Intestinal Hormones Inhibit: Intestinal Hormones Promote:

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1 1 QUIZ/TEST REVIEW NOTES SECTION 3 INTESTINAL PHASE OF DIGESTION DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CHAPTER 21 I. INTESTINAL PHASE AND FEEDBACK SIGNALS a. Intr Net result f gastric phase is Digestin f prteins in the stmach by pepsin Frmatin f chime by actin f pepsin, acid and peristaltic cntractins Learning Objectives: Describe prcesses f digestin, absprtin, mtility and secretin in intestine/cln Neurendcrine cntrls f intestinal phase f digestin Digestive prcesses f carbhydrates, fats, and prteins Rle f bicarbnate thrughut digestin Summarize functin f pancreatic enzymes and specific functins f the brush barder disaccaridases Explain significance f water absrptin and mtility in cln Cntrlled entry f chyme int the small intestine b. Slwing f feedfrward and psitive feedback escalatin f gastric functin 1. Psitive Feedback f gastric phase t regulate delivery rate f chyme frm the stmach 2. Feedfrward t prmte digestin, mtility and utilizatin f nutrients c. Intestinal Hrmnes Intestinal Hrmnes Inhibit: Gastric Secretin and Mtility Intestinal Hrmnes Prmte: Intestinal Digestin and Glucse Assimilatin Secretin Hrmne Chyme/Stimulus Fr Release: Acid Secreted By: Dudenum ( - ) Negative Effect (Inhibitry): Gastric secretin and mtility ( + ) Psitive Effect (Excitatry): Pancreatic Bicarbnate Targets: Pancreas and Stmach Inhibitr: Smatstatin GIP Hrmne (Gastric Inhibitry Peptide) Chyme/Stimulus Fr Release: Carbhydrates/glucse Secreted By: Dudenum ( - ) Negative Effect (Inhibitry): Gastric Secretin ( + ) Psitive Effect (Excitatry): Pancreatic Insulin Targets: β-cells f pancreas CCK Hrmne (Chlecystkinin) Chyme/Stimulus Fr Release: Fats and Prteins Secreted By: Dudenum (als brain) ( - ) Negative Effect (Inhibitry): Gastric Secretin and Mtility ( + ) Psitive Effect (Excitatry): Pancreatic Enzymes Targets: Gall bladder, pancreas, gastric smth muscle Insulin release is a feedfrward mechanism/respnse in anticipatin f high levels f sugar CCK enhances Satiety, the feeling that hunger has been satisfied

2 2 d. Intestinal Osmreceptrs Mixture f acid, enzymes, and digested chyme frms a hypersmtic slutin Osmreceptrs in intestine walls f lumen are sensitive t smlarity f entering chyme When stimulated by high smlarity the receptrs inhibit gastric emptying in a reflex mediated by unknwn bld-brne substance II. SMALL INTESTINAL DIGESTION a. Pancreatic duct cells release bicarbnate t neutralize the acidic chyme Bicarbnate secretin int the small intestine neutralizes highly acidic chyme entering the stmach Mst bicarbnate cmes frm the pancreas and is released in respnse t neural stimuli and secretin Signals fr pancreatic enzyme release: Fd in the intestine Neural signals Hrmne CCK b. Bicarbnate Secretin Small amunt f bicarbnate cmes frm dudenal cells and the rest cmes frm the pancreas which secretes NaHCO 3 Excrine Functin Duct Cells (Secrete Bicarbnate; NaHCO 3 ) Acinar Cells (Secrete Digestive Enzymes) Enzyme Optimal ph: - Gastric Enzymes: Acidphiles - Intestinal Enzymes: Alkalphiles

3 3 Bicarbnate prductin requires high levels f carbnic anhydrase Bicarbnate prduced by CO 2 and H 2 O is secreted by Cl - -HCO - 3 anti-prt prteins Chlride (Cl - ) influx by NKCC ctransprter and efflux by CFTR channel Hydrgen ins prduced alng with bicarbnate leave cell by Na + -H + anti-prt Cystic Fibrsis: Inherited defect causes the CFTR channel t be defective r absent. Result: Secretin f chlride and fluid ceases, but gblet cells cntinue t secrete mucus, resulting in thickened mucus - In the G.I. the mucus clgs small pancreatic ducts and prevents digestive enzyme secretin int intestine - In Respiratry system, the CFTR channel failure t secrete fluid clgs the mucciliary escalatr, leading t lung infectins c. NaCl Secretin In additin t in secretin by pancreas, crypt cells in small intestine/cln secrete NaCl slutin Active step is Cl - secretin which is fllwed by Na + and H 2 O secretin Secreted saline slutin with mucus secreted by gblet cells helps t lubricate cntents f gut

4 4 d. Pancreatic Acinar-cell Digestive Enzymes that have neutral ph Optimum PANCREATIC AMYLASE PANCREATIC LIPASE AND COLIPASE TRYPSIN AND CHYMOTRYPSIN PHOSPHOLIPASE Breakdwn Glycgen and Starch t Maltse; (All intestinal carbhydrate transprt is restricted t mnsaccharide s) Breakdwn Fats t Mnglycerides and Free Fatty Acids Breakdwn prteins (Endpeptidases: Attack peptide bnds and activated by GI tract lumen; when first released frm Pancreas they inactive prenzymes) Breakdwn Phsphlipids e. Brush Barder Enzymes Created by epithelia cells n apical surface f a Intestinal Villus; cnsists f Micrvillus

5 5 f. Additin f bile frm the liver and gall bladder a. Bile cmpsitin Is a nnenzymatic slutin secreted frm hepatcytes/liver cells and is stred in the gallbladder f the liver Key cmpnents Bilirubin A bile pigment that is the waste prduct f hemglbin degradatin Bile salts Act as detergents t slubilize fats during digestin Made frm sterid bile acids cmbinged with amin acids Chlesterl Excreted in the feces BILE SALTS CONTINUED BILE SALTS FACILITATE FAT DIGESTION Bile salts interact with lipids t break dwn carse emulsin int smaller, mre stable particles Bile salts are amphipathic (plar/nn-plar) cntaining hydrphbic and hydrphilic regins Hydrphbic: assciates with surface f lipid drplets Hydrphilic: assciates with water, creating stable emulsin f small water-sluble fat drplets Bile salt cating f emulsin fat prevents pancreatic lipase penetratin, s clipase is needed Clipase Secreted frm pancreas Displaces sme bile salts allwing sme lipase t access fat inside bile cating Creatin f micelles where final stages f fat catablism ccur

6 6 III. ABSORPTION a. Stmach Lipid-sluble substances Alchl and Drugs b. Small Intestine 90% f all nutrients Peptides Amin Acids Glucse Fructse Fats Water Ins Minerals Vitamins c. Cln Water Absrptin (primary) ALSO Ins Minerals Vitamins Small rganic mlecules prduced by bacteria

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