All living things are mostly composed of 4 elements: H, O, N, C honk Compounds are broken down into 2 general categories: Inorganic Compounds:
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1 Organic Chemistry All living things are mostly composed of 4 elements: H, O, N, C honk Compounds are broken down into 2 general categories: Inorganic Compounds: Do not contain carbon Organic compounds Contain significant amounts of carbon.
2 Carbon: The Swiss Army Knife of Chemistry. Carbon is essential to life for several reasons: It can form strong stable (usually non-polar) covalent bonds It can form up to 4 chemical bonds It can form multiple bonds
3 Organic Compounds Organic Compounds often form Polymers Long chains of smaller molecules (not atoms) called monomers, bind to form huge Macromolecules 4 Types: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins & Nucleic acids
4 Biological Molecules Four main classes of organic compounds are essential to the life processes of all living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
5 Carbohydrates Includes: Sugars, starches, cellulose & glycogen Made of Carbon ( C ), Hydrogen ( H ), and Oxygen (O ) Following ratio of elements 1:2:1 Sugars: Provide immediate energy for cells Glucose: A Monosaccharide
6 Examples of Monosaccharides Glucose Main source of energy for cells
7 Examples of Monosaccharides Fructose Fruit Sugar
8 Examples of Monosaccharides Galactose Found in Milk
9 What are Isomers? Compounds that have the same molecular/chemical formula, but have different structural formulas.
10 What are Isomers? Glucose, fructose, and galactose all have the same molecular/chemical formula: C 6 H 12 O 6 Each has a different structure allowing each to have slightly different properties
11 Types of Carbohydrates Disaccharides Double sugar Formed from 2 covalently bonded monosaccharides
12 Examples of Disaccharides Sucrose (Table Sugar) = glucose + fructose
13 Examples of Disaccharides Lactose (milk sugar) = glucose + galactose
14 What is Lactaid? Contains a natural ENZYME that breaks down lactose
15 Polysaccharides Starches are many monosaccharides (glucose molecules) linked together in a single chain. These are called Polysaccharides. Plants use Starch for energy storage example - Potatoes Starch
16 Examples of Polysaccharides Glycogen Consists of hundreds of glucose molecules linked together Animals store glucose in the form of glycogen ready to be used as quick energy
17 Examples of Polysaccharides
18 Examples of Polysaccharides In plants, glucose molecules are linked in the polysaccharide starch.
19 Cellulose Cellulose is made of long polysaccharide chains Plants use this for structure (e.g. Wood) - not very digestible Cellulose
20 Examples of Polysaccharides Cellulose made by plants Gives strength and rigidity to plants Long chains of glucose molecules
21 Lipids Lipids are macromolecules including Fats, Waxes and Oils. Primary function is energy storage. Energy is stored in C-H bonds. Lipids are made of 2 parts Glycerol - an alcohol - Serves as backbone of the molecule 3 Fatty acids - Long hydrocarbon chains
22 Lipids Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (contain more C and H atoms than O) Energy storage source for animals Forms the membranes around cells
23 Fatty Acids Carboxyl end = hydrophilic water loving Other end of the fatty acid molecule is nonpolar Hydrocarbon end = hydrophobic water fearing
24 Fatty Acid
25 Types of fats Saturated fats have long chains with no double-bonds Unsaturated fats have double bonds Polyunsaturated fats have many double bonds
26 Examples of Lipids Triglycerides 3 molecules of fatty acids joined to one molecule of the alcohol glycerol. Energy storage molecule Most of your body's fat is in the form of triglycerides stored in fat tissue
27 Examples of Lipids Phospholipids 2 fatty acids joined by a molecule of glycerol Cell membranes are composed of 2 layers of phospholipids Membranes form a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell
28 Phospholipid
29 Examples of Lipids Waxes Long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain Waterproof In plants, wax forms a protective coating on the oater surface Ear wax helps prevent microorganism from entering the middle ear
30 Examples of Lipids Steroids Composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them
31 Examples of Steroids Animal hormones like testosterone Cholesterol Needed for cell membranes to function normally
32 Proteins (C,H,O,N) Proteins are made of Amino Acids There are 20 different amino acids. Each having a similar general structure - Differ only in their R groups
33 Proteins Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen Skin/muscles of animals are made mostly of proteins Catalysts are mostly protein
34 Proteins Monomers of proteins = amino acids (20) All amino acids share a basic structure COOH carboxylic acid NH 2 amino group R group makes each amino acid unique
35 Peptide Bonds Two amino acids linked together are called dipeptides More than 2 linked together are called polypeptides - polypeptides can be thousands of amino acids long
36 Nucleic Acids Two types of Nucleic acids DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) RNA (Ribonucleic acid) DNA is Formed of in a "Double Helix" - like a spiral staircase. Composed of C, H, O, N, P
37 Nucleotides DNA is formed from Nucleotides These are made of 3 components A 5-Carbon Sugar A Nitrogenous base A Phosphate group
38 What are functional groups? Special groups of atoms Structural building block that determines the characteristics of the compound.
39 Examples of Functional Groups P = phosphate group NH 2 = amino group COOH = carboxylic acid group
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