HARDY- WEINBERG PRACTICE PROBLEMS
|
|
- Alan Welch
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 HARDY- WEINBERG PRACTICE PROBLEMS PROBLEMS TO SOLVE: 1. The proportion of homozygous recessives of a certain population is If we assume that the gene pool is large and at equilibrium and all genotypes are equally successful in reproduction, what proportion of the population would you expect to be heterozygous for this trait? 2. Approximately 36% of a certain population are unable to taste the compound phenylthiocarbamide (PTC). Everyone else finds it very bitter tasting. If we assume that the non-tasters are homozygous for the recessive gene, t, what is the frequency of: a) homozygous dominants, (TT) b) heterozygotes, (Tt) 3. In a certain population, approximately one child in 2500 is homozygous for the gene z. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the proportion of carriers (heterozygotes) in the population? 4. The frequency of sickle-cell anemia (ss) among the children in one malarial region of Africa is 144 out of Assuming H-W equilibrium, what is the approximate frequency of heterozygotes (Ss) in this population? 5. In a population with two alleles for a particular locus, B and b, the allele frequency of B is 0.7. What would be the frequency of heterozygotes if the population is in H-W equilibrium? 6. In a population that is in H-W equilibrium, 16% of the individuals show the recessive trait. What is the frequency of the dominant allele in the population? 7. If 9% of an African population is born with a severe form of sickle-cell anemia (ss), what percentage of the population will be more resistant to malaria because they are heterozygous (Ss) for the sicklecell gene? 8. After graduation, you and 19 friends build a raft, sail to a deserted island, and start a new population, totally isolated from the world. Two of your friends carry (that is, are heterozygous for) the recessive cf allele, which in homozygotes causes cystic fibrosis. A. Assuming that the frequency of this allele does not change as the population grows, what will be the instance of cystic fibrosis on your island? B. Cystic fibrous births on the island is how many times greater than the original mainland. The frequency of births on the mainland is.059%.
2 HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE Phenotype Black Black White Genotypes AA Aa (aa) Number of moths (total = 500) Genotype frequencies Number of alleles In gene pool (total = 1000) x 2 x 2 Allele frequencies
3 For a gene with only two different alleles (A and a), the Hardy-Weinberg principle can be expressed using the equation below: If p = frequency of allele A and q = frequency of allele a, then: p + q = 1 (p + q) 2 = 1 2 p p q + q 2 = 1 p 2 = frequency of AA genotype (homozygous dominant); 2pq = frequency of Aa genotype (heterozygous); q 2 = frequency of aa genotype (homozygous recessive)
4 Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium I'm confused! How can O be the most common of the blood types if it is a recessive trait? If Huntington's disease is a dominant trait, shouldn't three-fourths of the population have Huntington's while one-fourth have the normal phenotype? These questions reflect the common misconception that the dominant allele of a trait will always have the highest frequency in a population and the recessive allele will always have the lowest frequency. On the contrary, as G. H. Hardy stated in 1908, "There is not the slightest foundation for the idea that a dominant trait should show a tendency to spread over a whole population, or that a recessive trait should die out." Gene frequencies can be high or low no matter how the allele is expressed, and can change, depending on the conditions that exist. It is the changes in gene frequencies over time that result in evolution. The Hardy-Weinberg Principle provides a baseline to determine whether of not gene frequencies have changed in a population and thus whether evolution has occurred. Evolution is equivalent to change. Microevolution - adaptation Macroevolution - appearance of new species Indirect Evidence of Change - can be suggested by the use of the Hardy-Weinberg Principle which takes into account: size of population random mating external influences BUT Hardy-Weinberg can be affected by: migration (immigration and emigration) genetic drift (random loss of alleles - sm. pop.) inbreeding (non-random mating) mutation natural selection There is a change in the gene frequency and it can be inferred that there is a change in the population resulting in some members of the population being more fit than others. H-W equilibrium states that proportions of alternate forms of a gene (alleles) in a large population will not change from generation to generation unless they are influenced by mutation, migration, genetic drift, nonrandom mating (which result in genetic variation) or selection (which drives evolution). If these conditions have no effect, and if mating is random then the proportions of genotypes in the population will also remain the same after one generation. H-W equilibrium defines the conditions under which evolution DOES NOT occur and population genetics. is basis of
5 EXAMPLE: In a population of 100 toads, there are 4 with phenotype horny-back (recessive) and 96 with normal phenotype (dominant). Find the number of heterozygotes in this population. We know that 4% or 0.04 are hh (homozygous recessive) Therefore q = 0.2 (square root of hh or frequency of h gamete) and p = 0.8 (frequency of H gamete is 0.8 by subtraction p + q = 1) - assume random mating and remember you are considering allele frequencies Consider if p = 0.8, q = 0.2 and p + q = 1, ( p + q ) 2 = 1 Homozygous dominant HH = p 2 = = 0.64 = 64% Heterozygous Hh = 2pq = 2 (0.8)(0.2) = 0.32 = 32% Total of HH and Hh = 96% Homozygous recessive hh = q 2 = = 0.04 = 4% OR Use the binomial expansion: 1. If p + q = 1, then (p + q) 2 = 1 2. q = 0.2 (square root of 0.04) 3. heterozygotes are 2 pq 4. 2 pq = 2(0.2)(0.8) = 0.32 = 32%
6 PROBLEMS TO SOLVE: NAME: I AM RIGHT HARDY- WEINBERG PRACTICE PROBLEMS 1. The proportion of homozygous recessives of a certain population is 0.09 (q 2 = 0.9). If we assume that the gene pool is large and at equilibrium and all genotypes are equally successful in reproduction, what proportion of the population would you expect to be heterozygous for this trait? Answer: 2pq = Approximately 36% (q 2 = 0.36) of a certain population are unable to taste the compound phenylthiocarbamide (PTC). Everyone else finds it very bitter tasting. If we assume that the non-tasters are homozygous for the recessive gene, t, what is the frequency of: a) homozygous dominants, (TT) Answer: p 2 = 0.16 b) heterozygotes, (Tt) Answer: 2pq = In a certain population, approximately one child in 2500 (q 2 = 1/2500) is homozygous for the gene z. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the proportion of carriers (heterozygotes) in the population? Answer: 2pq = The frequency of sickle-cell anemia (ss) among the children in one malarial region of Africa is 144 out of (q 2 = 144/10 000). Assuming H-W equilibrium, what is the approximate frequency of heterozygotes (Ss) in this population? Answer: 2pq = In a population with two alleles for a particular locus, B and b, the allele frequency of B is 0.7 (P = 0.7). What would be the frequency of heterozygotes if the population is in H-W equilibrium? Answer: 2pq = In a population that is in H-W equilibrium, 16% (q 2 = 0.16) of the individuals show the recessive trait. What is the frequency of the dominant allele in the population? Answer: p = If 9% (q 2 = 0.09) of an African population is born with a severe form of sickle-cell anemia (ss), what percentage of the population will be more resistant to malaria because they are heterozygous(ss) for the sickle-cell gene? Answer: 2pq = After graduation, you and 19 friends build a raft, sail to a deserted island, and start a new population, totally isolated from the world. Two of your friends carry (that is, are heterozygous for) the recessive cf allele, which in homozygotes causes cystic fibrosis. A. Assuming that the frequency of this allele does not change as the population grows, what will be the instance of cystic fibrosis on your island? B. Cystic fibrous births on the island is how many times greater than the original mainland. The frequency of births on the mainland is.059%.
7 HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE Moth Example Phenotype Black Black White Genotypes AA Aa (aa) Number of moths (total = 500) Genotype frequencies 320/500 = 0.64 AA 160/500 = 0.32 Aa 20/500 = 0.04 (aa) Number of alleles In gene pool (total = 1000) x 2 x A 160 A 160 a 40 a Allele frequencies 800/1000 = 0.8 A p=frequency of A = /1000 = 0.2 a q = frequency of a = 0.2
8 For a gene with only two different alleles (A and a), the Hardy-Weinberg principle can be expressed using the equation below: If p = frequency of allele A and q = frequency of allele a, then: p + q = 1 (p + q) 2 = 1 2 p p q + q 2 = 1 p 2 = frequency of AA genotype (homozygous dominant); 2pq = frequency of Aa genotype (heterozygous); q 2 = frequency of aa genotype (homozygous recessive)
DEFINITIONS: POPULATION: a localized group of individuals belonging to the same species
DEFINITIONS: POPULATION: a localized group of individuals belonging to the same species SPECIES: a group of populations whose individuals have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
More information2/3 x 1 x 1/4 = 2/12 = 1/6
1. Imagine that you are a genetic counselor, and a couple planning to start a family comes to you for assistance. Charles was married once before, and he and his first wife had a child with cystic fibrosis
More informationPopulation Genetics Simulation Lab
Name Period Assignment # Pre-lab: annotate each paragraph Population Genetics Simulation Lab Evolution occurs in populations of organisms and involves variation in the population, heredity, and differential
More information(b) What is the allele frequency of the b allele in the new merged population on the island?
2005 7.03 Problem Set 6 KEY Due before 5 PM on WEDNESDAY, November 23, 2005. Turn answers in to the box outside of 68-120. PLEASE WRITE YOUR ANSWERS ON THIS PRINTOUT. 1. Two populations (Population One
More informationLab Activity Report: Mendelian Genetics - Genetic Disorders
Name Date Period Lab Activity Report: Mendelian Genetics - Genetic Disorders Background: Sometimes genetic disorders are caused by mutations to normal genes. When the mutation has been in the population
More informationCh 4: Mendel and Modern evolutionary theory
Ch 4: Mendel and Modern evolutionary theory 1 Mendelian principles of inheritance Mendel's principles explain how traits are transmitted from generation to generation Background: eight years breeding pea
More informationMicroevolution Changing Allele Frequencies
Microevolution Changing Allele Frequencies Evolution Evolution is defined as a change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. Microevolution involves the
More informationCh. 23 The Evolution of Populations
Ch. 23 The Evolution of Populations 1 Essential question: Do populations evolve? 2 Mutation and Sexual reproduction produce genetic variation that makes evolution possible What is the smallest unit of
More informationWhen the deleterious allele is completely recessive the equilibrium frequency is: 0.9
PROBLEM SET 2 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY FALL 2016 KEY Mutation, Selection, Migration, Drift (20 pts total) 1) A small amount of dominance can have a major effect in reducing the equilibrium frequency of a harmful
More informationp and q can be thought of as probabilities of selecting the given alleles by
Lecture 26 Population Genetics Until now, we have been carrying out genetic analysis of individuals, but for the next three lectures we will consider genetics from the point of view of groups of individuals,
More informationBio 312, Spring 2017 Exam 3 ( 1 ) Name:
Bio 312, Spring 2017 Exam 3 ( 1 ) Name: Please write the first letter of your last name in the box; 5 points will be deducted if your name is hard to read or the box does not contain the correct letter.
More informationNatural Selection In Humans (Sickle Cell Anemia)
Natural Selection In Humans (Sickle Cell Anemia) Background Information Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells Transports oxygen to body tissues Individuals homozygous for the sickle cell allele
More informationHuman Genetic Diseases. AP Biology
Human Genetic Diseases 1 2 2006-2007 3 4 5 6 Pedigree analysis Pedigree analysis reveals Mendelian patterns in human inheritance data mapped on a family tree = male = female = male w/ trait = female w/
More informationBeyond Mendel s Laws. Incomplete Dominance Co-dominance and Multiple Alleles
Beyond Mendel s Laws Incomplete Dominance Co-dominance and Multiple Alleles Mendel s Studies He found that inherited traits were either dominant or recessive Dominant alleles expresses over the recessive
More informationHow Populations Evolve
Chapter 16: pp. 283-298 BIOLOGY 10th Edition How Populations Evolve 10% of population Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. natural disaster kills five
More informationMendel's Laws: Human Inheritance of Single Gene Traits. A Brief Review of Mendel's Work with Garden Pea Plants
Mendel's Laws: Human Inheritance of Single Gene Traits A Brief Review of Mendel's Work with Garden Pea Plants In garden pea plants, there are two character states for pea height, tall and short. Mendel
More informationMeiosis and Genetics
Meiosis and Genetics Humans have chromosomes in each cell What pattern do you notice in the human karyotype (a technique that organizes chromosomes by type and size)? Humans are diploid 1 Gametes are produced
More informationCHAPTER 16 POPULATION GENETICS AND SPECIATION
CHAPTER 16 POPULATION GENETICS AND SPECIATION MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following describes a population? a. dogs and cats living in Austin, Texas b. four species of fish living in a pond c. dogwood
More informationGuided Notes: Simple Genetics
Punnett Squares Guided Notes: Simple Genetics In order to determine the a person might inherit, we use a simple diagram called a o Give us of an offspring having particular traits Pieces of the Punnett
More informationEvolution. Determining Allele Frequency These frogs are diploid, thus have two copies of their genes for color. Determining Allele Frequency
Evolution Microevolution Changing Allele Frequencies Evolution is defined as a change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. Microevolution involves the
More informationWelcome Back! 2/6/18. A. GGSS B. ggss C. ggss D. GgSs E. Ggss. 1. A species of mice can have gray or black fur
Welcome Back! 2/6/18 1. A species of mice can have gray or black fur and long or short tails. A cross between blackfurred, long-tailed mice and gray-furred, shorttailed mice produce all black-furred, long-tailed
More informationUnit 3.4 Mechanisms of Evolution Notes Outline
Name Period Date Unit 3.4 Mechanisms of Evolution Notes Outline Learning Objectives: discuss patterns observed in evolution. Describe factors that influence speciation. Compare gradualism with punctuated
More informationCHAPTER 20 LECTURE SLIDES
CHAPTER 20 LECTURE SLIDES To run the animations you must be in Slideshow View. Use the buttons on the animation to play, pause, and turn audio/text on or off. Please note: once you have used any of the
More informationSection 8.1 Studying inheritance
Section 8.1 Studying inheritance Genotype and phenotype Genotype is the genetic constitution of an organism that describes all the alleles that an organism contains The genotype sets the limits to which
More informationGenes in a Population
Population Genetics Genes in a Population Population genetics is the study of allele behavior in a population. A population is a group of local interbreeding individuals of a single species Example: ABO
More informationHuman Genetic Diseases. AP Biology
Human Genetic Diseases 1 3 4 2 5 2006-2007 6 Pedigree analysis n Pedigree analysis reveals Mendelian patterns in human inheritance u data mapped on a family tree = male = female = male w/ trait = female
More informationBio 1M: Evolutionary processes
Bio 1M: Evolutionary processes Evolution by natural selection Is something missing from the story I told last chapter? Heritable variation in traits Selection (i.e., differential reproductive success)
More informationGENETIC EQUILIBRIUM. Chapter 16
GENETIC EQUILIBRIUM Chapter 16 16-1 Population Genetics Population= number of organisms of the same species in a particular place at a point in time Gene pool= total genetic information of a population
More informationChapter 4 PEDIGREE ANALYSIS IN HUMAN GENETICS
Chapter 4 PEDIGREE ANALYSIS IN HUMAN GENETICS Chapter Summary In order to study the transmission of human genetic traits to the next generation, a different method of operation had to be adopted. Instead
More informationTwo copies of each autosomal gene affect phenotype.
UNIT 3 GENETICS LESSON #34: Chromosomes and Phenotype Objective: Explain how the chromosomes on which genes are located can affect the expression of traits. Take a moment to look at the variety of treats
More informationLesson Overview. Human Genetic Disorders. Lesson Overview Human Genetic Disorders
Lesson Overview 14.2 Human Genetic Disorders THINK ABOUT IT Have you ever heard the expression It runs in the family? Relatives or friends might have said that about your smile or the shape of your ears,
More informationA. Incorrect! Cells contain the units of genetic they are not the unit of heredity.
MCAT Biology Problem Drill PS07: Mendelian Genetics Question No. 1 of 10 Question 1. The smallest unit of heredity is. Question #01 (A) Cell (B) Gene (C) Chromosome (D) Allele Cells contain the units of
More informationGregor Mendel. Father of Genetics
Gregor Mendel Father of Genetics Genetics Branch of biology which deals with principles of variations in traits (distinguishing characteristics) and inheritance Allows us to predict patterns of inheritance
More informationEVOLUTION MICROEVOLUTION CAUSES OF MICROEVOLUTION. Evolution Activity 2.3 page 1
AP BIOLOGY EVOLUTION ACTIVITY 2.3 NAME DATE HOUR MICROEVOLUTION MICROEVOLUTION CAUSES OF MICROEVOLUTION Evolution Activity 2.3 page 1 QUESTIONS: 1. Use the key provided to identify the microevolution cause
More informationTrait characteristic (hair color) Gene segment of DNA Allele a variety of a trait (brown hair or blonde hair)
Evolution Change in DNA to favor certain traits over multiple generations Adaptations happen within a single generations Evolution is the result of adding adaptations together Evolution doesn t have a
More information4. A homozygous tall plant and a heterozygous tall plant are crossed. What is the percent probability of short offspring?
LEVEL ZERO VOICE POP QUIZ (4 minutes, individual work): 1. Define gene: 2. Define phenotype: 3. A heterozygous white rabbit is crossed with a homozygous black rabbit. If they have 160 offspring, how many
More informationSo what is a species?
So what is a species? Evolutionary Forces New Groups Biological species concept defined by Ernst Mayr population whose members can interbreed & produce viable, fertile offspring reproductively compatible
More informationMECHANISMS AND PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION
MECHANISMS AND PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION Evolution What is it again? Evolution is the change in allele frequencies of a population over generations Mechanisms of Evolution what can make evolution happen? 1.
More informationNOTES: : HUMAN HEREDITY
NOTES: 14.1-14.2: HUMAN HEREDITY Human Genes: The human genome is the complete set of genetic information -it determines characteristics such as eye color and how proteins function within cells Recessive
More informationNeatness 0 1 Accuracy Completeness Lab Class Procedure Total Lab Score
New Paltz High School Science Department Name:... Due Date:... Lab Title:Human Inheritance.&.Pedigree.Analysis..Lab #... Lab Partners: Your Lab Score will be based on the following: Neatness: All labs
More informationLesson Overview. Human Genetic Disorders. Lesson Overview Human Genetic Disorders
Lesson Overview 14.2 Human Genetic Disorders From Molecule to Phenotype There is a direct connection between molecule and trait, and between genotype and phenotype. In other words, there is a molecular
More informationGENETICS - NOTES-
GENETICS - NOTES- Warm Up Exercise Using your previous knowledge of genetics, determine what maternal genotype would most likely yield offspring with such characteristics. Use the genotype that you came
More informationHuman Genetic Diseases (Ch. 15)
Human Genetic Diseases (Ch. 15) 1 2 2006-2007 3 4 5 6 Genetic counseling Pedigrees can help us understand the past & predict the future Thousands of genetic disorders are inherited as simple recessive
More informationMeiotic Mistakes and Abnormalities Learning Outcomes
Meiotic Mistakes and Abnormalities Learning Outcomes 5.6 Explain how nondisjunction can result in whole chromosomal abnormalities. (Module 5.10) 5.7 Describe the inheritance patterns for strict dominant
More informationStudent Exploration: Microevolution
Name: Date: Student Exploration: Microevolution Vocabulary: allele, cystic fibrosis, deleterious, dominant allele, fitness, genotype, heterozygote superiority, heterozygous, homozygous, incompletely dominant,
More informationMechanisms of Evolution
Mechanisms of Evolution TEKS 7(F) analyze and evaluate the effects of other evolutionary mechanisms, including genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and recombination Evolution is. For Darwin (1859): Evolution
More informationPedigree Analysis Why do Pedigrees? Goals of Pedigree Analysis Basic Symbols More Symbols Y-Linked Inheritance
Pedigree Analysis Why do Pedigrees? Punnett squares and chi-square tests work well for organisms that have large numbers of offspring and controlled mating, but humans are quite different: Small families.
More informationGenetics 1 by Drs. Scott Poethig, Ingrid Waldron, and. Jennifer Doherty, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Copyright, 2011
Genetics 1 by Drs. Scott Poethig, Ingrid Waldron, and. Jennifer Doherty, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Copyright, 2011 We all know that children tend to resemble their parents in appearance.
More informationBiology Teach Yourself Series Topic 14: Population genetics
Biology Teach Yourself Series Topic 14: Population genetics A: Level 14, 474 Flinders Street Melbourne VIC 3000 T: 1300 134 518 W: tssm.com.au E: info@tssm.com.au TSSM 2011 Page 1 of 24 Contents Population
More information5.5 Genes and patterns of inheritance
5.5 Genes and patterns of inheritance Mendel s laws of Inheritance: 1 st Law = The law of segregation of factors states that when any individual produces gametes, the alleles separate, so that each gamete
More information1. A homozygous yellow pea plant is crossed with a homozygous green pea plant, Knowing that yellow is the dominant trait for pea plants:
Genetics Homework Bio 120 1. A homozygous yellow pea plant is crossed with a homozygous green pea plant, Knowing that yellow is the dominant trait for pea plants: Y = yellow y = green B) Genotype of yellow
More informationChapter 02 Mendelian Inheritance
Chapter 02 Mendelian Inheritance Multiple Choice Questions 1. The theory of pangenesis was first proposed by. A. Aristotle B. Galen C. Mendel D. Hippocrates E. None of these Learning Objective: Understand
More informationHuman Genetic Disorders. Lesson Overview. Lesson Overview Human Genetic Disorders
Lesson Overview 14.2 Human Genetic Disorders THINK ABOUT IT Have you ever heard the expression It runs in the family? Relatives or friends might have said that about your smile or the shape of your ears,
More informationSystems of Mating: Systems of Mating:
8/29/2 Systems of Mating: the rules by which pairs of gametes are chosen from the local gene pool to be united in a zygote with respect to a particular locus or genetic system. Systems of Mating: A deme
More informationCodominance. P: H R H R (Red) x H W H W (White) H W H R H W H R H W. F1: All Roan (H R H W x H R H W ) Name: Date: Class:
Name: Date: Class: (Exceptions to Mendelian Genetics Continued) Codominance Firstly, it is important to understand that the meaning of the prefix "co is "together" (i.e. cooperate = work together, coexist
More informationBelow are the sections of the DNA sequences of a normal hemoglobin gene and the mutated gene that causes sickle cell disease.
Sickle Cell Analysis Directions: Read the information below to complete the two tables. A person with sickle-cell disease has the genotype: Hb s Hb s. People who have this condition have two abnormal genes,
More informationExtra Review Practice Biology Test Genetics
Mendel fill in the blanks: Extra Review Practice Biology Test Genetics Mendel was an Austrian monk who studied genetics primarily using plants. He started with plants that produced offspring with only
More informationDetermination of Genotypes from Phenotypes in Humans
Determination of Genotypes from Phenotypes in Humans NAME DATE An organism can be thought of as a large collection of phenotypes. A phenotype is the appearance of a trait and it determined by genes (genotype).
More informationDay 15: Genetics. Insert Do Now
Insert Do Now Guided Notes: Genetics and Punnet Squares 1. What is a purebred? (slide 1) 2. What are the two purebreds in this example? (slide 1) 3. What does dominant mean? (slide 1) 4. What is a phenotype?
More informationInbreeding and Inbreeding Depression
Inbreeding and Inbreeding Depression Inbreeding is mating among relatives which increases homozygosity Why is Inbreeding a Conservation Concern: Inbreeding may or may not lead to inbreeding depression,
More informationMendelian Inheritance. Jurg Ott Columbia and Rockefeller Universities New York
Mendelian Inheritance Jurg Ott Columbia and Rockefeller Universities New York Genes Mendelian Inheritance Gregor Mendel, monk in a monastery in Brünn (now Brno in Czech Republic): Breeding experiments
More informationTake a look at the three adult bears shown in these photographs:
Take a look at the three adult bears shown in these photographs: Which of these adult bears do you think is most likely to be the parent of the bear cubs shown in the photograph on the right? How did you
More informationFigure 1: Transmission of Wing Shape & Body Color Alleles: F0 Mating. Figure 1.1: Transmission of Wing Shape & Body Color Alleles: Expected F1 Outcome
I. Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance As early cytologists worked out the mechanism of cell division in the late 1800 s, they began to notice similarities in the behavior of BOTH chromosomes & Mendel s
More information7.03 Lecture 26 11/14/01
Now we are going to consider how allele frequencies change under the influence of mutation and. First, we will consider mutation. Mutation A µ a µ = q mut = Phenylketonuria (PKU) allele frequency q 0.1
More informationAssessment Schedule 2015 Biology: Demonstrate understanding of genetic variation and change (91157)
NCEA Level 2 Biology (91157) 2015 page 1 of 6 Assessment Schedule 2015 Biology: Demonstrate understanding of genetic variation and change (91157) Assessment Criteria Achievement Achievement with Merit
More information2017 Version. Key Question types NCEA Science 1.9 Genetic Variation AS 90948
2017 Version Key Question types NCEA Science 1.9 Genetic Variation AS 90948 Linking DNA, Alleles and Chromosomes Chromosomes are made up of DNA. DNA is a large molecule that is coiled into a double helix
More informationThe plant of the day Pinus longaeva Pinus aristata
The plant of the day Pinus longaeva Pinus aristata Today s Topics Non-random mating Genetic drift Population structure Big Questions What are the causes and evolutionary consequences of non-random mating?
More informationRoadmap. Inbreeding How inbred is a population? What are the consequences of inbreeding?
1 Roadmap Quantitative traits What kinds of variation can selection work on? How much will a population respond to selection? Heritability How can response be restored? Inbreeding How inbred is a population?
More informationIB BIO I Genetics Test Madden
Name Date Multiple Choice 1. What does the genotype X H X h indicate? A. A co-dominant female B. A heterozygous male C. A heterozygous female D. A co-dominant male 2. A pure breeding tall plant with smooth
More informationName Lab 5-B. Phenotype refers to the expression (what you can see) of a person s genotype.
Name Lab 5-B Lab Objectives: Define the following terms: phenotype, genotype, punnet square, autosomal, dominant and recessive, sex linked, Investigate some common phenotypes and discuss the potential
More informationEvolution of Populations
Chapter 16 Evolution of Populations Section 16 1 Genes and Variation (pages 393 396) This section describes the main sources of inheritable variation in a population. It also explains how phenotypes are
More informationHuman Genetic Disorders
Human Genetic Disorders HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES Human somatic cells have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes 23 are inherited from the mother and 23 from the father HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES Autosomes o Are
More informationEssentials of Physical Anthropology
Lecture Slides Essentials of Physical Anthropology THIRD EDITION Clark Spencer Larsen Genes and Their Evolution: Population Genetics 4 Larsen. Essentials of Physical Anthropology Genes and Their Evolution:
More informationCase Studies in Ecology and Evolution
2 Genetics of Small Populations: the case of the Laysan Finch In 1903, rabbits were introduced to a tiny island in the Hawaiian archipelago called Laysan Island. That island is only 187 ha in size, in
More informationEvolution II.2 Answers.
Evolution II.2 Answers. 1. (4 pts) Contrast the predictions of blending inheritance for F1 and F2 generations with those observed under Mendelian inheritance. Blending inheritance predicts both F1 and
More information12.1 X-linked Inheritance in Humans. Units of Heredity: Chromosomes and Inheritance Ch. 12. X-linked Inheritance. X-linked Inheritance
Units of Heredity: Chromosomes and Inheritance Ch. 12 12.1 in Humans X-chromosomes also have non genderspecific genes Called X-linked genes Vision Blood-clotting X-linked conditions Conditions caused by
More informationThe Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection in Humans
INTRODUCTION MENDELIAN GENETICS, PROBABILITY, PEDIGREES, AND CHI-SQUARE STATISTICS Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells (RBCs) that transports oxygen throughout the body. The hemoglobin protein
More informationChapter 23. Population Genetics. I m from the shallow end of the gene pool AP Biology
Chapter 23. Population Genetics I m from the shallow end of the gene pool 1 Essential Questions How can we measure evolutionary change in a population? What produces the variation that makes evolution
More informationLecture 1 Mendelian Inheritance
Genes Mendelian Inheritance Lecture 1 Mendelian Inheritance Jurg Ott Gregor Mendel, monk in a monastery in Brünn (now Brno in Czech Republic): Breeding experiments with the garden pea: Flower color and
More informationBy Mir Mohammed Abbas II PCMB 'A' CHAPTER CONCEPT NOTES
Chapter Notes- Genetics By Mir Mohammed Abbas II PCMB 'A' 1 CHAPTER CONCEPT NOTES Relationship between genes and chromosome of diploid organism and the terms used to describe them Know the terms Terms
More informationThe laws of Heredity. Allele: is the copy (or a version) of the gene that control the same characteristics.
The laws of Heredity 1. Definition: Heredity: The passing of traits from parents to their offspring by means of the genes from the parents. Gene: Part or portion of a chromosome that carries genetic information
More informationGenetics and Heredity Notes
Genetics and Heredity Notes I. Introduction A. It was known for 1000s of years that traits were inherited but scientists were unsure about the laws that governed this inheritance. B. Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
More informationLabrador Coat Color Similar to coat color in mice: Black lab is BxEx Yellow lab is xxee Chocolate lab is bbex Probable pathway:
Honors Genetics 1. Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) German monk at the Augustine Abbey of St. Thomas in Brno (today in the Czech Republic). He was a gardener, teacher and priest. Mendel conducted experiments
More informationPatterns of Inheritance
Patterns of Inheritance Mendel the monk studied inheritance keys to his success: he picked pea plants he focused on easily categorized traits he used true-breeding populations parents always produced offspring
More informationPedigree Construction Notes
Name Date Pedigree Construction Notes GO TO à Mendelian Inheritance (http://www.uic.edu/classes/bms/bms655/lesson3.html) When human geneticists first began to publish family studies, they used a variety
More informationB1 Question 1 Foundation
B1 Question 1 Foundation The nucleus controls the activities of a cell. The instructions for how an organism develops i.e. the genes are found in the nuclei of its cells B1 Question 2 Foundation The genes
More informationIntroduction to Genetics
Introduction to Genetics Remember DNA RNA Protein Traits DNA contains the code for proteins (protein synthesis remember?) Proteins determine our traits Remember Gregor Mendel 1822-1884 Father of Genetics
More informationMENDELIAN GENETICS. Law of Dominance: Law of Segregation: GAMETE FORMATION Parents and Possible Gametes: Gregory Mendel:
MENDELIAN GENETICS Gregory Mendel: Heredity: Cross: X P1 Generation: F1 Generation: F2 Generation: Gametes: Dominant: Recessive: Genotype: Phenotype: Law of Dominance: Genes: Alleles: Law of Segregation:
More informationUnderstanding the Basic Principles of Population Genetics and its Application
Understanding the Basic Principles of Population Genetics and its Application O.R. Ugwuadu Ph.D Department of Science Education, School of Technology and Science Education, Modibbo Adama University of
More informationUnit 7 Section 2 and 3
Unit 7 Section 2 and 3 Evidence 12: Do you think food preferences are passed down from Parents to children, or does the environment play a role? Explain your answer. One of the most important outcomes
More information- Aya Alomoush. - Talal Al-Zabin. - Belal Azab. 1 P a g e
24 - Aya Alomoush - Talal Al-Zabin - Belal Azab 1 P a g e 1) Features of autosomal dominant inheritance: A) Vertical transmission: direct transmission from grandparent to parent to child without skipping
More informationGenes and Inheritance (11-12)
Genes and Inheritance (11-12) You are a unique combination of your two parents We all have two copies of each gene (one maternal and one paternal) Gametes produced via meiosis contain only one copy of
More informationDate Pages Page # 3. Record the color of your beads. Are they homozygous or heterozygous?
1 Patterns of Inheritance Process and Procedures Date Pages 645-650 Page # 3. Record the color of your beads. Are they homozygous or heterozygous? 6. Record the colors of the two beads. Are they homozygous
More informationBIOL 364 Population Biology Fairly testing the theory of evolution by natural selection with playing cards
BIOL 364 Population Biology Fairly testing the theory of evolution by natural selection with playing cards Game I: The Basics Scenario: Our classroom is now a closed population (no immigration or emigration)
More informationGenetics, Analysis & Principles/5e ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SETS CHAPTER 1
Genetics, Analysis & Principles/5e ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SETS CHAPTER 1 Note: the answers to the Comprehension questions are at the end of the textbook. Concept check questions (in figure legends) FIGURE
More informationMendelian Genetics. Gregor Mendel. Father of modern genetics
Mendelian Genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Objectives I can compare and contrast mitosis & meiosis. I can properly use the genetic vocabulary presented. I can differentiate and gather data
More informationTECHNIQUE. Parental generation (P) Stamens Carpel 3. RESULTS First filial. offspring (F 1 )
TECHNIQUE 2 Parental generation (P) Stamens Carpel 3 4 RESULTS First filial generation offspring (F ) 5 2 EXPERIMENT P Generation (true-breeding parents) Purple flowers White flowers F Generation (hybrids)
More informationDecomposition of the Genotypic Value
Decomposition of the Genotypic Value 1 / 17 Partitioning of Phenotypic Values We introduced the general model of Y = G + E in the first lecture, where Y is the phenotypic value, G is the genotypic value,
More informationGenetics. The study of heredity. Father of Genetics: Gregor Mendel (mid 1800 s) Developed set of laws that explain how heredity works
Genetics The study of heredity Father of Genetics: Gregor Mendel (mid 1800 s) Developed set of laws that explain how heredity works Father of Genetics: Gregor Mendel original pea plant (input) offspring
More informationThe Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection in Humans
MENDELIAN GENETICS, PROBABILITY, PEDIGREES, AND CHI-SQUARE STATISTICS INTRODUCTION Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body. The hemoglobin protein consists
More information