NOTES: Ch 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Part 1: The Overview
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1 NOTES: Ch 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Part 1: The Overview
2 Overview: Life Is Work Living cells require energy from outside sources Some animals, such as the giant panda, obtain energy by eating plants; others feed on organisms that eat plants
3
4 Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat Photosynthesis generates oxygen and organic molecules, which are used in cellular respiration Cells use chemical energy stored in organic molecules to regenerate ATP, which powers work
5 Light energy ECOSYSTEM CO 2 + H 2 O Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic molecules + O 2 ATP powers most cellular work Heat energy
6 9.1 - Catabolic Pathways & Production of ATP: The breakdown of organic molecules is EXERGONIC Fermentation is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without oxygen Cellular respiration consumes oxygen and organic molecules and yields ATP
7 Principles of Energy Harvest Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose: Chemical Equation: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy (ATP + heat)
8 Recall: the ATP cycle
9 Redox Reactions: Oxidation and Reduction The transfer of electrons during chemical reactions releases energy stored in organic molecules This released energy is ultimately used to synthesize ATP
10 REDOX REACTIONS: involve electron transfers from 1 substance to another
11 The Principle of Redox OXIDATION: loss of electrons ( energy releasing ) REDUCTION: gain of electrons ( energy storing )
12 Example of Redox: Oxidation (loss of electrons) Na + Cl Na + + Cl - Reduction (gain of electrons)
13 The electron donor is called the reducing agent The electron receptor is called the oxidizing agent
14 Example of Redox: Na is oxidized; it is the reducing agent Na + Cl Na + + Cl - Cl is reduced; it is the oxidizing agent
15 Oxidation of Organic Fuel Molecules During Cellular Respiration: During cellular respiration, the fuel (such as glucose) is oxidized and oxygen is reduced:
16 Respiration: oxidized C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O reduced *the transfer of electrons from 1 element to another, more electronegative element (e.g. from H to O) releases stored potential energy - - this chemical energy can be put to work!
17 Glucose & other fuels are broken down gradually, in a series of steps at key steps, H atoms are stripped from glucose and passed to a coenzyme: NAD + (this is performed by enzymes: dehydrogenase) NAD + + 2H NADH + H +
18 Stepwise Energy Harvest via NAD + and the Electron Transport Chain As an electron acceptor, NAD + functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD + ) represents stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP
19 NAD + 2 e + 2 H + 2 e + H + Dehydrogenase NADH H + Nicotinamide (oxidized form) + 2[H] (from food) Nicotinamide (reduced form) + H +
20 Respiration uses an ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN to break the fall of electrons into several energyreleasing steps (instead of one explosive reaction) e-
21 NADH passes the electrons to the electron transport chain Oxygen pulls electrons down the chain in an energy-yielding tumble The energy yielded is used to regenerate ATP
22 Free energy, G Free energy, G H /2 O 2 2 H + 1 /2 O 2 (from food via NADH) Explosive release of heat and light energy 2 H e Controlled release of energy for synthesis of ATP ATP ATP ATP 2 e 2 H + 1 /2 O 2 H 2 O H 2 O Uncontrolled reaction Cellular respiration
23 ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN: consists of molecules, mostly proteins, built into the inner membrane of mitochondria NADH carries the electrons to the top of the chain
24
25 oxygen captures electrons at the bottom of the chain and combines with H +, forming water. Reduction of oxygen!
26 SUMMARY OF ENERGY FLOW IN THE CELL: Food NADH E.T.C. oxygen (glucose) **oxygen is the final electron acceptor!
27 The Stages of Cellular Respiration: A Preview Cellular respiration has three stages: 1) Glycolysis (breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate) 2) The Citric Acid Cycle, a.k.a. Krebs Cycle (completes the breakdown of glucose) 3) E.T.C. & Oxidative phosphorylation (accounts for most of the ATP synthesis)
28 Glycolysis Glucose Pyruvate Cytosol Mitochondrion ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation
29 Glucose Glycolysis Pyruvate Citric acid cycle Cytosol Mitochondrion ATP ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Substrate-level phosphorylation
30 Electrons carried via NADH Electrons carried via NADH and FADH 2 Glucose Glycolysis Pyruvate Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Cytosol Mitochondrion ATP ATP ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Substrate-level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation
31 ATP Synthesis: The process that generates most of the ATP is called oxidative phosphorylation because it is powered by redox reactions Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for almost 90% of the ATP generated by cellular respiration
32 A small amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by substrate-level phosphorylation ATP Synthesis:
33 Enzyme Enzyme ADP Substrate P + ATP Product
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