Lipids: Fats, Oils & Waxes: AP Biology

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1 Lipids: Fats, Oils & Waxes:

2 Lipids long term energy storage concentrated energy *9 Cal/gram

3 Lipids: Triglycerides Lipids are composed of C, H, O u long hydrocarbon chains (H-C) Family groups u fats u phospholipids u steroids Do not form polymers u big molecules made of smaller subunits u not a continuing chain

4 Fats: Structure: u glycerol (3C alcohol) + fatty acid fatty acid = long HC tail with carboxyl (COOH) group head enzyme H 2 O dehydration synthesis

5 Building Fats: (lipogenesis) Triacylglycerol u 3 fatty acids linked to glycerol u ester linkage = between OH & COOH hydroxyl carboxyl

6 Dehydration synthesis: dehydration synthesis enzyme H 2 O enzyme H 2 O enzyme H 2 O

7 Lipogenesis * Lipogenesis - liver cells & adipose cells can synthesize lipids from glucose & protein. * occurs when you consume more kcals than are needed to satisfy ATP needs. i.e. carbos, fats, proteins,... all have the same fate stored as ADIPOSE TISSUE!!

8 Triglycerides are stored as an energy reserve; are used to make ATP & body stores are renewed ~ every 2 weeks Why do mammals store fuel primarily as fat (adipose tissue)? 900 lb. naked vampire on the set of Blade

9 Fats store energy: Long HC chain u polar or non-polar? Why do humans like fatty foods? u hydrophilic or hydrophobic? Function: u energy storage concentrated wall H-C! 2x carbohydrates u cushion organs u insulates body - think whale blubber! Think about our ancestors on the Serengeti Plain and during the Ice Age. Was eating fat an advantage?

10 Fats are oxidized to make ATP! gluconeogensisis Fats must be broken down into glycerol & fatty acids O2 is required ATP

11 Various Fatty Acid Chains: Saturated fatty acid Unsaturated fatty acid aka. monounsaturated C C C C Polyunsaturated fatty acid C C C

12 Which fats are solid at room temperature?

13 Saturated fats: All C bonded to H No C=C double bonds u long, straight chain u most animal fats u solid at room temp. contributes to cardiovascular disease (atherosclerosis) = plaque deposits

14 Unsaturated fats: C=C double bonds in the fatty acids u plant & fish fats (omega-3 s) u vegetable oils u liquid at room temperature the kinks made by double bonded C prevent the molecules from packing tightly together mono-unsaturated? poly-unsaturated?

15 Saturated vs. unsaturated: saturated unsaturated ü

16 Hydrogenation of fats - polyunsaturated fats become more saturated w/ H atoms, i.e. more R.T * increases shelf life; decreases rancidity(oxidation) * tend to raise blood cholesterol levels as do other saturated fats; increases Coronary Heart Disease - BAD FATS! e.g. commercially made baked goods, deep fried foods in restaurants.

17 * soft spread is less saturated than stick; it s less hydrogenated *cis (natural) vs. trans fatty acids (unnatural) *trans fatty acids increase LDL's ( lousy lipoproteins ) plaque in blood vessels *trans fatty acids also may create free radicals in the body, i.e. unpaired electrons that are looking for a molecule such as DNA, or the cell membranes to reduce; leads to destruction of tissues.

18 Atherosclerosis - hardening of the arteries by plaque deposits. Leads to Coronary Heart Disease Coronary artery Kids (children & teens) who are Obese or have high blood cholesterol have artery walls resembling the thickness of a 44 yr. old. This is an indicator of CHD study. 1/3 of US women die of HD 2015 study

19 The obese woman on the left has fat around her organs (shown by the yellow areas) and an enlarged heart which can have dire consequences on her health Notice anything? My observations include: 1) the obese person's knees look ready to buckle. 2) the obese person's heart has shifted to accommodate their girth. 3) the obese person has lots of undigested food in their system. It looks like a whole sausage is rotting in their colon. 4) the heart on the obese MRI looks like a fatty steak. It has enlarged. 5) Arthritis. 6) sore heels.7) depression.

20 EAT LESS: Carbonated Drinks Refined sugars Artificial sweeteners & colors Processed food EAT MORE: Fruits & Vegetables Organic Lean Protein Omega 3 Fatty acids Drink water Remember!

21 Phospholipids : Structure: u glycerol + 2 fatty acids + PO 4 PO 4 = negatively charged It s just like a penguin A head at one end & a tail at the other!

22 Phospholipids: Hydrophobic or hydrophilic? u fatty acid tails = hydrophobic u PO 4 head = hydrophillic u split personality attracted to water Come here, No, go away! Come here, No, go away! interaction with H 2 O is complex & very important! repelled by water

23 Phospholipids in water? Hydrophilic heads attracted to H 2 O Hydrophobic tails hide from H 2 O u can self-assemble into bubbles bubble = micelle can also form a phospholipid bilayer early evolutionary stage of cell? water bilayer water

24 Phospholipids & cells: Phospholipids of cell membrane u double layer = bilayer u hydrophilic heads on outside in contact with aqueous solution outside of cell and inside of cell u hydrophobic tails on inside form core u forms barrier between cell & external environment Tell them about soap!

25 Why is this important? Phospholipids create a barrier in water u define outside vs. inside u they make cell membranes! Tell them about soap!

26 Steroids: Structure: u 4 fused C rings +?? different steroids created by attaching different functional groups to rings different structure creates different function u examples: cholesterol, sex hormones cholesterol

27 Cholesterol I thought it was bad? Important cell component u animal cell membranes u precursor of all other steroids including vertebrate sex hormones u high levels in blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease

28 Cholesterol again Important component of cell membrane helps keep cell membranes fluid & flexible

29 From Cholesterol Sex Hormones What a big difference a few atoms can make!

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