Emotion regulation in sport

Transcription

1 National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, February 2009 Emotion regulation in sport Prof. Dr. Peter C. Terry Department of Psychology

2 First A BIG thank you from me to Dr. Fatolla Mosayebi for helping Mosayebi to bring me to Tehran

3 Iran in Beijing 2008

4 Toowoomba, Queensland Population: 100,000

5 Australia Where on earth is Toowoomba?

6 University of Southern Queensland 24,000 students 5,000 on campus 19,000 external

7 Queensland Academy of Sport 650 athletes 24 sports 26 Olympic gold medallists Leisel Jones Libby Trickett Stephanie Rice Grant Hackett Jodie Henry

8 My Olympic Experiences

9 Albertville 1992 Bobsleigh

10 Barcelona 1992 Tennis

11 Lillehammer 1994 Bobsleigh

12 Atlanta 1996 Headquarters

13 Nagano 1998 Bobsleigh

14 Sydney 2000

15 Athens 2004

16 Beijing 2008 Shooting

17 International clients Australia Great Britain Ireland Brunei Malaysia Singapore India Canada

18 Workshop content Conceptual and measurement issues How to do it Mood and performance relationships Uses of mood profiling Mood management strategies Questions

19 National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, February 2009 Part 1 Conceptual and measurement issues

20 Sport produces strong emotions

21 Many different emotions Energized Frustrated Subdued Despair Energized Frustrated Subdued Despair

22 Starting point Performance influences emotions Emotions influence performance Understanding the process is important

23 Characteristics of emotion Caused by a specific event Behavioural and expressive Not controllable Brief and intense Distinct physiological patterning Rises and dissipates quickly

24 Characteristics of mood Cause less well defined Largely cognitive More controllable More enduring No distinct physiological patterning Rises and dissipates slowly

25 Weather analogy Personality = climate Mood = prevailing weather front Emotion = brief period of rain, sunny period, etc.

26 Mood profiling Participant completes 65- item questionnaire Responses summarized as six scores corresponding to six dimensions of mood Mood profile plotted against standard scores

27 Profile of Mood States Developed for psychiatric patients Not validated for athletes Norms for students but not athletes 65 items, 6 mood dimensions 8-15 minutes to complete Suitable for age 18 upwards

28 Mood dimensions Anger Confusion Depression Fatigue Tension Vigour

29 Mood profile TEN DEP ANG VIG FAT CON

30 Iceberg profile TEN DEP ANG VIG FAT CON

31 Test of champions? Iceberg profile is normal for athletes when plotted against original norms Does NOT predict champions BUT it is a necessary prerequisite Individual variations very useful

32 Optimal mood

33 Sub-optimal mood

34 Contributions Athletes report more positive mood profiles than the general population (Terry & Lane, 2000) Mood profiles do not differentiate achievement level (Terry, 1995; Beedie, Terry, & Lane, 2000)

35 Contributions When certain conditions are met, mood profiles significantly discriminate performance (Terry & Slade, 1995) This is especially true at the elite level (Hall & Terry, 1995; Terry, 1993)

36 Short versions Shacham (1983) 37 items - 6 subscales McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman (1992) 30 items - 6 subscales Grove and Prapavessis (1992) 40 items - 7 subscales Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS: Terry et al., 1999, 2003) 24 items - 6 subscales

37 Brunel Mood Scale Developed for athletes Validated using athletes Normative data for athletes 2-3 minutes to complete Suitable for age 12 upwards

38 BRUMS translations Spanish, French, Hungarian, Malay, Chinese, Portuguese and now perhaps... Farsi

39 Response timeframes How do you feel generally? How have you felt over the past week including today? How do you feel right now?

40 Effects of ambient mood Past week assessments produced higher scores than multiple right now assessments Past week assessments associated with ambient mood for confusion, depression, and vigour

41 National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, February 2009 Part 2: How to do it?

42 Complete the Brunel Mood Scale

43 National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, February 2009 Calculate the score for tension by adding responses for panicky anxious worried nervous (items 1, 13, 14, 18)

44 National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, February 2009 Calculate the score for depressed mood by adding responses for depressed downhearted unhappy miserable (items 5, 6, 12, 16)

45 National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, February 2009 Calculate the score for anger by adding responses for annoyed bitter anger bad tempered (items 7, 11, 19, 22)

46 National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, February 2009 Calculate the score for vigour by adding responses for lively energetic active alert (items 2, 15, 20, 23)

47 National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, February 2009 Calculate the score for fatigue by adding responses for worn out exhausted sleepy tired (items 4, 8, 10, 21)

48 National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, February 2009 Calculate the score for confusion by adding responses for confused mixed up muddled uncertain (items 3, 9, 17, 24)

49 Interpretation of BRUMS scores RANGE MOOD DIMENSION Ang Con Dep Fat Ten Vig N.B. Scores are for past month moods

50 National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, February 2009 Part 3: Mood and performance relationships

51 World Championships and Olympic Games

52 Mood profiles for athletes performing to expectations (PE: n = 42) and under performing (UP: n = 37) in World and Olympic competition PE UP TEN DEP ANG VIG FAT CON Correctly classified = 70.9% (Terry, 1993)

53 Mood profiles for rowers performing to expectations (PE: n = 6) and under performing (UP: n = 6) at the 1993 World Championships TEN DEP ANG VIG FAT CON Correctly classified = 100% (Hall & Terry, 1995) PE UP

54 Karate

55 Pre-competition mood profiles for winning (n = 92) and losing (n( = 107) karateka WINNERS LOSERS TEN DEP ANG VIG FAT CON Correctly classified = 92.0% (Terry & Slade, 1995)

56 International cricket

57 60 Mood Profiles for England cricketers performing to expectations (PE) and under performing (UP) in three matches against Australia during PE UP TEN DEP ANG VIG FAT CON Correctly classified = 48.5% (Terry, 1994)

58 Factors contributing to prediction Short duration activities Individual sports Self-referenced performance Homogeneous skill and fitness

59 But Mood- performance relationships vary from person to person

60 Mood profiles for two athletes prior to World Cup winning performances TEN DEP ANG VIG FAT CON Athlete A Athlete B (Terry, 1992)

61 Prediction of performance from mood Depressed mood Increased Anger Increased Tension Increased Confusion Increased Fatigue Reduced Vigour (Lane & Terry, 2000) Debilitative Effects Reduced Facilitative Effects No Depression Vigour Fatigue Confusion Anger Tension Facilitative Effects Debilitative Effects Curvilinear Effects

62 National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, February 2009 Part 4: Uses of mood profiling

63 USES OF MOOD PROFILING Predict performance Early problem identification Over-training diagnostic tool Monitor training load Monitor response to injury Monitor acclimatisation Catalyst for discussion

64 Performance prediction

65 Sydney 2000 Olympic Games

66 Mood profiles of Athlete X during the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games TEN DEP ANG VIG FAT CON 2/09/2000 4/09/2000 6/09/2000 9/09/ /09/ /09/ /09/2000 Comp. Day

67 Early problem identification

68 Mood profiles for GB team officials (N=5)( on Days 2 to 4 of the 1992 Olympic Winter Games Day 2 Day 3 Day TEN DEP ANG VIG FAT CON (Terry, 1992)

69 Over-training tool

70 Mood profiles for an international cyclist during rehabilitation from over-training syndrome th Jan 19th Jan 22nd Jan Ten Dep Ang Vig Fat Con

71 Monitor training load

72 Mood profiles for Discus Thrower A during period of heavy training load ten dep ang vig fat con 27/06/ /07/ /07/ /07/2002 1/08/2002 4/08/2002 8/08/ /08/ /08/ /08/ /08/ /08/2002

73 Injury rehabilitation

74 Mood profiles for Athlete A during post-injury phase /03/2002 4/04/ /04/2002 9/05/ /06/ /07/ ten dep ang vig fat con

75 Monitor acclimatisation

76 Mood profiles of Athlete B during the Nagano 1998 Olympic Games TEN DEP ANG VIG FAT CON 3/02/1998 6/02/1998 9/02/ /02/ /02/1998 Comp. Day 1 Comp. Day 2

77 Catalyst for discussion

78 National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, February 2009 Part 5: Mood management strategies

79 Management of depressed mood Most popular strategies are: Spend time alone Talk to someone about my feelings Talk with others to distract myself Seek physical affection Use humour Think about something else Most effective strategies are: Think positively Deal with the cause of the feelings Talk to someone about my feelings Put feelings into perspective Seek physical affection Think about something else

80 Management of fatigue Most popular strategies are: Take a shower Rest, take a nap or sleep Splash face with cold water Eat something Physical activity Focus on competition strategies Most effective strategies are: Relaxation techniques Take a shower Rest, take a nap or sleep Put feelings into perspective Have a massage Deal with the cause of the feelings

81 Management of vigour Most popular strategies are: Physical activity Fast, upbeat music Use humour Sport-related related imagery Focus on competition strategies Give myself a pep-talk Most effective strategies are: Physical activity Think positively Sport-related related imagery Fast, upbeat music Focus on competition strategies Put feelings into perspective

82 Mental preparation Can you see it? (WYSIWYG) Can you really see it? (e.g., SG) On-court strategies (e.g., snail, smile)

83 National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, February 2009 Music and sport performance

84 Responses to music Captures attention Lifts spirits Generates emotion Changes mood Evokes memories Reduces inhibitions Encourages rhythmic movement

85 Long history of using music to enhance effort

86 Brazilian football and samba

87 World Cup 2006 "Psychologists say it is very important in the dressing room and coming from the hotel to the stadium that you do something with your hands, with your mouth If you just sit there worrying, clutching your hands, that does not help. If you play something it helps them relax. That s s why we give them the drums and things Since 1970 we have done this. We buy instruments for them and they play on the bus instead of saying, 'Oh my God, we are going to play Germany or England in a World Cup game.' That does not help." (Brazilian football coach Carlos Alberto Parreira, 2006)

88 Germany 2006

89 Conceptual framework Antecedents Intermediaries Potential Benefits Personal factors Situational factors Rhythm response Musicality Cultural impact Associations Improved mood Arousal control Dissociation Reduced RPE Greater work output Improved skill acquisition Flow state Enhanced performance (Terry & Karageorghis, 2006)

90 Definitions SYNCHRONOUS use of music Performance of repetitive movements in time with the beat or tempo of music ASYNCHRONOUS use of music Background music with no conscious synchronisation between movement and music tempo

91 Type of effect Relaxation Motivation Calmness Aggression Precision Endurance many other effects are possible

92 Music as a challenge The haka

93 Meta-analysis analysis of effects Effect No. of effects Weighted mean Music and exercise Music and sport Music on performance Music on psychology Music on physiology (Terry & Lim, 2007)

94 Meta-analysis analysis of effects Effect No. of effects Weighted mean Synchronous music On performance 6.64 On psychology 6.67 On physiology 1.39 Asynchronous music On performance On psychology On physiology (Terry & Lim, 2007)

95 Strength Stimulative music produced higher hand-grip dynamometer scores than sedative music or white noise (Karageorghis, Drew, & Terry, 1996)

96 Recent evidence Time-to to-exhaustion longer when treadmill walking to motivational music than neutral music (6% longer) or no music (15% longer) (Karageorghis et al., 2009)

97 Proposed mechanisms Attention narrowed, diverted from sensations of fatigue, or anxiety Emotional and physiological arousal is altered Improved physiological functioning (less effort for same work)

98 Conceptual framework Antecedents Intermediaries Potential Benefits Personal factors Situational factors Rhythm response Musicality Cultural impact Associations Improved mood Arousal control Dissociation Reduced RPE Greater work output Improved skill acquisition Flow state Enhanced performance (Terry & Karageorghis, 2006)

99 Music-induced induced world record Indoor 2000m world record (Feb. 1998) Haile Gebreselassie s stride rate was synchronised to the song Scatman

100 Music Factors Volume Tempo Rhythm Melody Harmony Instrumentation Lyrics

101 Associations Rocky s s training through the snow and trying to overcome this obstacle to get to ultimately beating a guy who s s nearly twice his size, that kind of like inspires the way I approach my training. (Priest & Karageorghis, 2003)

102 Associations Repetition and powerful visual images are key factors Even unlikely associations are easily achieved [Italia 90]

103 Music for mood management Listening to the Red Hot Chilli Peppers was an important part of James Cracknell s preparation before the 2000 Olympic final. I I was listening to that CD on my Discman until about an hour before we competed

104 Music for mood management The music is vaguely aggressive and powerful, but it s s also familiar, so it serves a joint purpose. It makes you relax a bit, but also winds you up at the same time. It keeps you going, which is very important. (James Cracknell, Men s Fours Olympic Gold Medallist 2000, 2004)

105 Dedication

106 Music for mood management Strategies are sometimes counter-intuitive Audley Harrison, 2000 Olympic Super- heavyweight Boxing Champion listened to Japanese classical music Used to induce precision, lightness, control and calmness rather than aggression

107 Music to inspire Albertville th Lillehammer th Nagano 1998 Their moment?

108 Music to inspire Give me one moment in time When I m I m more than I thought I could be When all of my dreams are a heartbeat away And the answers are all up to me

109 Sydney 2000 Richard Faulds, Olympic double trap champion

110 Music for rehabilitation Anna Hemmings Client since times World Champion Marathon Canoeist Won three World Titles Suffered CFS Regained World Title in 2005 and 2006

111 Music for mood management I m m Like a Bird (Nelly Furtado) For the associations and imagery that it conjures up like a bird, flying, relaxed, free. [Key to rehabilitation]

112 Perth 2005 The World s s Greatest (R.Kelly) I I absolutely love the lyrics. I save this song for the really big races, I only EVER listen to it at the World Championships when I am warming up for my race. It brings a lump to my throat, it puts me in the zone (Anna Hemmings).

113 Music for visualisation One dream, one soul, one prize, one goal One shaft of light that shows the way

114 Music for team preparation Different music to symbolise different phases of a tournament Early phase (Let s s get this party started) Competition final (Lose yourself) Queensland Hockey

115 Asian Games, Qatar 2006

116 Mood management

117 Overview of Experiment 1

118 Overview of Experiment 2

119 Conditioned EEG responses Identify EEG activity associated with best shots Train required EEG activity using neurofeedback Build association between required EEG activity and specific music Use music on competition day to generate required EEG activity Derek Burnett (Ireland) World Cup silver medallist 2007

120 Individual silver and team bronze Come the day and come the hour Come the power and the glory We have come to answer our country s s call From the four proud provinces of Ireland Ireland, Ireland Together standing tall Shoulder to shoulder We ll answer Ireland s s call 2007 World Shooting Championships, Cyprus

121

122 A principle of excellence Little things make a big difference Control the little pictures and the big picture takes care of itself

123 River as metaphor for thought processes Strong, steady, irresistible flow Unwanted stuff floats along frequently Fighting against thoughts traps them Bring in the good thoughts behind and let the unwanted thoughts drift through

124 A principle of excellence Systematic monitoring is better than intuitive assessment Individualised datasets may reveal patterns of success

125 Scores of Shooter Y during the lead up to the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games Mean score per round Feb-08 Mar-08 Apr-08 May-08 Jun-08 Jul-08

126 Message to athlete Nothing special required Normal performance on a special day

127 Music for inspiration Find your guiding inspiration In a place where dreams are made With a lifetime s preparation There s no time to be afraid

128 When the dream is over

129 Mood profiles of Shooter Y after the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games Post D1 Post D2 Post D4 Post D6 Post D9 Post D12 30 TEN DEP ANG VIG FAT CON

130 Putting it together Source photographs and music Develop PowerPoint presentation Add soundtrack Convert to MP4 file (e.g., using Acoolsoft) Load to itouch, iphone or ipod

131 Together we are one Switch to RF PowerPoint

132 Michael Phelps Beijing 2008 I m m Me (Lil (Lil Wayne) Yes I m I m the best And no I ain t t positive I m I definite I know the game like I m I reffing it

133 The future? Nike-Apple

134 Asian South Pacific Association of Sport Psychology YOUR organisation JOIN NOW Unity through sport CHINA

135 Asian South Pacific Association of Sport Psychology YOUR organisation JOIN NOW Unity through sport JAPAN

136 Asian South Pacific Association of Sport Psychology YOUR organisation JOIN NOW Unity through sport INDIA

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147 Asian South Pacific Association of Sport Psychology YOUR organisation JOIN NOW Unity through sport MALAYSIA

148 Asian South Pacific Association of Sport Psychology YOUR organisation JOIN NOW Unity through sport SINGAPORE

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154 Psychologist learning the sport

155 Thank you for your attention

156 Thank you Iran

157 Psychologist as part of the team

158 Psychologist as part of the team

159 The performance pie How importance is each segment in your sport? What % of the pie would you allocate to each segment?

160 The performance pie How much time do you allocate to each segment? Does that match your analysis of the demands?

161 I AM THE EXPERT Sport Psychologist Coach Athlete

162 PSST! PASS IT ON SPORT PSYCH. COACH ATHLETE

163 THE GO BETWEEN COACH SPORT PSYCH. ATHLETE

164 THE FACILITATOR COACH ATHLETE SPORT PSYCH.

165 EQUAL EXPERTISE COACH ATHLETE SPORT PSYCH.

166 COMPLETE PICTURE COACH ATHLETE SPORT PSYCH. ADMINISTRATION & SUPPORT STAFF

167 Review of literature Significant relationships between Pre-competition mood responses and performance (Beedie, Terry, & Lane, 2000)

168 Review of literature Mental health model (MHM) High vigour, low anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, and tension (iceberg profile) associated with superior athletic performance (Morgan, 1985) Theoretical advances have highlighted interactive effects of different mood components upon performance (Lane & Terry, 2000)

169 Review of literature Calls for intra-individual studies rather than cross-sectional designs (Hanin, 1997; Hassmén, Raglin, & Lundqvist, 2004) Hanin (1997) suggested that equivocal findings were due to individual differences among cross-sectional samples

170 Review of literature Lane and Chappell (2001) assessed moodperformance relationships for 11 basketball players at the World University Games Pre-performance mood explained 9% of performance variance in cross-sectional analyses

171 Review of literature In intra-individual analyses performance was significantly related to mood for 6 players, explaining up to 40% of variance, but unrelated for the other 5 players

172 Review of literature Mood-performance relationship assessed among junior swimmers (N = 702) by Terry, Janover and Diment (2004) Pre-race mood scores accounted for 24% of performance variance using cross-sectional analyses

173 Review of literature Intra-individual analyses on 24 swimmers Pre-race mood responses explained between 1% and 86% of performance variance

174 Mood scores predict winning and losing performances in tennis (Terry & Munro, 2008)

175 Cross-sectional summary Outcome correctly classified from pre-match data in 60% of cases Previous cross-sectional investigation of tennis players (Terry et al., 1996) yielded 72% correct classifications

176 Cross-sectional summary Psychological factors greater influence on performance at higher competition levels Higher standard of players recruited by Terry and colleagues (national level juniors)

177 Win Loss Ten Dep Ang Vig Fat Con Figure 1. Mean pre-competition mood responses for Participant A prior to winning and losing matches

178 Participant A summary Higher scores on all mood subscales prior to losses compared to wins Lower vigour scores associated with winning performances

179 Win Loss Ten Dep Ang Vig Fat Con Figure 2. Pre-competition mean mood responses for Participant B prior to winning and losing matches

180 Participant B summary Lower tension, depression, fatigue and confusion, and higher vigour prior to wins Pre-match anger was facilitative of performance rather than debilitative

181 Win Loss Ten Dep Ang Vig Fat Con Figure 3. Pre-competition mean mood responses for Participant C prior to winning and losing matches

182 Participant C summary Lower tension, depression, anger, fatigue and confusion, and higher vigour (marginal) prior to wins Stereotypical of the moodperformance relationship as traditionally described (Morgan, 1980)

183 Alternative approaches