Molecular Cell Biology - Problem Drill 19: Cell Signaling Pathways and Gene Expression

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1 Molecular Cell Biology - Problem Drill 19: Cell Signaling Pathways and Gene Expression Question No. 1 of Which statement about cell signaling is correct? Question #1 (A) Cell signaling involves receiving signals from local cells. (B) Cell signaling involves receiving signals from local cells and distant sites. (C) Cell signaling involves second messengers, which transmit the signal from the cytosol to the cell surface. (D) Cell signaling involves only 1 type of receptor. Cell signaling involves receiving signals from local cells and distant sites. B. Correct! Cell signaling involves receiving signals from local cells and distant sites. Cell signaling involves second messengers, which transmit the signal from surface of the cell into the cell. Cell signaling involves more than 1 type of receptor including: g-protein linked and those involved in pathways, which contain regulated proteolysis. Cell signaling involves receiving signals from local cells and distant sites utilize either a cell surface receptor or a nuclear receptor involves second messengers, which transmit the signals from the cell surface into the cell. Cell signaling involves more than 1 type of receptor including: g-protein linked and those involved in pathways, which contain regulated proteolysis.

2 Question No. 2 of Endocrine cell signaling involves. Question #2 (A) Secreted molecules that diffuse a short distance in the extracellular matrix and are taken up by adjacent cells, i.e. clotting factor secretion. (B) Secreted molecules that diffuse a short distance in the extracellular matrix and are taken up by the same cell. (C) Molecules secreted into the bloodstream, which are then carried to the target cells and diffuse out into the tissue, i.e. insulin secretion. (D) One of only 2 different forms of signaling. Molecules secreted into the bloodstream, which are then carried to the target cells and diffuse out into the tissue, i.e. insulin secretion. Molecules secreted into the bloodstream, which are then carried to the target cells and diffuse out into the tissue, i.e. insulin secretion. C. Correct! Molecules secreted into the bloodstream, which are then carried to the target cells and diffuse out into the tissue, i.e. insulin secretion. One of only 3 different forms of signaling: Paracrine, Autocrine and Endocrine. Secreted molecules can mediate 3 forms of signaling: Paracrine: secreted molecules can diffuse a short distance in the extracellular matrix and then be taken up by adjacent cells, i.e. clotting factor secretion. Autocrine: secreted molecules can act on the cell they were released from, i.e. a T- cell secreting IL-2 during an immune reaction. Endocrine: molecules secreted into the bloodstream, which are then carried to the target cells and diffuse out into the tissue, i.e. insulin secretion.

3 Question No. 3 of Which of the following statements about G-protein linked receptors is correct? Question #3 (A) G-protein receptors exist in the plasma membrane of many cell types; they have an extracellular domain and an intracellular domain. (B) G-protein receptors exist in the plasma membrane of many cell types; they have a single (intracellular) domain. (C) Extracellular domain is where the receptor binds molecules inside the cell and initiates the signal transduction inside the cell. (D) Extracellular domain interacts with G proteins and stimulates their activation through binding of ATP. A. Correct! G-protein receptors exist in the plasma membrane of many cell types; they have an extracellular domain and an intracellular domain. G-protein receptors exist in the plasma membrane of many cell types; they have an extracellular domain and an intracellular domain. Extracellular domain is where the receptor binds molecules outside of the cell and initiates the signal transduction inside the cell. Intracellular domain interacts with G proteins and stimulates their activation through binding of ATP. G-protein receptors exist in the plasma membrane of many cell types; they have an extracellular domain and an intracellular domain. Extracellular domain: is where the receptor binds molecules outside of the cell and initiates the signal transduction inside the cell. Intracellular domain: interact with G proteins and stimulate their activation through binding of ATP. Examples of molecules that use the G-protein linked receptor include: epinephrine stimulation of the heart and glucagon stimulation of the liver.

4 Question No. 4 of Which of the following statements about G-protein activation is correct? Question #4 (A) When the receptor changes its conformation the associated G-protein binds GTP and goes on to activate or inactivate a plasma membrane associated protein. (B) When the receptor changes its conformation the associated G-protein binds GTP and goes on to activate another receptor. (C) After the G-protein binds ATP; it then interacts with an enzyme called Adenylyl cyclase. (D) Adenylyl cyclase is an enzyme that converts G-proteins into cyclic AMP. A. Correct! When the receptor changes its conformation the associated G-protein to bind GTP and go on to activate or inactivate a plasma membrane associated protein. When the receptor changes its conformation the associated G-protein to bind GTP and go on to activate or inactivate a plasma membrane associated protein. After the G-protein binds GTP; it then interacts with an enzyme called Adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase is an enzyme that converts ATP into cyclic AMP. When a target molecule (such as a hormone) binds to the receptor, the receptor changes its conformation. This change causes the associated G-protein to bind GTP and go on to activate or inactivate a plasma membrane associated protein. In this diagram, after the G-protein binds GTP, it then interacts with an enzyme called Adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase is an enzyme that converts ATP into cyclic AMP, which is, in turn, used as a second messenger inside the cell.

5 Question No. 5 of Which of the following statements about enzyme-linked cell-surface receptors is correct? Question #5 (A) Enzyme-linked cell-surface receptors have a single transmembrane segment; their intracellular domain does not have intrinsic enzyme activity or interacts directly with an enzyme. (B) 1 or more receptor chains must associate with each other forming a receptor dimer. This is induced by the extracellular ligand molecule. (C) There are 5 classes of enzyme-linked cell-surface receptors: (A) receptor guanylyl cyclases, (B) receptor tyrosine kinases, (C) tyrosine-kinase associated receptor, (D) receptor tyrosine phosphatases and (E) receptor serine/threonine kinases. (D) 1 or more receptor chains must associate with each other forming a receptor dimer. This is occurs prior to binding. Enzyme-linked cell-surface receptors have a single transmembrane segment; their intracellular domain has intrinsic enzyme activity or interacts directly with an enzyme. 1 or more receptor chains must associate with each other forming a receptor dimer. This is either induced by the extracellular ligand molecule or occurs prior to binding. C. Correct! There are 5 classes of enzyme-linked cell-surface receptors: (A) receptor guanylyl cyclases, (B) receptor tyrosine kinases, (C) tyrosine-kinase associated receptor, (D) receptor tyrosine phosphatases and (E) receptor serine/threonine kinases. 1 or more receptor chains must associate with each other forming a receptor dimer. This is either induced by the extracellular ligand molecule or occurs prior to binding. There are 5 classes of enzyme-linked cell-surface receptors: (A) receptor guanylyl cyclases, (B) receptor tyrosine kinases, (C) tyrosine-kinase associated receptor, (D) receptor tyrosine phosphatases and (E) receptor serine/threonine kinases. Enzyme-linked cell-surface receptors have a single transmembrane segment; their intracellular domain has intrinsic enzyme activity or interacts directly with an enzyme. They do not require an associated protein to complete signal transduction, such as G-protein cell-surface receptors. In order for an enzyme-linked cell-surface receptor to be activated, 1 or more receptor chains must associate with each other forming a receptor dimer. This is either induced by the extracellular ligand molecule or occurs prior to binding.

6 Question No. 6 of Which of the following statements about enzyme-linked cell-surface receptor phosphorylation is correct? Question #6 (A) Once the specific tyrosine residues have been phosporylated, they serve as docking sites for other receptors. (B) Src homology region (SH2) named after the Src protein, are unique to receptor tyrosine kinases. (C) Once a ligand molecule is bound to the receptor, the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain is activated. This leads to the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to the receptor itself or other associated signaling proteins. (D) Once a ligand molecule is bound to the receptor, the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain is activated. This leads to the transfer of a phosphate group from ADP to guanylyl cyclase. Once the specific tyrosine residues have been phosporylated, they serve as docking sites for associated signaling proteins. One common feature of signaling proteins is a conserved Src homology region (SH2) named after the Src protein. C. Correct! Once a ligand molecule is bound to the receptor, the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain is activated. This leads to the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to the receptor itself or other associated signaling proteins. Once a ligand molecule is bound to the receptor, the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain is activated. This leads to the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to the receptor itself or other associated signaling proteins. As an example of enzyme-linked cell-surface receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases are presented (RTK). RTK are a large family of enzyme-linked cell-surface receptors, primarily made up of growth factors. Once a ligand molecule is bound to the receptor, the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain is activated. This leads to the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to the receptor itself or other associated signaling proteins. Once the specific tyrosine residues have been phosporylated, they serve as docking sites for associated signaling proteins. There are a large number of associated signaling proteins inside cells that have a variety of functions. One common feature of signaling proteins is a conserved Src homology region (SH2) named after the Src protein. This region allows the signaling protein to bind to phosphorylated tyrosine residues and continue signal transduction

7 Question No. 7 of Signaling Pathways That Depend on Regulated Proteolysis. Question #7 (A) Involve highly controlled protein production. (B) Involve highly controlled protein degradation. (C) There are 2 main proteins involved in these types of signaling pathways: (A) Notch and (B) Wnt proteins. (D) There are 2 main proteins involved in these types of signaling pathways: (A) Notch and (B) gene regulatory protein NF-kB. Involve highly controlled protein degradation. B. Correct! Involve highly controlled protein degradation. There are 4 main proteins involved in these types of signaling pathways: (A) Notch, (B) Wnt proteins, (C) Hedgehog proteins, and (D) gene regulatory protein NF-kB. There are 4 main proteins involved in these types of signaling pathways: (A) Notch, (B) Wnt proteins, (C) Hedgehog proteins, and (D) gene regulatory protein NF-kB. Signalling pathways that depend on regulated proteolysis involve highly controlled protein degradation. Cells can also utilize signaling pathways that depend on regulated proteolysis and these are used a lot in animal development. There are 4 main proteins involved in this type of signaling pathways: (A) Notch, (B) Wnt proteins, (C) Hedgehog proteins, and (D) gene regulatory protein NF-kB. These pathways involve extracellular signals, impacting gene expression and development of the target cell.

8 Question No. 8 of Which of the following statements about second messengers is correct? Question #8 (A) They are small molecules that transmit the signal from the receptor itself to the target; they are synthesized or released by specific enzyme reactions. (B) There are 3 basic types: hydrophobic, hydrophilic and G-proteins. (C) There are 2 basic types: hydrophilic and G-proteins. (D) Signal transduction allows cells to impact cells only in an endocrine mechanism. A. Correct! They are small molecules that transmit the signal from the receptor itself to the target? They are synthesized or released by specific enzyme reactions. There are 3 basic types: hydrophobic, hydrophilic and gases. There are 3 basic types: hydrophobic, hydrophilic and gases. Signal transduction allows cells to impact cells locally and at distant sites. Signal transduction allows cells to impact cells locally and at distant sites. Second Messengers: are small molecules that transmit the signal from the receptor itself to the target. They are synthesized or released by specific enzyme reactions. There are 3 basic types: (A) Hydrophobic diffuse in the plasma membrane; examples include diacylglycerol and IP3. (B) Hydrophilic located in the cytosol of the cell; examples include camp and cgmp. (C) Gases that diffuse both in the membrane and through the cytosol; examples include nitric oxide and carbon monoxide.

9 Question No. 9 of Which of the following statements about signal transduction is correct? Question #9 (A) Signal transduction is a process in which a cell converts one type of signal into another. The signal usually originates from the intracellular environment and is amplified outside the cell. (B) Signal transduction is a process in which a cell converts one type of signal into another. The signal usually originates from the extracellular environment and is amplified inside the cell. (C) Binding of a ligand causing activation of the receptor, usually involving receptor a single receptor molecule. (D) Signaling proteins activate the release/formation of the second messenger molecules, which amplify the signal to a single protein or target. A. Correct! Signal transduction is a process in which a cell converts one type of signal into another. The signal usually originates from the extracellular environment and is amplified inside the cell. Signal transduction is a process in which a cell converts one type of signal into another. The signal usually originates from the extracellular environment and is amplified inside the cell. Binding of a ligand causing activation of the receptor, usually involving receptor dimers. Signaling proteins activate the release/formation of the second messenger molecules, which amplify the signal many times over. Signal Transduction: is a process in which a cell converts one type of signal into another. The signal usually originates from the extracellular environment and is amplified inside the cell. Signal transduction involves the following general steps: (1) Binding of a ligand causing activation of the receptor, usually involving receptor dimers. (2) Once the receptor is activated, either associated proteins or the receptor itself is phosphorylated. (2) Signaling proteins activate the release/formation of the second messenger molecules, which amplify the signal many times over.

10 Question No. 10 of Which of the following statements about the impact signaling pathways have on gene expression is correct? Question #10 (A) There is a number of signaling pathways do not impact gene expression, including: (A) MAP kinase pathway, (B) Jak/STAT pathway and (C) TGFβ/Smad. (B) MAP Kinase pathway involves the activation of serine/threonine-specific kinases that respond to mitogens, such as epidermal growth factor (EFG), etc. Eventually MAPK induces transcription factors which, in turn, drive gene expression for cell proliferation and cell division. (C) MAP Kinase pathway involves the activation of serine/threonine-specific kinases that respond to mitogens, such as epidermal growth factor (EFG), etc. Eventually MAPK induces transcription factors go on to phosphorylate other proteins at the cell surface. (D) STAT proteins are known as signal transducers and repressors of transcription. There are a number of signaling pathways that impact gene expression, including: (A) MAP kinase pathway, (B) Jak/STAT pathway and (C) TGFβ/Smad. B. Correct! MAP Kinase pathway: involves the activation of serine/threonine-specific kinases that respond to mitogens, such as epidermal growth factor (EFG), etc. Eventually MAPK induces transcription factors which, in turn, drive gene expression for cell proliferation and cell division. MAP Kinase pathway: involves the activation of serine/threonine-specific kinases that respond to mitogens, such as epidermal growth factor (EFG), etc. Eventually MAPK induces transcription factors which, in turn, drive gene expression for cell proliferation and cell division. STAT proteins are known as signal transducers and activators of transcription. Intracellular signaling involves direct effects on cells, as well as effects that require gene expression. There are a number of signaling pathways that impact gene expression, including: (A) MAP kinase pathway, (B) Jak/STAT pathway and (C) TGFβ/Smad. MAP Kinase pathway: involves the activation of serine/threonine-specific kinases that respond to mitogens, such as epidermal growth factor (EFG), etc. Eventually MAPK induces transcription factors which, in turn, drive gene expression for cell proliferation and cell division. Cytokines, such as IL-6 and IFN- γ, utilize the Jak/STAT signaling pathway. STAT proteins are known as signal transducers and activators of transcription.

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