number Done by Corrected by Doctor

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "number Done by Corrected by Doctor"

Transcription

1 number 26 Done by حسام أبو عوض Corrected by Zaid Emad Doctor فيصل الخطيب 1 P a g e

2 A small note about phosphatidyl inositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) before moving on: This molecule is found in the membrane and (in response to a hormonal signal) when phospholipase C is activated the bond between the glycerol and the phosphate group is broken producing a Di-Acyl-Glycerol (DAG) and Inositol- 1,4,5-tri-Phosphate) (IP3). What do IP3 and DAG remind you of? Yep, one of the two main types of G- protein-coupled receptors (the other being the camp one). IP3 goes to the cytoplasm where it activates Ca²+ release from intracellular stores, which acts as a second messenger (you know the rest) and DAG stays in the membrane where it activates other components (like protein kinase C ). Sphingophospholipids and Glycosphingolipids In these molecules (which are also membrane components) the back-bone is NOT glycerol, it is sphingosine. As we would expect from the ine part in sphingosine, the molecule contains an amine group, this is the structure of sphingosine: If we are to compare this structure to the glycerol-derivatives, it indeed looks like the monoacylglycerol. As if the first binding area is already occupied by the backbone (sphingosine) itself (note the double bond and the amine group in the structure). The amine group can form an amide bond with a carboxyl group, this makes it possible for a fatty acid to join our molecule by forming an amide bond with NH₂. The new molecule (see the diagram) now looks quite similar to the diacylglycerol and it is called ceramide. The ceramide structure is common between all the sphingosine family molecules we are going 2 P a g e

3 to talk about, the differences between them are only in the third (final) binding site of sphingosine. Sphingomyelin This molecule is made by adding phosphocholine (see previous lecture) to the OH of the CH₂OH in ceramide. The synthesis process of this molecule occurs via several steps and we only need to know two of them (there are many steps in between though): 1- Palmitoyl CoA + Serine Sphinganine + CO₂ ΔG= -ve (this is because CoA and CO₂ are released in the process). Sphinganine is a molecule that is very similar to sphingosine, but it lacks sphingosine s double bond. Pyridoxal Phosphate (vitamin B6) is needed for this reaction. - After several steps we will end up with ceramide, 2- Ceramide + Phosphatidyl Choline Sphingomyelin + Diacylglycerol Sphingomyelin is very similar in structure to phosphatidyl choline such that both can actually do the same functions, so sphingomyelin can be part of the cell membrane or micelles. In fact, sphingomyelin is present in large quantities in the membranes of the neurons and especially in the myelin sheath. Glycolipids When a carbohydrate group is added to ceramide instead of the phosphate group, the new molecule formed is called a glycolipid. There are several classes of glycolipids according to which molecule is added to ceramide (memorise them): Ceramide + Glucose/Galactose Cerebroside(was first separated in the cerebrum) Ceramide + Sulfated galactose Sulfoglycosphingolipid (Sulfogalactocerebroside) Ceramide + Oligosaccharide Globoside Ceramide + Oligosaccharide with NANA Gangliosides (found mainly in ganglions) 3 P a g e

4 NANA is N-Acetyl Neuraminic Acid (Neuraminic = found mainly in neurons). NANA is also known as sialic acid. In all the glycolipids above, the carbohydrate is bonded to the ceramide via a glycosidic bond and are accordingly given names that end with oside. Another way to divide glycolipids can be according to their acidity Neutral glycolipids: -Glucosylceramide (Glucose + ceramide) -Galactosylceramide (Galactose + ceramide) -Globosides Acidic glycolipids: -Gangliosides (due to the presence of sialic acid) Gangliosides are further divided to GM₁, GM₂ and GM₃ (G=ganglio, M= monoacid NANA, the number will be explained later on) -Sulfatides (Sulfoglycosphingolipids) Synthesis of glycolipids In the synthesis of the glycolipids the donors must be activated, that is be in the form of UDP-sugar (UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose, UDP-Nacetylgalactoseamine) or CMP-NANA. For the sugar to be transferred specific transferases are needed, e.g. for glucose: glucose-transferase is needed. In this reaction the direction is determined by the type of transferase present as the structures are very similar to each other (Glucose and galactose are C-4 epimers). Transferring a sulfate group to galactosylceramide (also known as galactocerebroside) produces a sulfogalactocerebroside (also known as Sulfoglycosphingolipid).The sulfate group donor is a molecule that is quite close in structure to 4 P a g e

5 ATP, but instead of the third phosphate a sulfate group is present. This molecule is called 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphosulfate (PAPS). - The presence of specific enzymes is what determines which sugar is to be added to the molecule, so the sequence of sugars can give a lot of information about cells (like the ABO blood grouping). Degradation of Sphingolipids There are specific hydrolytic enzymes for each sugar: - α-galactosidase - β-galactosidase - neuraminidase - Hexoaminidase These enzymes are present in the lysosomes firmly bound to the lysosomal membrane. Their optimum phs are acidic ( ) which means that they cannot leave the lysosome and if such a thing happens they will not be able to function as the required ph will not be present. The degradation of the sphingolipids occurs sequentially, that is they are removed one-by-one beginning with the molecule that was last added to the structure. Degradation of Sphingomyelin Sphingomyelinase enzyme removes the phosphocholine group producing ceramide and the ceramidase enzyme breaks the amide bond removing the fatty acid and producing sphingosine. Degradation of Gangliosides Here we will get to know why the gangliosides got their specific numbers (GM₁, GM₂, GM₃). The first molecule seen in the image is GM₁, the 2 nd is GM₂ and the third is GM₃. So, the gangliosides were named according to their order of degradation not their synthesis. That is because degradation is more important than synthesis as the 5 P a g e

6 synthetic enzymes were never seen to be absent in any individual (no synthetic diseases related to sphingolipids), but the degrading enzymes were indeed noted to be absent in many individuals causing the diseases called Sphingolipidoses. Sphingolipidoses The old name of this family of diseases was lipid storages diseases as it was thought that the problem was in storing the lipids, however, later it was found that these diseases arose when a defect in any of the sphingolipids degrading enzymes was present. These diseases are inherited and the defective allele is the recessive one (you can survive with the 50% remaining enzymes if you are a carrier of the disease, in fact, even just 20% would be enough as the process of degradation takes a long time). The substrate of the defective enzyme would accumulate and cause problems. It is noted that the most affected cells are those of the brain (as they can't regenerate). In the following diagram all the sphingolipidoses diseases are mentioned and described, but you only need to memorise the three that are marked: Tay-Sachs disease is common in jews of eastern-european origin. 6 P a g e

Abdallah Q& Razi. Faisal

Abdallah Q& Razi. Faisal 27 & Ahmad Attari م ح م د ي وس ف Abdallah Q& Razi Faisal Sphingophospolipids - The backbone of sphingophospholipids is sphingosine, unlike glycerophospholipids with a glycerol as the backbone. Which contains

More information

METABOLISM OF ACYLGLYCEROLS AND SPHINGOLIPDS. Ben S. Ashok MSc.,FAGE.,PhD., Dept. of Biochemistry

METABOLISM OF ACYLGLYCEROLS AND SPHINGOLIPDS. Ben S. Ashok MSc.,FAGE.,PhD., Dept. of Biochemistry METABOLISM OF ACYLGLYCEROLS AND SPHINGOLIPDS Ben S. Ashok MSc.,FAGE.,PhD., Dept. of Biochemistry STORAGE AND MEMBRANE LIPIDS STORAGE LIPIDS Mainly as triacylglycerols (triglycerides) in adipose cells Constitute

More information

MEMBRANE LIPIDS I and II: GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS AND SPHINGOLIPIDS

MEMBRANE LIPIDS I and II: GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS AND SPHINGOLIPIDS December 6, 2011 Lecturer: Eileen M. Lafer MEMBRANE LIPIDS I and II: GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS AND SPHINGOLIPIDS Reading: Stryer Edition 6: Chapter 26 Images: All images in these notes were taken from Lehninger,

More information

Phospholipids Metabolism

Phospholipids Metabolism Chapter VI: Phospholipids Metabolism Dr. Sameh Sarray Hlaoui Phospholipids Features: Amphipatic: - Hydrophobic head: fatty acids - Hydropholic head: P group+ alcohol Composed of alcohol attached by a phosphodiester

More information

Metabolism of acylglycerols and sphingolipids. Martina Srbová

Metabolism of acylglycerols and sphingolipids. Martina Srbová Metabolism of acylglycerols and sphingolipids Martina Srbová Types of glycerolipids and sphingolipids 1. Triacylglycerols function as energy reserves adipose tissue (storage of triacylglycerol), lipoproteins

More information

Lipid Chemistry. Presented By. Ayman Elsamanoudy Salwa Abo El-khair

Lipid Chemistry. Presented By. Ayman Elsamanoudy Salwa Abo El-khair Lipid Chemistry Presented By Ayman Elsamanoudy Salwa Abo El-khair 4 Objectives: 1. By the end of this chapter the student should be able to: define lipids. describe the biological importance of lipids.

More information

Lipids. Lipids. Jiří Jonák and Lenka Fialová Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Medical Faculty of the Charles University, Prague

Lipids. Lipids. Jiří Jonák and Lenka Fialová Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Medical Faculty of the Charles University, Prague Lipids Jiří Jonák and Lenka Fialová Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Medical Faculty of the Charles University, Prague Lipids 1. General introduction 2. Nomenclature of fatty acids 3. Degradation

More information

Dr. Nafith Abu Tarboush

Dr. Nafith Abu Tarboush 6 Dr. Nafith Abu Tarboush June 26 th 2013 Noor Salem 1 Not corrected Review Lipids are composed of two main connected parts : o Alcohol Sphingosine Glycerol o Fatty Acids (3 in number) Saturated Long Chain

More information

I. Structure and Properties of Lipids

I. Structure and Properties of Lipids I. Structure and Properties of Lipids Lipids: A diverse group of compounds characterized by their low solubility in water and a high solubility in organic solvents such as chloroform and methanol. Nonpolar

More information

Classification, functions and structure

Classification, functions and structure Classification, functions and structure Elena Rivneac PhD, Associate Professor Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry State University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Nicolae Testemitanu" Lipids

More information

Phospholipids, Triglycerids. Léránt István

Phospholipids, Triglycerids. Léránt István Phospholipids, Triglycerids Léránt István Membran lipids Phosphatidic acids COMMON INTERMEDIER IN Biosynthesis of Glycerol Fatty acid Fatty acid Fatty acid Glycerol Fatty acid Fatty acid P Alcohol phospholipids

More information

ANSC (NUTR) 618 LIPIDS & LIPID METABOLISM Membrane Lipids and Sphingolipidsd

ANSC (NUTR) 618 LIPIDS & LIPID METABOLISM Membrane Lipids and Sphingolipidsd ANSC (NUTR) 618 LIPIDS & LIPID METABOLISM Membrane Lipids and Sphingolipidsd I. Classes of membrane lipids A. Glycerolipids (quantitatively the most important of the three membrane lipids) B. Shingolipids

More information

II- Compound Lipids. 1- Phospholipids

II- Compound Lipids. 1- Phospholipids II- ompound Lipids ompound (conjugated) lipids are lipids conjugated with other substances. They include: 1- Phospholipids formed of lipid, phosphoric acid and nitrogenous base. 2- Glycolipids, formed

More information

Lipids and Membranes

Lipids and Membranes Lipids and Membranes Presented by Dr. Mohammad Saadeh The requirements for the Pharmaceutical Biochemistry I Philadelphia University Faculty of pharmacy Lipids and Membranes I. overview Lipids are related

More information

By: Dr Hadi Mozafari 1

By: Dr Hadi Mozafari 1 Biological lipids are a chemically diverse group of compounds, the common and defining feature of which is their insolubility in water. By: Dr Hadi Mozafari 1 Fats and oils are the principal stored forms

More information

Test Bank for Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5th Edition by Nelson

Test Bank for Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5th Edition by Nelson Test Bank for Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5th Edition by Nelson Link download full: http://testbankair.com/download/test-bank-forlehninger-principles-of-biochemistry-5th-edition-by-nelson/ Chapter

More information

Biological role of lipids

Biological role of lipids Lipids Lipids Organic compounds present in living organisms, insoluble in water but able to be extracted by organic solvents such as: chloroform, acetone, benzene. Extraction = the action of taking out

More information

GUTS Lecture Syllabus for Lipid Structure and Nomenclature

GUTS Lecture Syllabus for Lipid Structure and Nomenclature GUTS Lecture Syllabus for Lipid Structure and Nomenclature For Questions or Assistance contact: Dr. Gwen Sancar, gsancar@ad.unc.edu Learning bjectives After completing the GUTS lecture and associated self-

More information

2. Simple lipids: Triacylglycerols and waxes are classified as simple lipids. The characteristics of each are described in the sections below.

2. Simple lipids: Triacylglycerols and waxes are classified as simple lipids. The characteristics of each are described in the sections below. Paper 4: Biomolecules and their interactions Module 21: Classification of Lipids: simple and compound lipids, phospholipids, Cholesterol OBJECTIVE The main aim of this module is to introduce the students

More information

Lipids. Lipids: a Diverse group of chemicals. Storage Lipids: derivatives of fatty acids. 11/21/10

Lipids. Lipids: a Diverse group of chemicals. Storage Lipids: derivatives of fatty acids. 11/21/10 1 Lipids Lehninger 3 rd ed. Chapter 11 (For biosynthesis see Chapter 21) 2 Lipids: a Diverse group of chemicals Insolubility in water. Fats and oils: energy stores. Phospholipids and sterols: structural

More information

PHOSPHOLIPIDS METABOLISM. BY Dr. Walid Said Zaki Dr. Marwa Ali LECTURER OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

PHOSPHOLIPIDS METABOLISM. BY Dr. Walid Said Zaki Dr. Marwa Ali LECTURER OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PHOSPHOLIPIDS METABOLISM BY Dr. Walid Said Zaki Dr. Marwa Ali LECTURER OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1. State the definition and classification of Phospholipids. 2. Describe the general structure

More information

Optimising. membranes

Optimising. membranes Optimising Neuronal membranes Lipids are classified as 1. Simple lipids oils and fats 2. Complex lipids a) Phospholipids b) Glycosphingolipids containing a fatty acid, sphingosine and a CHO c) Lipoproteins

More information

Chapter 8. Functions of Lipids. Structural Nature of Lipids. BCH 4053 Spring 2001 Chapter 8 Lecture Notes. Slide 1. Slide 2.

Chapter 8. Functions of Lipids. Structural Nature of Lipids. BCH 4053 Spring 2001 Chapter 8 Lecture Notes. Slide 1. Slide 2. BCH 4053 Spring 2001 Chapter 8 Lecture Notes 1 Chapter 8 Lipids 2 Functions of Lipids Energy Storage Thermal Insulation Structural Components of Membranes Protective Coatings of Plants and Insects Hormonal

More information

Lipids and Biological Membranes

Lipids and Biological Membranes Lipids and Biological Membranes Lipids: Found in all living organisms Especially important as components of biological membranes Defined functionally, not structurally, as compounds that are totally or

More information

BCM 221 LECTURES OJEMEKELE O.

BCM 221 LECTURES OJEMEKELE O. BCM 221 LECTURES BY OJEMEKELE O. OUTLINE INTRODUCTION TO LIPID CHEMISTRY STORAGE OF ENERGY IN ADIPOCYTES MOBILIZATION OF ENERGY STORES IN ADIPOCYTES KETONE BODIES AND KETOSIS PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX

More information

number Done by Corrected by Doctor

number Done by Corrected by Doctor number 20 Done by Corrected by Rana Ghassan Doctor Only 4 questions in the mid-term exam are based on the 4 lectures to be given by Dr Faisal. Dr Faisal will give us 10 lectures, the first 4 are included

More information

LIPIDS Introduction - complex lipids. Marek Vecka

LIPIDS Introduction - complex lipids. Marek Vecka LIPIDS Introduction - complex lipids Marek Vecka CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS IV - biosynthetic route Lipid class Fatty acyls Glycerolipids Glycerophospholipids Sphingolipids Sterol lipids Prenol lipids Other

More information

Lipids and Membranes

Lipids and Membranes Lipids Lipids are hydrophobic or amphiphilic insoluble in water soluble in organic solvents soluble in lipids Lipids are used as energy storage molecules structural components of membranes protective molecules

More information

TEST BANK FOR LEHNINGER PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY 6TH EDITION BY NELSON

TEST BANK FOR LEHNINGER PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY 6TH EDITION BY NELSON Link full download: https://testbankservice.com/download/testbank-for-lehninger-principles-of-biochemistry-6th-edition-bynelson TEST BANK FOR LEHNINGER PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY 6TH EDITION BY NELSON

More information

Lecture 3 6/28/10. Membrane Lipids. Importance of Membranes. Categories of Lipids. Lipids: Chapter 20 Sections 4-7. ! Membranes are important in

Lecture 3 6/28/10. Membrane Lipids. Importance of Membranes. Categories of Lipids. Lipids: Chapter 20 Sections 4-7. ! Membranes are important in Lecture 3 Lipids: Chapter 20 Sections 4-7! The most polar lipids are found in the membranes of cells and organelles! Why?! These lipids are amphipathic! Membranes are complex and have many components Membrane

More information

The role of the laboratory in diagnosing lysosomal disorders

The role of the laboratory in diagnosing lysosomal disorders The role of the laboratory in diagnosing lysosomal disorders Dr Guy Besley, formerly Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Manchester Children s Hospital, Manchester M27 4HA, UK. Lysosomal disorders What

More information

Leen Alsahele. Razan Al-zoubi ... Faisal

Leen Alsahele. Razan Al-zoubi ... Faisal 25 Leen Alsahele Razan Al-zoubi... Faisal last time we started talking about regulation of fatty acid synthesis and degradation *regulation of fatty acid synthesis by: 1- regulation of acetyl CoA carboxylase

More information

BIOCHEMISTRY #12 BY: AMMAR AL-HABAHBEH فيصل الخطيب. October 11, 2012

BIOCHEMISTRY #12 BY: AMMAR AL-HABAHBEH فيصل الخطيب. October 11, 2012 BIOCHEMISTRY #12 د. فيصل الخطيب October 11, 2012 BY: AMMAR AL-HABAHBEH The Beginning Degradation and synthesis does not occur in a single step but in several steps where sequence of steps converts starting

More information

FATTY ACIDS (FAs) SIMPLE AND COMPLEX LIPIDS

FATTY ACIDS (FAs) SIMPLE AND COMPLEX LIPIDS FATTY ACIDS (FAs) SIMPLE AND COMPLEX LIPIDS Dicarboxylic acids, ketone bodies. Department of General Chemistry Structure and classification of lipids Lipids can be divided into five categories, on the

More information

LIPIDS TAG, PL and SL metabolism. Marek Vecka

LIPIDS TAG, PL and SL metabolism. Marek Vecka LIPIDS TAG, PL and SL metabolism Marek Vecka BIOSYNTHESIS OF TAG TWO BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS IN MAMMALS liver, adipose tissue - use mainly phosphatidate pathway ( Kennedy pathway ) intestine - monoacylglycerol

More information

Chem 431A-L24-F 07 admin: Last time: We finished Chapt 7, started Chapt 10 FA s and TG s FA=fatty acid, TG=triglycerides or triacylglycerols

Chem 431A-L24-F 07 admin: Last time: We finished Chapt 7, started Chapt 10 FA s and TG s FA=fatty acid, TG=triglycerides or triacylglycerols Chem 431A-L24-F'07 page 1 of 5 Chem 431A-L24-F 07 admin: Last time: We finished Chapt 7, started Chapt 10 FA s and TG s FA=fatty acid, TG=triglycerides or triacylglycerols (0) REVIEW: FA s are very reduced

More information

Propagation of the Signal

Propagation of the Signal OpenStax-CNX module: m44452 1 Propagation of the Signal OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this section,

More information

BY: RASAQ NURUDEEN OLAJIDE

BY: RASAQ NURUDEEN OLAJIDE BY: RASAQ NURUDEEN OLAJIDE LECTURE CONTENT INTRODUCTION CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS REACTIONS OF LIPIDS (CHEMICAL PROPERTIES) SOME QUANTITATIVE TESTS FOR LIPIDS CHEMISTRY AND PROPERTIES

More information

Molecular Organization of the Cell Membrane

Molecular Organization of the Cell Membrane Molecular Organization of the Cell Membrane A walk from molecules to a functional biostructure Cell Membrane Definition An ultrastructure separating connecting the cell to the environment 1 Coarse chemical

More information

LIPIDS II: TRIACYLGLYCEROLS:

LIPIDS II: TRIACYLGLYCEROLS: LIPIDS II: TRIACYLGLYCEROLS: How are they broken down? o Hydrolyzed into 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol o Physiologically in body: Enzyme called a LIPASE present in adipocytes and intestines o Saponification

More information

Sphingolipids. Sphingolipids are an additional type of membrane lipids, after glycerophospholipids, galactolipids and sulfolipids

Sphingolipids. Sphingolipids are an additional type of membrane lipids, after glycerophospholipids, galactolipids and sulfolipids Lipids 2 Steven E. Massey, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Bioinformatics Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras Office & Lab: Bioinformatics Lab NCN#343B Tel:

More information

Objectives By the end of lecture the student should:

Objectives By the end of lecture the student should: Objectives By the end of lecture the student should: Discuss β oxidation of fatty acids. Illustrate α oxidation of fatty acids. Understand ω oxidation of fatty acids. List sources and fates of active acetate.

More information

number Done by Corrected by Doctor

number Done by Corrected by Doctor number 25 Done by موسى صبح Corrected by عبد الرحمن الحنبلي Doctor فيصل الخطيب 1 P a g e Introduction The subject of this lecture is glycerophospholipids also known as phosphoglyceridesor phosphoacylglycerols,

More information

Chapter 9 - Biological Membranes. Membranes form a semi-permeable boundary between a cell and its environment.

Chapter 9 - Biological Membranes. Membranes form a semi-permeable boundary between a cell and its environment. Chapter 9 - Biological Membranes www.gsbs.utmb.edu/ microbook/ch037.htmmycoplasma Membranes form a semi-permeable boundary between a cell and its environment. Membranes also permit subcellular organization

More information

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh number 16 Done Huda shaheen by Corrected by حسام أبو عوض Doctor Nayef Karadsheh 1 In the previous lecture, we talked about glycogen metabolism and regulation. In this sheet we will talk about the metabolism

More information

Biochemistry sheet #19. Biosynthesis of Triacylglycerol and Phosphoacylglycerol

Biochemistry sheet #19. Biosynthesis of Triacylglycerol and Phosphoacylglycerol Biochemistry sheet #19 Biosynthesis of Triacylglycerol and Phosphoacylglycerol Slide 1 This slide shows the components of triacylglycerol (TAG) and phosphoacylglycerol. TAG (Glycerol) Esterified to 3(

More information

Biomolecules Lecture Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Biomolecules Lecture Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids www.aiouinfo.com Biomolecules Lecture Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates Monosaccharides 4 Examples: 1. Glucose 2. Fructose 3. Ribose 4. Deoxyribose Glucose Structure Function of

More information

0 P a g e. Done by: Amani Nofal

0 P a g e. Done by: Amani Nofal 0 P a g e Done by: Amani Nofal *acid and base* 1- All of the following will cause mild or severe acidosis except: A) the presence of ketone bodies in untreated diabetic patient b) The production of acids

More information

Can you explain that monomers are smaller units from which larger molecules are made?

Can you explain that monomers are smaller units from which larger molecules are made? Biological molecules Can you explain that all living things have a similar biochemical basis? Can you explain that monomers are smaller units from which larger molecules are made? Can you describe polymers

More information

Lipids and Membranes

Lipids and Membranes Lipids and Membranes Presented by Dr. Mohammad Saadeh The requirements for the Pharmaceutical Biochemistry I Philadelphia University Faculty of pharmacy Membrane transport D. Endocytosis and Exocytosis

More information

Chapter 20 Lipids. Organic and Biochem

Chapter 20 Lipids. Organic and Biochem Chapter 20 Lipids rganic and Biochem 20.1 Introduction Found in living organisms Insoluble in water but Soluble in non-polar substances Example of Lipid Solvent: diethyl ether Polar groups in lipids are

More information

Lipids and Classification:

Lipids and Classification: Lipids and Classification: Lipids: Biological lipids are a chemically diverse group of organic compounds which are insoluble or only poorly soluble in water. They are readily soluble in non-polar solvents

More information

Some common classifications of lipids and their general biologic functions Primary Functions Energy sources, biosynthetic precursors

Some common classifications of lipids and their general biologic functions Primary Functions Energy sources, biosynthetic precursors NATURE F LIPIDS. Lipids have a hydrophobic nature because of the predominance of hydrocarbon chains ( H 2 H 2 H 2 ) in their structure. They are insoluble or only poorly soluble in water, but readily soluble

More information

Sphingoid Bases, Sphingolipids and Glycosphingolipids

Sphingoid Bases, Sphingolipids and Glycosphingolipids Sphingoid Bases, Sphingolipids and Glycosphingolipids Sphingoid bases such as sphingosine are the characteristic structural unit of the sphingolipids. The bases are long chain aliphatic amines, containing

More information

Mol Bio Biochem 694:407 &115: 511 Second Hourly, Deis

Mol Bio Biochem 694:407 &115: 511 Second Hourly, Deis Mol Bio Biochem 694:407 &115: 511 Second Hourly, Deis Tuesday, Oct. 31, 2006 Name Row Letter Seat Number This exam consists of two parts. Part I is multiple choice. Each of these 25 questions is worth

More information

Microreview. A.-F. Miller, 2008, pg

Microreview. A.-F. Miller, 2008, pg Microreview Polysaccharides: a vast diversity based on stereochemistry. Stereochemical differences are associated with secondary and tertiary structural differences: nature s huge and plentiful polymers.

More information

Classification of Lipids

Classification of Lipids Classification of Lipids Neutral Lipids Amphipathic Lipids Amphipathic Lipids Most cell-membrane lipids are one of two main classes of amphipathic hydrolyzable lipids. Glycerophospholipids (phosphoglycerides):

More information

Membrane Lipids & Cholesterol Metabolism

Membrane Lipids & Cholesterol Metabolism Membrane Lipids & Cholesterol Metabolism Learning Objectives 1. How Are Acylglycerols and Compound Lipids Produced? 2. The synthesis of Sphingolipids from Ceramide 3. Diseases due to Disruption of Lipid

More information

Introduction to biomembranes

Introduction to biomembranes King Saud University College of Science Department of Biochemistry Biomembranes and Cell Signaling (BCH 452) Chapter 1 Introduction to biomembranes Prepared by Dr. Farid Ataya http://fac.ksu.edu.sa/fataya

More information

Lecture 36: Review of membrane function

Lecture 36: Review of membrane function Chem*3560 Lecture 36: Review of membrane function Membrane: Lipid bilayer with embedded or associated proteins. Bilayers: 40-70% neutral phospholipid 10-20% negative phospholipid 10-30% cholesterol 10-30%

More information

Biochemistry Team 437. Glycogen metabolism. Color index: Doctors slides Notes and explanations Extra information Highlights. Musculoskeletal block

Biochemistry Team 437. Glycogen metabolism. Color index: Doctors slides Notes and explanations Extra information Highlights. Musculoskeletal block Glycogen metabolism Color index: Doctors slides Notes and explanations Extra information Highlights Biochemistry Team 437 ﺑ ﺳ م ﷲ اﻟرﺣﻣن اﻟرﺣﯾم Musculoskeletal block Objectives: By the end of this lecture,

More information

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh number 14 Done by Dergam Al-Tarawneh Corrected by Maya Attarakih Doctor Nayef Karadsheh 1 P a g e Glycogen metabolism Note: Everything written in orange is from the book not mentioned by the doctor. In

More information

MCQS ON LIPIDS. Dr. RUCHIKA YADU

MCQS ON LIPIDS. Dr. RUCHIKA YADU MCQS ON LIPIDS Dr. RUCHIKA YADU Q1. THE FATS AND OILS ARE RESPECTIVELY RICH IN a) Unsaturated fatty acids b) Saturated fatty acids c) Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids d) None of these Q2. ESSENTIAL

More information

Lecture 34. Carbohydrate Metabolism 2. Glycogen. Key Concepts. Biochemistry and regulation of glycogen degradation

Lecture 34. Carbohydrate Metabolism 2. Glycogen. Key Concepts. Biochemistry and regulation of glycogen degradation Lecture 34 Carbohydrate Metabolism 2 Glycogen Key Concepts Overview of Glycogen Metabolism Biochemistry and regulation of glycogen degradation Biochemistry and regulation of glycogen synthesis What mechanisms

More information

Fatty Acid and Triacylglycerol Metabolism 1

Fatty Acid and Triacylglycerol Metabolism 1 Fatty Acid and Triacylglycerol Metabolism 1 Mobilization of stored fats and oxidation of fatty acids Lippincott s Chapter 16 What is the first lecture about What is triacylglycerol Fatty acids structure

More information

189,311, , ,561, ,639, ,679, Ch13; , Carbohydrates

189,311, , ,561, ,639, ,679, Ch13; , Carbohydrates Lecture 31 (12/8/17) Reading: Ch7; 258-267 Ch10; 371-373 Problems: Ch7 (text); 26,27,28 Ch7 (study-guide: applying); 2,5 Ch7 (study-guide: facts); 6 NEXT (LAST!) Reading: Chs4,6,8,10,14,16,17,18; 128-129,

More information

2402 : Anatomy/Physiology

2402 : Anatomy/Physiology Dr. Chris Doumen Lecture 2 2402 : Anatomy/Physiology The Endocrine System G proteins and Adenylate Cyclase /camp TextBook Readings Pages 405 and 599 through 603. Make use of the figures in your textbook

More information

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Faisal Al- Khateeb

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Faisal Al- Khateeb number 21 Done by Omar Sami Corrected by حسام أبو عوض Doctor Faisal Al- Khateeb 1 P a g e (Only one or two marks are allocated for this sheetin the exam). Through this lecture we are going to cover the

More information

Carboxylic acids is а compound whose characteristic functional group is the carboxyl group -COOH, example:

Carboxylic acids is а compound whose characteristic functional group is the carboxyl group -COOH, example: Carboxylic acids LECTURE 3 Carboxylic acids is а compound whose characteristic functional group is the carboxyl group -COOH, example: Lipids: classification, structure and biological role. By/Arshed Abd

More information

Chapter 26 Biochemistry 5th edition. phospholipids. Sphingolipids. Cholesterol. db=books&itool=toolbar

Chapter 26 Biochemistry 5th edition. phospholipids. Sphingolipids. Cholesterol.   db=books&itool=toolbar http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez? db=books&itool=toolbar 1 The surface of a soap bubble is a bilayer formed by detergent molecules 2 Chapter 26 Biochemistry 5th edition phospholipids Sphingolipids

More information

Moh Tarek. Razi Kittaneh. Jaqen H ghar

Moh Tarek. Razi Kittaneh. Jaqen H ghar 14 Moh Tarek Razi Kittaneh Jaqen H ghar Naif Karadsheh Gluconeogenesis is making glucose from non-carbohydrates precursors. Although Gluconeogenesis looks like Glycolysis in many steps, it is not the simple

More information

Glycogen Metabolism. BCH 340 lecture 9

Glycogen Metabolism. BCH 340 lecture 9 Glycogen Metabolism BC 340 lecture 9 Structure of glycogen Glycogen is homopolysaccharide formed of branched D-glucose units The primary glycosidic bond is 1-4-linkage Each branch is made of 6-12 glucose

More information

Chapter 16 - Lipid Metabolism

Chapter 16 - Lipid Metabolism Chapter 16 - Lipid Metabolism Fatty acids have four major physiologic roles in the cell: Building blocks of phospholipids and glycolipids Added onto proteins to create lipoproteins, which targets them

More information

Fatty acid breakdown

Fatty acid breakdown Fatty acids contain a long hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxylate group. Most contain between 14 and 24 carbon atoms. The chains may be saturated or contain double bonds. The complete oxidation of

More information

BCMB 3100 Fall 2013 Exam III

BCMB 3100 Fall 2013 Exam III BCMB 3100 Fall 2013 Exam III 1. (10 pts.) (a.) Briefly describe the purpose of the glycerol dehydrogenase phosphate shuttle. (b.) How many ATPs can be made when electrons enter the electron transport chain

More information

General Biochemistry-1 BCH 202

General Biochemistry-1 BCH 202 General Biochemistry-1 BCH 202 1 I would like to acknowledge Dr. Farid Ataya for his valuable input & help in this course. 2 Outline Lipids Definition, function, fatty acids, classification: simple lipids:

More information

1 Classification. Digestion and absorption. Membrane structure and functions. Lecturer KOVAL Alexander N. PhD, assistant

1 Classification. Digestion and absorption. Membrane structure and functions. Lecturer KOVAL Alexander N. PhD, assistant 1 Classification. Digestion and absorption. Membrane structure and functions. Lecturer KOVAL Alexander N. PhD, assistant Lipid: Definition Biological molecules that are insoluble in aqueous solutions and

More information

Significance and Functions of Carbohydrates. Bacterial Cell Walls

Significance and Functions of Carbohydrates. Bacterial Cell Walls Biochemistry 462a - Carbohydrate Function Reading - Chapter 9 Practice problems - Chapter 9: 2, 4a, 4b, 6, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16a, 17; Carbohydrate extra problems Significance and Functions of Carbohydrates

More information

Chapter 11: Lipids. Voet & Voet: Pages

Chapter 11: Lipids. Voet & Voet: Pages Chapter 11: Lipids Voet & Voet: Pages 380-394 Slide 1 Lipids Lipids are distinguished by their high solubility in non polar solvents and low solubility in H2O Diverse group of compounds including Fats,

More information

Biology 12 - Biochemistry Practice Exam

Biology 12 - Biochemistry Practice Exam Biology 12 - Biochemistry Practice Exam Name: Water: 1. The bond between water molecules is a (n) a. ionic bond b. covalent bond c. polar covalent bond d. hydrogen bond 2. The water properties: good solvent,

More information

Roles of Lipids. principal form of stored energy major constituents of cell membranes vitamins messengers intra and extracellular

Roles of Lipids. principal form of stored energy major constituents of cell membranes vitamins messengers intra and extracellular Roles of Lipids principal form of stored energy major constituents of cell membranes vitamins messengers intra and extracellular = Oxidation of fatty acids Central energy-yielding pathway in animals. O

More information

6/15/2015. Biological Molecules. Outline. Organic Compounds. Organic Compounds - definition Functional Groups Biological Molecules. What is organic?

6/15/2015. Biological Molecules. Outline. Organic Compounds. Organic Compounds - definition Functional Groups Biological Molecules. What is organic? Biological Molecules Biology 105 Lecture 3 Reading: Chapter 2 (pages 29 39) Outline Organic Compounds - definition Functional Groups Biological Molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Amino Acids and Proteins Nucleotides

More information

Link download full of Test Bank for Fundamentals of Biochemistry 4th Edition by Voet

Link download full of Test Bank for Fundamentals of Biochemistry 4th Edition by Voet Link download full of Test Bank for Fundamentals of Biochemistry 4th Edition by Voet http://testbankair.com/download/test-bank-for-fundamentals-ofbiochemistry-4th-edition-by-voet/ Chapter 16: Glycogen

More information

3-keto-Dihydrosphingosine is an Important Early Metabolite of Sphingolipid Biosynthesis

3-keto-Dihydrosphingosine is an Important Early Metabolite of Sphingolipid Biosynthesis H C 2 H H H H H H H C 2 H H H H H H H H H H NHAc C 2 H H H H C 2 H H H H H H C 17 H 35 NH H N E W S L E T T E R F R G LY C / S P H I N G L I P I D R E S E A R C H N V E M B E R 2 0 1 8 3-keto-Dihydrosphingosine

More information

Fatty Acid and Triacylglycerol Metabolism 1

Fatty Acid and Triacylglycerol Metabolism 1 Fatty Acid and Triacylglycerol Metabolism 1 Mobilization of stored fats and oxidation of fatty acids Lippincott s Chapter 16 What is the first lecture about What is triacylglycerol Fatty acids structure

More information

Learning Guide. Molecules to Cells Week Two

Learning Guide. Molecules to Cells Week Two Learning Guide Molecules to Cells Week Two 1 Learning Session Learning Resource Learning Objective Assessment ILA 2 ph, Amino Acids, and Peptides TBL 2 Molecular Tools of Genetic Diagnosis Lecture 13 Introduction

More information

GLYCOLYSIS Generation of ATP from Metabolic Fuels

GLYCOLYSIS Generation of ATP from Metabolic Fuels GLYCOLYSIS Generation of ATP from Metabolic Fuels - Catabolic process degradative pathway - Energy stored in sugars (carbohydrates) released to perform biological work - Transforms GLUCOSE to PYRUVATE

More information

number Done by Corrected by Doctor

number Done by Corrected by Doctor number 19 Done by حسام ابو عوض Corrected by وسيم ابو عبيدة Doctor د.نايف 1 P a g e GAGs and Glycoproteins: GAGs: long, unbranched heteropolysaccharides, made from زunits repeating disaccharide [Acidic

More information

Biomolecules: lipids

Biomolecules: lipids Biomolecules: lipids Organic biomolecules: lipids Organic amphiphilic compounds insoluble in water Easily extracted from animal and vegetal cells using apolar solvents Fundamental to build cell's shape

More information

Chapter 1. Chemistry of Life - Advanced TABLE 1.2: title

Chapter 1. Chemistry of Life - Advanced TABLE 1.2: title Condensation and Hydrolysis Condensation reactions are the chemical processes by which large organic compounds are synthesized from their monomeric units. Hydrolysis reactions are the reverse process.

More information

Block A: Membrane Biology & Biochemistry. Lipid signalling and sphingolipid function

Block A: Membrane Biology & Biochemistry. Lipid signalling and sphingolipid function Block A: Membrane Biology & Biochemistry Lipid signalling and sphingolipid function 10. - 14.11.2014 Gerhild van Echten-Deckert Tel. 73 2703 E-mail: g.echten.deckert@uni-bonn.de www.limes-institut-bonn.de

More information

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh number 11 Done by حسام أبو عوض Corrected by Moayyad Al-Shafei Doctor Nayef Karadsheh 1 P a g e General Regulatory Aspects in Metabolism: We can divide all pathways in metabolism to catabolicand anabolic.

More information

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Nafeth Abu Tarboush

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Nafeth Abu Tarboush number 7 Done by حسام أبو عوض Corrected by Shahd Alqudah Doctor Nafeth Abu Tarboush 1 P a g e As we have studied before, in the fourth reaction of the Krebs cycle, α- ketoglutarate is converted into Succinyl-CoA

More information

Biological Molecules

Biological Molecules Why? Biological Molecules What are the building blocks of life? From the smallest single-celled organism to the tallest tree, all life depends on the properties and reactions of four classes of organic

More information

Dr. Nafith Abu Tarboush. Tarek Khrisat

Dr. Nafith Abu Tarboush. Tarek Khrisat 1 Dr. Nafith Abu Tarboush June 18 th 2013 Tarek Khrisat 1 Lecture Outline: Aldoses and Ketoses Optical isomers -Fischer projection -Enantiomers, Diastereomers, and Epimers Isomers: Compounds with the same

More information

Chapter 24 Lecture Outline

Chapter 24 Lecture Outline Chapter 24 Lecture Outline Carbohydrate Lipid and Protein! Metabolism! In the catabolism of carbohydrates, glycolysis converts glucose into pyruvate, which is then metabolized into acetyl CoA. Prepared

More information

Name: Date: Block: Biology 12

Name: Date: Block: Biology 12 Name: Date: Block: Biology 12 Provincial Exam Review: Cell Processes and Applications January 2003 Use the following diagram to answer questions 1 and 2. 1. Which labelled organelle produces most of the

More information

Cell Signaling part 2

Cell Signaling part 2 15 Cell Signaling part 2 Functions of Cell Surface Receptors Other cell surface receptors are directly linked to intracellular enzymes. The largest family of these is the receptor protein tyrosine kinases,

More information

Exam III - Review Questions

Exam III - Review Questions Name Exam III - Review Questions 1. Using a Fischer projection, draw a representative structure of a ketohexose: a. Ketohexose comprise how many stereoisomers? b. Is the structure you drew a D or an L

More information

Chapter 10. Introduction to Nutrition and Metabolism, 3 rd edition David A Bender Taylor & Francis Ltd, London 2002

Chapter 10. Introduction to Nutrition and Metabolism, 3 rd edition David A Bender Taylor & Francis Ltd, London 2002 Chapter 10 Introduction to Nutrition and Metabolism, 3 rd edition David A Bender Taylor & Francis Ltd, London 2002 Chapter 10: Integration and Control of Metabolism Press the space bar or click the mouse

More information