Ch. 9 Cellular Respira,on BIOL 222
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1 Ch. 9 Cellular Respira,on BIOL Energy Arrives as sunlight Photosynthesis Energy ECOSYSTEM Light energy Plants capture sunlight organic molecules and generates O Carbs used in cellular respira@on CO + H O Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic molecules + O Cells use energy stored in organic molecules to regenerate powers most cellular work Heat energy Energy eventually leaves as heat Catabolic Pathways and Produc,on of The breakdown of organic molecules is exergonic Aerobic respira,on Consumes organic molecules and O and yields Typically glucose Fermenta,on Par@al degrada@on of sugars that occurs without O Anaerobic respira,on similar to aerobic respira@on but uses compounds other than O as the final electron acceptor
2 Cellular Respira,on Cellular respira,on includes both aerobic and anaerobic but is ogen used to refer to aerobic 3 of 4 macromolecule classes may be used as fuel carbohydrates, fats, and proteins C H O + O CO + H O + Energy ( + heat) oxida@on-reduc@on reac@ons The Principle of Redox Chemical reac@ons that transfer electrons between reactants are called Oxida,on redox reac,ons becomes oxidized (loses electron) becomes reduced (gains electron) a substance loses electrons becomes oxidized Reduc,on becomes reduced a substance gains electron OIL-RIG NAD + and the Electron Transport Chain and other organic molecules Broken down in a series of steps NAD + (nico@namide adenine dinucleo@de) Electron carrier Electrons from organic compounds transferred func@ons as an oxidizing agent during cellular respira@on NADH Reduced form of NAD + represents stored energy that is used to synthesize Dehydrogenase NAD + + [H] Nicotinamide (oxidized form) e + H + e + H + Dehydrogena se Reduction of NAD + Oxidation of NADH NADH Nicotinamide (reduced form) + H + H +
3 Free energy, G Free energy, G NAD+ and the Electron Transport Chain NADH Delivers electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC) ETC passes electrons in a series of steps instead of one explosive reac@on Slow, controlled energy release O receives electrons from the ETC AGer an energy-yielding tumble down the chain Final electron acceptor H + / O H O Explosive release of heat and light energy (a) Uncontrolled reaction H + / O (from food via NADH) H + + e Electron transport chain e (b) Cellular respiration Controlled release of energy for synthesis of H + H O / O The energy yielded is used to regenerate The Stages of Cellular Respira,on: A Preview Cellular respira@on has three stages:. Glycolysis Literally sugar breaking breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. completes the breakdown of glucose Also called Krebs 3. Oxida,ve phosphoryla,on accounts for most of the synthesis Includes Electron Transport Chain Fig. 9-- Electrons carried via NADH Glycolysis Cytosol 3
4 Fig. 9-- Electrons carried via NADH Electrons carried via NADH and FADH Glycolysis Cytosol Mitochondrion Fig Electrons carried via NADH Electrons carried via NADH and FADH Glycolysis Cytosol Mitochondrion Oxidative : electron transport and chemiosmosis Oxidative Oxida,ve Phosphoryla,on Oxida,ve phosphoryla,on accounts for almost 90% of the generated by cellular respira@on 3 of 3-3 total phosphoryla,on formed in glycolysis and the citric Enzyme Enzyme P Substrate + Product 4
5 Glycolysis Glycolysis Breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate Energy investment phase + P used Occurs in the cytoplasm Energy payoff phase Two major phases: P 4 formed Energy investment phase Energy payoff phase NAD e + 4 H + NADH + H + + H O Net + H O 4 formed used NAD e + 4 H + NADH + H + Fig phosphate --phosphate Fig phosphate Phosphoglucoisomerase Fructose--phosphate --phosphate Phosphoglucoisomerase Fructose--phosphate 5
6 Fig Fructose--phosphate --phosphate Phosphoglucoisomerase Fructose--phosphate 3 Phosphofructokinase 3 Phosphofructokinase Fructose-, -bisphosphate End Investment Phase Fig Begin Payoff Phase --phosphate Phosphoglucoisomerase Fructose--phosphate 3 Phosphofructokinase Glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate Fructose-, -bisphosphate 4 Aldolase 5 Isomerase 5 Isomerase Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Fructose-, -bisphosphate Fructose-, -bisphosphate 4 Aldolase Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate Fig NAD + NADH + H + P i, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate NAD + Glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate NADH P i + H +, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
7 Fig NAD + NADH P i + H +, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 7 Phosphoglycerokinase, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 3-Phosphoglycerate 7 Phosphoglycerokinase 3-Phosphoglycerate Fig NAD + NADH P i + H +, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 7 Phosphoglycerokinase 3-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoglyceromutase -Phosphoglycerate 3-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoglyceromutase -Phosphoglycerate Fig NAD + NADH + H + P i, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 7 Phosphoglycerokinase 3-Phosphoglycerate -Phosphoglycerate Phosphoglyceromutase -Phosphoglycerate 9 Enolase H O H O 9 Enolase Phosphoenolpyruvate Phosphoenolpyruvate 7
8 Fig NAD + NADH + H + P i, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 7 Phosphoglycerokinase 3-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoglyceromutase Phosphoenolpyruvate 0 kinase -Phosphoglycerate H O 9 Enolase Phosphoenolpyruvate 0 kinase If O is present Intermediate Step pyruvate enters the mitochondrion CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION Two per original glucose acetyl formed when added to coenzyme A As it crosses the mitochondrial membranes Yields first CO wastes Reduces a NAD+ to NADH Enters the citric Transport protein NAD + NADH + H + 3 CO Coenzyme A Acetyl Acid Cycle Also called the Krebs NAD + CO Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix NADH + H + Acetyl oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate generates, 3 NADH, and FADH per FADH FAD CO 3 NAD + 3 NADH + 3 H + + P i and CO Two s per glucose!
9 Eight steps Acid Cycle Each catalyzed by a specific enzyme Acetyl group of acetyl joins the by combining with oxaloacetate CO NAD + NADH + H + Acetyl Forming citrate Coenzyme A returns to intermediate step CO The next seven steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate FADH FAD + P i 3 NAD + 3 NADH + 3 H + Makes the process a The NADH and FADH Deliver electrons to the electron transport chain Fig. 9-- Acetyl SH Oxaloacetate Citrate 9
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