discussed the accumulation of oxygen- derived free radicals as a mechanism of cell injury, we covered their production and their pathologic

More information

6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Free radicals are chemical species containing one or more unpaired electrons, like hydrogen atom, most transition metal ions, nitric oxide and oxygen, with two unpaired electrons.

More information

Vitamin C and Joint Disease. Eva Star FCS 308

Vitamin C and Joint Disease. Eva Star FCS 308 Vitamin C and Joint Disease Eva Star FCS 308 Fall, 2009 Vitamin C and Joint Disease Joint disease affects numerous people around the world. Osteoarthritis is one type of join disease which affects joints

More information

LOOKING FOR LIPID PEROXIDATION IN VITRO AND IN VIVO: IS SEEING BELIEVING? Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Jason D.

LOOKING FOR LIPID PEROXIDATION IN VITRO AND IN VIVO: IS SEEING BELIEVING? Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Jason D. LOOKING FOR LIPID PEROXIDATION IN VITRO AND IN VIVO: IS SEEING BELIEVING? Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Jason D. Morrow MD Which of the following assays of lipid peroxidation may be useful and

More information

Types of Free Radicals

Types of Free Radicals Terminology Lipid Oxidation and Lipid peroxidation Free Radicals and Reactive oxygen species Fatty acyl group and methylene group Hydroperoxides and lipid peroxides Peroxyl radicals and alkoxyl radicals

More information

Mid Term Test- Template Questions

Mid Term Test- Template Questions Mid Term Test- Template Questions Name : ID : Time: Date: Total points: 100 Instructions: 1. Only 20 questions from Section I and II, 10 questions from Section III will be counted for grading. 2. Try to

More information

This student paper was written as an assignment in the graduate course

This student paper was written as an assignment in the graduate course 77:222 Spring 2005 Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine Page 0 This student paper was written as an assignment in the graduate course Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine (77:222, Spring 2005) offered

More information

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF THE 1,7-DIARYLHEPTANOIDS AND THEIR METAL COMPLEXES

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF THE 1,7-DIARYLHEPTANOIDS AND THEIR METAL COMPLEXES ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF THE 1,7-DIARYLHEPTANOIDS AND THEIR METAL COMPLEXES Malini.P.T Lanthanide complexes of curcuminoids Thesis. Department of Chemistry, University of Calicut, 2004 CHAPTER IV ANTIOXIDANT

More information

Lipids are used to store and excess energy from extra carbohydrates in animals

Lipids are used to store and excess energy from extra carbohydrates in animals Lipids Lipids are a major source of energy used by cells, however lipids are more difficult for your body to break down. They produce nearly twice the amount of energy than proteins or carbohydrates. Lipids

More information

A carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group, COOH

A carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group, COOH 1.6 Carboxylic Acids, Esters and Fats Carboxylic Acids A carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group, COOH These compounds are weak acids. Citrus fruits, crabapples, rhubarb,

More information

2 3 Carbon Compounds Slide 1 of 37

2 3 Carbon Compounds Slide 1 of 37 1 of 37 The Chemistry of Carbon The Chemistry of Carbon Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. Carbon atoms have four valence electrons that can join with

More information

Biochemistry: A Short Course

Biochemistry: A Short Course Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course Second Edition CHAPTER 20 The Electron-Transport Chain 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company Chapter 20 Outline Oxidative phosphorylation captures the energy

More information

A) Choose the correct answer: 1) Reduction of a substance can mostly occur in the living cells by:

A) Choose the correct answer: 1) Reduction of a substance can mostly occur in the living cells by: Code: 1 1) Reduction of a substance can mostly occur in the living cells by: (a) Addition of oxygen (b) Removal of electrons (c) Addition of electrons (d) Addition of hydrogen 2) Starting with succinate

More information

Chapter 7-2 Hydrocarbons

Chapter 7-2 Hydrocarbons Chapter 7-1 Carbon C atom - atomic # is 6; it has 6 protons and therefore 6 electrons - is in group 14; it has 4 valence electrons - atomic mass is 12; it has 6 neutrons - shares electrons when forming

More information

Mechanism of Detoxification

Mechanism of Detoxification Mechanism of Detoxification Prof.Dr. Hedef Dhafir El-Yassin 1 Objectives: 1. To list the detoxification pathways 2. To describe detoxification pathways and phases in the liver, 2 3 4 o Xenobiotics are

More information

Study of malondialdehyde and estimation of blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus with cataract

Study of malondialdehyde and estimation of blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus with cataract Original Research Article DOI: 10.18231/2394-6377.2017.0074 Study of malondialdehyde and estimation of blood glucose levels in patients diabetes mellitus cataract Syeda Shahana Jalees 1,*, M. Rosaline

More information

CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF FOOD

CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF FOOD Syllabus CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF FOOD - 71430 Last update 26-03-2017 HU Credits: 3 Degree/Cycle: 1st degree (Bachelor) Responsible Department: biochemistry & food sciences Academic year: 0 Semester:

More information

Mushrooms are fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of fungi belonging to the. subdivision of Basidiomycotina of the class Hymenomycetes.

Mushrooms are fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of fungi belonging to the. subdivision of Basidiomycotina of the class Hymenomycetes. Chapter 1: Introduction Mushrooms are fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of fungi belonging to the subdivision of Basidiomycotina of the class Hymenomycetes. Basidiomycetes include many of the familiar

More information

This student paper was written as an assignment in the graduate course

This student paper was written as an assignment in the graduate course 77:222 Spring 2003 Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine Page 0 This student paper was written as an assignment in the graduate course Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine (77:222, Spring 2003) offered

More information

Effect of NaCl, Myoglobin, Fe(II), and Fe(III) on Lipid Oxidation of Raw and Cooked Chicken Breast and Beef Loin

Effect of NaCl, Myoglobin, Fe(II), and Fe(III) on Lipid Oxidation of Raw and Cooked Chicken Breast and Beef Loin Effect of NaCl, Myoglobin, Fe(II), and Fe(III) on Lipid Oxidation of Raw and Cooked Chicken Breast and Beef Loin A.S. Leaflet R2578 Byungrok Min, graduate student; Joseph Cordray, professor; Dong U. Ahn,

More information

CHAPTER 28 LIPIDS SOLUTIONS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS

CHAPTER 28 LIPIDS SOLUTIONS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS 28 09/16/2013 17:44:40 Page 415 APTER 28 LIPIDS SLUTINS T REVIEW QUESTINS 1. The lipids, which are dissimilar substances, are arbitrarily classified as a group on the basis of their solubility in fat solvents

More information

Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Athletics. Current Sports Medicine Reports July 2007, 6:

Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Athletics. Current Sports Medicine Reports July 2007, 6: Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Athletics 1 Current Sports Medicine Reports July 2007, 6:230 236 Artemis P. Simopoulos, MD The Center for Genetics, Nutrition and Health, Washington, DC, USA EIB exercise-induced

More information

6/9/2015. Unit 15: Organic Chemistry Lesson 15.2: Substituted Hydrocarbons & Functional Groups

6/9/2015. Unit 15: Organic Chemistry Lesson 15.2: Substituted Hydrocarbons & Functional Groups 1-chloropropane 2-methylpropane 1-iodobutane Ethanoic Acid Unit 15: Organic Chemistry Lesson 15.2: Substituted Hydrocarbons & Functional Groups 43 It Ain t Just Hydrocarbons There are all sorts of organic

More information

A deficiency of biotin, commonly seen in alcoholics, can cause neurological symptoms

A deficiency of biotin, commonly seen in alcoholics, can cause neurological symptoms Water-soluble vitamins Vitamin deficiencies Metabolism General Diseases etc. A deficiency of biotin, commonly seen in alcoholics, can cause neurological symptoms Levels of folate are particularly low in

More information

Biology. Slide 1 of 37. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Biology. Slide 1 of 37. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology 1 of 37 2 of 37 The Chemistry of Carbon The Chemistry of Carbon Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. 3 of 37 Macromolecules Macromolecules Macromolecules

More information

Vitamin K & Antioxidants. NUT1602 E-Tutor 2018

Vitamin K & Antioxidants. NUT1602 E-Tutor 2018 Vitamin K & Antioxidants NUT1602 E-Tutor 2018 Vitamin K O Can be obtained from non-food source O Bacteria in the GI tract O Acts primarily in blood clotting O Prothrombin O Metabolism of bone proteins

More information

FREE RADICAL CHANGES IN METHANOL TOXICITY

FREE RADICAL CHANGES IN METHANOL TOXICITY Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2003; 47(2) (2) : 207 211 Methanol and Free Radicals 207 FREE RADICAL CHANGES IN METHANOL TOXICITY ESTHER M. PAULA, D. C. MATHANGI AND A. NAMASIVAYAM* Department of Physiology,

More information

ABSTRACT OF Ph.D. THESIS IN VIVO DETECTION OF LIGHT STRESS INDUCED REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES IN PLANTS. Ph.D. Thesis. Csengele Barta

ABSTRACT OF Ph.D. THESIS IN VIVO DETECTION OF LIGHT STRESS INDUCED REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES IN PLANTS. Ph.D. Thesis. Csengele Barta ABSTRACT OF Ph.D. THESIS IN VIVO DETECTION OF LIGHT STRESS INDUCED REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES IN PLANTS Ph.D. Thesis Csengele Barta Supervisor: Dr. Éva Hideg Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy

More information

Worksheet Chapter 17: Food chemistry glossary

Worksheet Chapter 17: Food chemistry glossary Worksheet 17.1 Chapter 17: Food chemistry glossary Aldehydes (alkanals) A homologous series of compounds with the general formula RCHO, where the CHO group (the aldehyde group) consists of a carbonyl group

More information

What Is Oxidative Stress?

What Is Oxidative Stress? Oxidative Stress What Is Oxidative Stress? JMAJ 45(7): 271 276, 2002 Toshikazu YOSHIKAWA* and Yuji NAITO** Professor* and Associate Professor**, First Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University

More information

Macromolecules. 3. There are several levels of protein structure, the most complex of which is A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary

Macromolecules. 3. There are several levels of protein structure, the most complex of which is A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary Macromolecules 1. If you remove all of the functional groups from an organic molecule so that it has only carbon and hydrogen atoms, the molecule become a molecule. A) carbohydrate B) carbonyl C) carboxyl

More information

Cell Respiration - 1

Cell Respiration - 1 Cell Respiration - 1 All cells must do work to stay alive and maintain their cellular environment. The energy needed for cell work comes from the bonds of ATP. Cells obtain their ATP by oxidizing organic

More information

This student paper was written as an assignment in the graduate course

This student paper was written as an assignment in the graduate course 77:222 Spring 2001 Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine Page 0 This student paper was written as an assignment in the graduate course Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine (77:222, Spring 2001) offered

More information

Measuring Lipid Oxidation in Foods

Measuring Lipid Oxidation in Foods Measuring Lipid Oxidation in Foods Measuring Lipid Oxidation Most lipid oxidation reactions in food have a lag phase First radical formed Depletion of antioxidant Immediately after lag phase food is rancid

More information

Lipid Oxidation An Overview

Lipid Oxidation An Overview Lipid Oxidation An Overview Outlines Mechanisms of Lipid Oxidation Implications of Lipid Oxidation to Meat Quality and Human Health Antioxidants Lipid Oxidation Oxidative deterioration of lipids containing

More information

Chapter 11 Nutrition: Food for Thought

Chapter 11 Nutrition: Food for Thought Chapter 11 Nutrition: Food for Thought Do you think about the food that goes into your body and how it affects you? How can you interpret the various nutrition information found in the press? What are

More information

Effect of NaCl, Myoglobin, Fe(II), and Fe(III) on Lipid Oxidation of Raw and Cooked Chicken Breast and Beef Loin

Effect of NaCl, Myoglobin, Fe(II), and Fe(III) on Lipid Oxidation of Raw and Cooked Chicken Breast and Beef Loin Animal Industry Report AS 657 ASL R2578 2011 Effect of NaCl, Myoglobin, Fe(II), and Fe(III) on Lipid Oxidation of Raw and Cooked Chicken Breast and Beef Loin Byungrok Min Iowa State University Joseph C.

More information

D. Vitamin K -- Group of naphthoquinones having antihemorrhagic activity.

D. Vitamin K -- Group of naphthoquinones having antihemorrhagic activity. D. Vitamin K -- Group of naphthoquinones having antihemorrhagic activity. 1. Structures VITAMIN K1; Phytonadione; 2-Methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone VITAMIN K2; Menaquinone-6 and 7; N=6,7 n 2. Function

More information

Dr. Nafith Abu Tarboush

Dr. Nafith Abu Tarboush 5 Dr. Nafith Abu Tarboush June 25 th 2013 Mohammad Abu Dosh Sheet 5.. Lipids ( Dr. Nafith ) : Classification of fatty acids : - they are classified depending on the existence of double bonds to : 1) Saturated

More information

Information concerning patients Practical advice and costs

Information concerning patients Practical advice and costs (downloaded from www.hese project.org) Information concerning patients Practical advice and costs A redox analysis of your serum is only possible in our laboratory. But your personal presence is not needed!

More information

Organic molecules highly hydrophobic and water insoluble.

Organic molecules highly hydrophobic and water insoluble. UNIT 5. LIPIDS OUTLINE 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Fatty acids. 5.3. Eicosanoids. 5.4. Triacylglycerols = Triglycerides. 5.5. Waxes. 5.6. Membrane lipids: glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids. 5.7. Isoprenoids

More information

BIOCHEMICHISTRY OF EYE TISSUE. Sri Widia A Jusman Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI

BIOCHEMICHISTRY OF EYE TISSUE. Sri Widia A Jusman Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI BIOCHEMICHISTRY OF EYE TISSUE Sri Widia A Jusman Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI 1 METABOLIC PATHWAYS IN EYE TISSUE Glycolysis ( aerobic & anaerobic) HMP shunt Poliol pathway TCA cycle

More information

CELL INJURY. Severity of Cell Injury

CELL INJURY. Severity of Cell Injury GENERAL PATHOLOGY LECTURE - 3 DR. M. TARIQ JAVED Professor Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. 9/11/2009 1 CELL INJURY No adaptive response

More information

Cysteine Peptide Scientific Review, Dr. S. Dudek, DMV International

Cysteine Peptide Scientific Review, Dr. S. Dudek, DMV International Cysteine Peptide Scientific Review, Dr. S. Dudek, DMV International Ethanol and Glutathione Reduced glutathione plays a critical role in cellular detoxification processes including the metabolism of peroxides,

More information

Speaker: Paul De Smet. Thursday June 4th 2015

Speaker: Paul De Smet. Thursday June 4th 2015 Speaker: Paul De Smet Thursday June 4th 2015 Your logo Stress Support: the nutritional answer to stress, infection and disease Thursday June 4th 2015 Table of content Stress Support: the nutritional answer

More information

ROLE OF ANTIOXIDANTS IN FEED AND EFFECTS ON MEAT QUALITY

ROLE OF ANTIOXIDANTS IN FEED AND EFFECTS ON MEAT QUALITY ROLE OF ANTIOXIDANTS IN FEED AND EFFECTS ON MEAT QUALITY Sergi Carné*, Anna Zaragoza Technical Department Industrial Técnica Pecuaria, S.A. (ITPSA) *scarne@itpsa.com Rancidity is associated with the breakdown

More information

Detection of Lipid Peroxidation Products From Free Radical and Enzymatic Processes. Jason D. Morrow M.D. Vanderbilt University School of Medicine

Detection of Lipid Peroxidation Products From Free Radical and Enzymatic Processes. Jason D. Morrow M.D. Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Detection of Lipid Peroxidation Products From Free Radical and Enzymatic Processes Jason D. Morrow M.D. Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Question? Which one of the following is the most accurate

More information

How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy

How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Chapter 6 Introduction: How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Individuals inherit various percentages of the two main types of muscle fibers, slow and fast The

More information

CfE Higher Chemistry Homework. Unit 2: Natures Chemistry. The Chemistry of Cooking and Oxidation of Food. 1. Which of the following is an aldehyde?

CfE Higher Chemistry Homework. Unit 2: Natures Chemistry. The Chemistry of Cooking and Oxidation of Food. 1. Which of the following is an aldehyde? CfE Higher Chemistry Homework Unit 2: Natures Chemistry The Chemistry of Cooking and Oxidation of Food 1. Which of the following is an aldehyde? 2. Which is true of a compound with the following formula?

More information

Pentose Phosphate Pathway. Dr. Abir Alghanouchi Biochemistry department Sciences college

Pentose Phosphate Pathway. Dr. Abir Alghanouchi Biochemistry department Sciences college Pentose Phosphate Pathway Dr. Abir Alghanouchi Biochemistry department Sciences college The pentose phosphate pathway is an alternate route for the oxidation of glucose where ATP (energy) is neither produced

More information

1.3.1 Function of Food. Why do we need food?

1.3.1 Function of Food. Why do we need food? 1.3.1 Function of Food Why do we need food? Need to know The Function of Food Three reasons for requiring food 2 Food is needed for: 1.Energy 2.Growth of new cells and Repair of existing cells, tissues,

More information

Effects of Diet, Packaging and Irradiation on Protein Oxidation, Lipid Oxidation of Raw Broiler Thigh Meat

Effects of Diet, Packaging and Irradiation on Protein Oxidation, Lipid Oxidation of Raw Broiler Thigh Meat AS 659 ASL R26 203 Effects of Diet, Packaging and Irradiation on Protein Oxidation, Lipid Oxidation of Raw Broiler Thigh Meat Shan Xiao Iowa State University Wan Gang Zhang Iowa State University Eun Joo

More information

Biology 12 - Biochemistry Practice Exam

Biology 12 - Biochemistry Practice Exam Biology 12 - Biochemistry Practice Exam Name: Water: 1. The bond between water molecules is a (n) a. ionic bond b. covalent bond c. polar covalent bond d. hydrogen bond 2. The water properties: good solvent,

More information

THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE

THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE Name Date Class 24 THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE SECTION 24.1 A STRATEGY FOR LIFE (pages 763 765) This section describes the structure of a typical eukaryotic cell. It also explains the relationship between photosynthesis

More information

This student paper was written as an assignment in the graduate course

This student paper was written as an assignment in the graduate course 77:222 Spring 2001 Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine Page 0 This student paper was written as an assignment in the graduate course Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine (77:222, Spring 2001) offered

More information

DENTAL OZONE BASIC SCIENTIFIC FACTS

DENTAL OZONE BASIC SCIENTIFIC FACTS DENTAL OZONE BASIC SCIENTIFIC FACTS Ozone (O3) is an allotrope of Oxygen (O2). An allotrophe is a variant of a substance consisting of only one type of atom. It has a NEW molecular configuration and NEW

More information

Soy Isoflavones Modulated Antioxidant Defense Systems and Decreased Lipid Peroxidation in Rats and Humans

Soy Isoflavones Modulated Antioxidant Defense Systems and Decreased Lipid Peroxidation in Rats and Humans Soy Isoflavones Modulated Antioxidant Defense Systems and Decreased Lipid Peroxidation in Rats and Humans By Chung-Yen Chen Dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute

More information

OXIDIZED LIPIDS FORMED NON-ENZYMATICALLY BY REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES

OXIDIZED LIPIDS FORMED NON-ENZYMATICALLY BY REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES JBC Papers in Press. Published on February 19, 2008 as Manuscript R800006200 The latest version is at http://www.jbc.org/cgi/doi/10.1074/jbc.r800006200 OXIDIZED LIPIDS FORMED NON-ENZYMATICALLY BY REACTIVE

More information

National 5 Unit Two : Nature s Chemistry

National 5 Unit Two : Nature s Chemistry National 5 Unit Two : Nature s Chemistry Fuels A fuel is a chemical which burns, giving off energy. Combustion is a reaction of a substance with oxygen giving off energy. The test for oxygen is it relights

More information

Foundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition

Foundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Foundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition Talaro Chapter 8 An Introduction to Microbial Metabolism Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction

More information

CHAPTER 28 LIPIDS SOLUTIONS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS

CHAPTER 28 LIPIDS SOLUTIONS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS HAPTER 28 LIPIDS SLUTINS T REVIEW QUESTINS 1. The lipids, which are dissimilar substances, are arbitrarily classified as a group on the basis of their solubility in fat solvents and their insolubility

More information

BIOCHEMISTRY. There are 4 major types of organic compounds each with unique characteristics: A. CARBOHYDRATES Contain,, and. Ratio of H:O is always

BIOCHEMISTRY. There are 4 major types of organic compounds each with unique characteristics: A. CARBOHYDRATES Contain,, and. Ratio of H:O is always BIOCHEMISTRY All organic compounds must contain and Are the following organic? Why or why not? H2O CO2 CH4 There are 4 major types of organic compounds each with unique characteristics: A. CARBOHYDRATES

More information

Foundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition

Foundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Foundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition Talaro Chapter 7 Elements of Microbial Nutrition, Ecology, and Growth Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required

More information

AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS ON THE ACTIVITY OF ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES IN NERIUM OLEANDER AND ROBINIA PSEUDO ACACIA PLANTS IN TEHRAN

AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS ON THE ACTIVITY OF ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES IN NERIUM OLEANDER AND ROBINIA PSEUDO ACACIA PLANTS IN TEHRAN Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng., 2007, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 157-162 AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS ON THE ACTIVITY OF ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES IN NERIUM OLEANDER AND ROBINIA PSEUDO ACACIA PLANTS IN TEHRAN * 1 M. Ghorbanli,

More information