Redefine the Role of Lignin in Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass
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1 Redefine the Role of Lignin in Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass Maobing Tu Auburn University
2 Background Biomass pretreatment is needed Break down the recalcitrant structure of cell walls Subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation Enzymatic hydrolysis Mixture of enzymes (cellulases from fungi) Fermentation Yeast or bacteria Produce ethanol or butanol 2
3 Lignin-New way to think about its effects Lignin limits enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose However Does certain type of lignin play a positive role How to distinguish the positive and negative effects? Can we make lignin be positive in biomass pretreatment? 3
4 Background-Lignin Extractible lignin Cellulose Residual lignin Enzymes Lignin strongly associated with itself Lignin associated with crystalline cellulose Lignin associated with cellulase enzymes Lindner, B Biomacromolecules 14:339 4
5 Background-lignin Lignin: physical blocking and non-productive binding Lignin structure and distribution changed during pretreatment Re-precipitation on pretreated substrate. Inhibitory effects on enzymatic hydrolysis, stimulatory effects? Xu, Y., et al. 27. Colloids and Surfaces A, 31, Li, M., et al J. Agr. Food Chem, 61,
6 Organosolv pretreatment of sweetgum/pine Hardwood (sweetgum) and softwood (loblolly pine) Ethanol Organosolv pretreatment Extractable lignin vs. EOL lignin Extractable lignin or solvent washing 6
7 Extractable lignin by 13 C-NMR Extractable lignin similar structure to EOL lignin 7
8 High extractives content in pretreated biomass Biomass Pulp (%) EE KL AL Glc Xyl Man Raw sweetgum.99± ± ± ± ± ±.49 OPSG 12.3± ± ± ±.14 6.± ±.12 OPSG-EW 2.87± ± ± ± ± ±.8 OPSG-DL.68± ± ± ± ± ±.2 EE: ethanol extractives; EW: 95% ethanol washed; DL: sodium chlorite delignified; High EE content in organosolv pretreated sweetgum (OPSG) Ethanol washing mainly removed extractives in OPSG Delignification removed both extractives and Klason lignin 8
9 Glucose yield (%) Distinct role of extractable lignin and residual lignin Remarkably, Removing extractable lignin (OPSG-EW) decreased the hydrolysis yield from 7% to 49% OPSG OPSG-EW OPSG-DL 1 8 Removing both extractable lignin and residual lignin increased the hydrolysis yield to 91% Removing extractable lignin did not change the initial rate Time (h) 9
10 Glucose yield (%) 72 h hydrolysis yield (%) Extractable lignin enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis Control+extractable lignin Control OPSG-E25% OPSG-E5% OPSG-E75% OPSG-E95% y=1.81x+49.4, r 2 = Ethanol extractives (extractable lignin) content (%) Time (h) The higher extractable lignin removal, the lower hydrolysis yield. Linear correlation between 72 h hydrolysis yield and extractable lignin (EE content). Addition of extractable lignin further increased the hydrolysis yield Lai, C., et al Bioresource Technol. 1
11 Extractive lignin reduced Chemical composition of organosolv pretreated sweetgum under various pretreatment conditions. Biomass Ethanol extractives Klason lignin Acid soluble lignin Glucan Xylan Galactan Arabinan Mannan Raw sweetgum.99± ± ± ± ± ±.32.83± ±.49 OPSG16/ ± ±.7 1.1±. 63.4± ±.4 NA NA 1.12±.12 OPSG-E25% a 1.37± ± ± ± ±.12 NA NA 1.14±.2 OPSG-E5% 5.31± ± ± ± ±.16 NA NA 1.2±.6 OPSG-E75% 3.1± ± ± ± ±.7 NA NA 1.34±.8 OPSG-E95% 3.7± ± ± ± ±.13 NA NA 1.2±.5 a OPSG-25% refers to 25% ethanol washed OPSG16/25. How about precipitated EOL? 11
12 Glucose yield (%) Glucose yield (%) EOL (hardwood) enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis Avicel Avicel+2.g/LEOL-SG Avicel+4.g/LEOL-SG Avicel+8.g/LEOL-SG OPSG-EW OPSG-EW+2.g/LEOL-SG OPSG-EW+4.g/LEOL-SG OPSG-EW+8.g/LEOL-SG 8.g/LEOL-SG Time (h) Time (h) EOL from sweetgum increased the hydrolysis yield of Avicel from 65% to 72%. EOL improved the hydrolysis of OPSG from 49% to 69%. No changes for the initial rate. 12
13 Glucose yield (%) EOL (hardwood) enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis OPLP OPLP+ 2 g/l EOL-SG OPLP+ 4 g/l EOL-SG OPLP+ 8 g/l EOL-SG Time (h) EOL from sweetgum increased the hydrolysis yield of OPLP-EW from 41% to 61%. The initial rate increased by 4-5%. Lai, C., et al Bioresource Technol. In press. 13
14 Glucose yield (%) Glucose yield (%) EOL (softwood) decreased enzymatic hydrolysis Avicel Avicel+2.g/LEOL-LP Avicel+4.g/LEOL-LP Avicel+8.g/LEOL-LP OPSG-EW OPSG-EW+2.g/LEOL-LP OPSG-EW+4.g/LEOL-LP OPSG-EW+8.g/LEOL-LP Time (h) Time (h) EOL from loblolly pine decreased the final yield of Avicel from 65% to 5% (5 FPU), slightly decreased the initial rate EOL lignin also decreased final yield of OPSG from 49.6% to 41.9%. 14
15 Glucose yield (%) EOL (softwood) decreased enzymatic hydrolysis OPLP OPLP+ 2 g/l EOL-LP OPLP+ 4 g/l EOL-LP OPLP+ 8 g/l EOL-LP Time (h) EOL from loblolly pine decreased the final yield of OPLP-EW from 41% to 38% (1 FPU). The initial rate decreased by 5-12%. 15
16 Constrasting effects from EOL-SG and EOL- LP Stimulatory effect of EOL-SG? Inhibitory effect of EOL-LP? How to explain the contrasting effects of lignins Affinity to cellulase enzymes Physicochemical properties Turning the negative effect of lignin to be positive? 16
17 Free enzyme in solution (%) Free enzyme in solution (%) EOL-SG and EOL-LP on enzyme distribution 1 8 Avicel Avicel+ 8 g/l EOL-SG Avicel+ 8 g/l EOL-LP OPSG OPSG+ 8 g/l EOL-SG OPSG+ 8 g/l EOL-LP Time (h) Time (h) The addition of EOL-SG increased the free cellulases in solution. The addition of EOL-LP decreased the free cellulases in solution Reducing non-productive binding probably is the main reason for the positive effect of EOL-SG. 17
18 Adsorbed enzyme on substrate (mg/g) High affinity between enzyme and EOL lignin EOL-SG EOL-LP max KC KC R max K Free enzyme in solution (mg/ml) Cellulases Гmax (mg/g) K (ml/mg) R (L/g) Cellulases on OPSG-EW Cellulases on Avicel Cellulases on EOL-SG Cellulases on EOL-LP Langmuir constant was higher in EOL softwood lignin than that in hardwood EOL. The enzyme adsorption capacity is much lower in hardwood EOL. The distribution coefficient (R) is much lower in Harwood EOL. 18
19 Enzyme adsorption isotherm of EOL lignins Cellulases Гmax (mg/g) K (ml/mg) R (L/g) Cellulases on EOL-SG/ Cellulases on EOL-SG/ Cellulases on EOL-SG/ Cellulases on EOL-SG/ Cellulases on EOL-LP/ Cellulases on EOL-LP/ Cellulases on EOL-LP/ Cellulases on EOL-LP/ Eight lignin samples with different distribution coefficients (R). 19
20 Lignin effects associated with low R-value Strong correlation between lignin effects and distribution coefficients (R). Low affinity of enzyme onto lignin resulted in stimulatory effects. 2
21 Functional groups contents in EOL lignins Lignin Phenolic hydroxyl Aliphatic hydroxyl Methoxyl EOL-SG/ EOL-SG/ EOL-SG/ EOL-SG/ EOL-LP/ EOL-LP/ EOL-LP/ EOL-LP/ With the increase on pretreatment temperature, phenolic hydroxyl (mmol/g) group content increased, aliphatic hydroxyl group and methoxyl group decreased. 21
22 Hydrophobicity and surface charge Lignin Hydrophobicity (L/g) Total surface charges (mmol/g) Molecular weight M n M w M w /M n EOL-SG/ EOL-SG/ EOL-SG/ EOL-SG/ EOL-LP/ EOL-LP/ EOL-LP/ EOL-LP/ Hydrolysis yield = * hydrophobicity=69.9, r 2 =.8 22
23 Turning lignin to be positive Can we make lignin be positive in biomass pretreatment? Lignin effect is ph dependent Lignin structure change is temperature dependent 23
24 Glucose yield (%) 72 h hydrolysis yield (%) ph effects on enzymatic hydrolysis with EOL addition ph OPSG-EW OPSG-EW+ EOL-SG OPSG-EW+ EOL-LP The optimal ph of enzymatic hydrolysis of OPSG-EW shifted. Increasing ph improved the positive effects of EOL-SG and EOL-LP on enzymatic hydrolysis. Increasing ph (EOL-LP) changed from inhibition to stimulation ph Avicel 24
25 Adsorbed enzyme on substrates (mg/g) ph effect on enzyme adsorption isotherm on EOL EOL-SG (ph 4.8) EOL-SG (ph 5.6) EOL-LP (ph 4.8) EOL-LP (ph 5.6) Free enzyme in solution (mg/ml) Cellulases ph Г m (mg/g) K (ml/mg) R (L/g) Cellulases on EOL-SG Cellulases on EOL-LP Cellulases on EOL-SG Cellulases on EOL-LP Increasing ph reduced cellulase affinity to EOL lignins. 25
26 Glucose yield (%) Glucose yield (%) Turning EOL-LP to be positive OPSG OPSG+ EOL-SG/16 OPSG+ EOL-SG/17 OPSG+ EOL-SG/18 OPSG+ EOL-SG/ OPSG OPSG+ EOL-LP/17 OPSG+ EOL-LP/18 OPSG+ EOL-LP/19 OPSG+ EOL-LP/ Time (h) Time (h) Organosolv process at higher temperature turned EOL-LP to be positive Reduced the positive effect of EOL-SG (EOL at 4 g/l) 26
27 Summary Hardwood EOL enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis Softwood EOL showed negative effect on enzymatic hydrolysis. EOL Lignin with low R showed stimulatory effect in biomass hydrolysis. Lignin could be bright in enzymatic hydrolysis. lignin 27
28 Acknowledgement USDA-NIFA (IBSS project), NSF, OVPR and AAES at Auburn University. Dr. Yonnie Wu, Dr. Sushil Adhikari and Dr. YY Lee. Graduate students (Chenhuan Lai, Mi Li, Rui Xie, Luis Olmos and Jing Li). 28
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364 ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION Affiliation Index Downloaded via 148.251.232.83 on September 5, 2018 at 17:10:11 (UTC). See https://pubs.acs.org/sharingguidelines for options on how to legitimately share published
Keywords: Biofuel; Coptotermes formosanus; Cellulose crystallinity; Enzymatic digestibility; Lignin removal; Odontotermes formosanus; Pre-treatment
PHYSIOCHEMICAL LIGNOCELLULOSE MODIFICATION BY THE FORMOSAN SUBTERRANEAN TERMITE COPTOTERMES FORMOSANUS SHIRAKI (ISOPTERA: RHINOTERMITIDAE) AND ITS POTENTIAL USES IN THE PRODUCTION OF BIOFUELS Hongjie Li,
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