Current status in pelvic organ prolapse surgery: an evidence based review
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1 Current status in pelvic organ prolapse surgery: an evidence based review Christian Falconer, MD, PhD Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Danderyd University Hospital Stockholm, Sweden Finnish Society of Gynaecological Surgery Helsinki
2 Surgery for prolapse and incontinence Incidence rate per 1000 females Total 4.25 / Kleeman SD et al, AUGS 23rd Annual Scientific Meeting, San Francisco Oct 17-19, 2002
3 Anterior compartment Colporraphy Paravaginal repair Mesh Middle compartment Sacral colpopexy Colposuspension Mesh Posterior compartment Coporraphy Site specific Midline fascial plication Transanal Mesh Review content
4 Evidence based methodology Definition: Use of the best available evidence for medical decisions in the care of individual patients Or simply: The scientific basis for clinical praxis
5 Levels of evidence Evidence Level I: Meta-analysis or RCT s of high quality Evidence Level II: Low quality RCT s or prospective cohort studies Evidence Level III: Cross-sectional and retrospective studies or high quality case series Evidence Level IV: Expert opinion och case reports
6 Grades of recommendation The Delphi process- recommendations for clinical practise Grade A: consistent level 1 evidence Grade B: consistent level 2 evidence Grade C: level 4 studies or expert opinions Grade D: no recommendation possible
7 Quality assessment: Jadad Scale for quality of RCTs Jadad AR, et al. Assessing the quality of reports on randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary? Controlled Clin Trials 1996;17:1-12. URL:
8 Summary of studies in pelvic reconstructive surgery Current evidence based practise in pelvic reconstructive surgery is based on: 111 studies 10 RCT s A total of patients
9 Anterior compartment
10 Anterior colporraphy 7 studies 3 retrospective case series, 1 prospective cohort study 4 RCT s Longest FU 20 y (Macer, AJOG 1978) Number of patients patients/ study
11 Anterior paravaginal repair 6 studies (vaginal), 5 studies (abdominal) 6 prospective and 5 retrospective No RCT s Longest FU 3y (Richardson, 1981) Number of patients patients/ study
12 Summary anterior repair- RCT s and controlled studies Evidence level Comparison Main outcome Colombo BJOG 2000 I AC vs. Colposusp AC anatomically superior Sand AJOG 2001 I AC vs. AC+Vicryl AC+mesh anatomically superior Weber AJOG 2001 I AC vs. AC+Vicryl No significant difference Bruce Urology 1999 II Ant paravaginal repair vs. Ant paravaginal repair + sling APVR+sling anatomically superior
13 Anterior compartment-mesh 33 different studies 5 RCT 16 prospectiva 1451 patients Mean FU 1.7 y 26 techniques using 15 different materials 2 RCT for permanent biomaterials 1 controlled nonrandomised 14 retrospective 39 patients/ study
14 Anterior compartment RCT s Colporraphy vs colporraphy&implant Subjects Anatomical cure FU Sand et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001 n= % in Vicryl group 71% in non- Vicryl group(p< 0.05) 1 y Weber et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001 Hiltunen et al. Obstet Gynecol 2007 Meschia et al. J Urol 2007 n= % in Vicryl group 30% in non-vicryl group (NS) n=202 89% in polypropylene mesh group 63% in non-mesh group (p<0.001) n= % in Pelvicol group 79% in non-implant group (p<0.001) 23 m 1 y 1 y Nguyen,Burchette Obstet Gynecol 2008 n= 75 87% in mesh group 55% in non-mesh p< y
15 Conclusion anterior compartment Generally grade B-D recommendations Level I evidence that polyglactin may improve short-term anatomical outcomes Level I evidence that colporraphy is anatomically superior to colposuspension Level I evidence that colporraphy+polypropylene mesh is superior to colporraphy alone Current evidence does not support the routine use of biological or synthetical mesh
16 Anterior Compartment Follow-up Failure (variably defined) Midline fascial plication 1 20 yrs 3-58 % Site-specific fascial repair 6 mths 2 yrs % Vaginal-paravaginal repair 6 mths 6 yrs % Abdominal paravaginal repair 6 mths 6 yrs 20 % Concomitant sling support 17 mths 4 yrs 2-57 %
17 Middle compartment
18 Middle compartment Colposacropexy 62 studies 4 RCT s FU 13.7 y (Hilger. Br J Obstet Gynecol 2003) Number of patients patients/ study
19 Middle compartment Sacrospinous fixation 15 studies 3 RCT s Longest FU 5.3 y Number of patients: patients/ study H Koelbl. ICI Rome 2005.
20 Middle compartment RCT s Benson et al Am J Obstet Gynecol Lo et al 1998 J Gynecol Surg No. of subjects Anatomical cure n=101 84% Sacrocolpopexy 67% Sacrospinous fixation P<0.05 n=138 94% Sacrocolpopexy 80% Sacrospinous fixation (p<0.05) 2.1 y 2.5 y FU Maher et al Am J Obstet Gynecol Culligan et al Obstet gynecol n= 95 76% Sacrocolpopexy 69% Sacrospinous fixation (NS) n= % Sacrocolpopexy fascia 91% Sacrocolpopexy mesh (p=0.007) 2 y 1 y
21 Summary- Vaginal vault prolapse Consistent level I evidence that sacrocolpopexy is more effective when compared to sacrospinous fixation. Consistent level I evidence that sacrocolpopexy is associated with increased morbidity when compared to sacrospinous fixation No evidence for routine use of mesh
22 Middle Compartment Sacral colpopexy Sacrospinous fixation Prespinous fixation HUSL suspension Vaginal Hysterectomy +/- vault re-inforcement Failure rate: 6-40%
23 Posterior compartment
24 Site specific repair 4 studies, all retrospective (III) 3 case series, 1 case-control No RCT s Longest FU 18 months (Porter et al. AJOG 1999) Number of patients patients/ study
25 Posterior colporraphy 4 studies 3 prospective single cohort (II) and 1 retrospective case-control (III) No RCT s Longest FU 5 y (Lopez et al. IUGJ 2001) Number of patients patients/ study
26 Midline fascial plication 3 studies 2 prospective cohort studies (II) and 1 retrospective case-control (III) No RCT s Longest FU 18 months (Singh et al. Obstet Gynecol 2003) Number of patients patients/ study
27 Transanal rectocele repair 11 studies 6 prosp cohort studies, 1 retrosp case-control, 3 retrosp case series 1 RCT, 15 patients in each arm Longest FU 4.8 y Number of patients patients/ study
28 Summary posterior repair- controlled studies Evidence level Comparison Main outcome Arnold 1990 III Transanal repair vs. Colporraphy Abramov 2004 III Site specific vs. Midline fascial plication Nieminen 2004 I Transanal repair vs. Midline fascial plication No anatomical difference Midline fascial plication anatomically superior Midline fascial plication anatomically superior
29 Posterior compartment-mesh 13 studies 1 RCT 8 prospective 615 patients Mean FU 1.2 y 11 techniques using 10 different biomaterials 0 RCT for permanent implants 4 retrospective of which one was controlled 51 patients/ study
30 Posterior compartment mesh Site specific vs Site specific+porcine graft Subjects Anatomical cure Duration of FU Sand et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001 n= Vicryl 80 Controls (p< 0.05) 12 m Weber et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001 n= Vicryl 74 Controls (NS) 23 m Paraiso et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006 n= colporraphy 37 ss+fortigen 32 ss (p=0.02) 2 y
31 Summary- posterior repair MFP may improve anatomical outcome when compared to transanal suture repair (II) and subjective outcomes when compared to site specific repair (III) Generally grade B-D recommendations No evidence suggesting that biological or synthetical mesh improves outcomes compared to traditional repair
32 Posterior Compartment Failure Persistent POP symptoms Dyspareunia Levator plication % <20 % % Midline fascial plication 7-13 % 7-20 % 4.2 % Site-specific fascial repair % Trans-anal repair % % Laparoscopic rectocoele repair 20 % 20 %
33 Summary EBM POP surgery General lack of level I evidence to support current clinical practice RCT s and high quality controlled studies needed Multicenter collaboration required Collaboration between clinical experts and researchers
34 The future Life-time risk for pelvic floor surgery in Europe? ~11% in US women of which 1/3 have secondary procedures (Olsen, Obstet Gynecol, 1997) Sweden 6-7,000 POP procedures/ year U.S.A ,000 POP procedures/ year 45% increase urogynecological care prognosticated over the next 20 years (Luber, AJOG, 2001)
35 We need to learn from the past but look to the future. Progress in POP surgery must be based on sound evidence and rigorous audit of outcome. Primum Non Nocere
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