Keeping the operating room contamination at the
|
|
- Hugo Hodges
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Glove Punctures and Postoperative Skin Flora of Hands in Cardiac Surgery Anne M. Eklund, MD, Juhani Ojajärvi, MD, PhD, Kirsi Laitinen, PhD, Matti Valtonen, MD, PhD, and Kalervo A. Werkkala, MD, PhD Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Background. Surgical gloves are frequently perforated during operations, including heart operations. This infection risk factor is inadequately studied. Methods. After preoperative hand disinfection and at the end of 116 heart operations, bacterial samples from hands of surgeons, altogether 800 samples, were taken. Glove punctures were examined with water test. Results. Surgeons changed 70 gloves because of breakage during operations. Additionally, 154 of 400 (39%) gloves had holes in postoperative testing. The breakage rate of gloves increased from 30% in operations shorter than 3 hours to 65% when operations were longer than 5 hours. High bacterial counts of the hands were also more common after prolonged operations. Conclusions. Glove puncture rates and bacterial counts of hands increase with increasing operation time. We recommend changing of both gloves when a puncture is detected. Before donning new gloves, hands should be disinfected. (Ann Thorac Surg 2002;74:149 53) 2002 by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Keeping the operating room contamination at the lowest possible level is essential in heart surgery in which deep wound infections or prosthetic valve endocarditis lead to prolonged hospital stay and increased morbidity and mortality. One possible contamination route is a perforated glove. The purpose of surgical gloves is to create a barrier between the operating staff and the patient and thus to protect them both from microbial infections. In unused surgical gloves the puncture rate varies between 1.4% and 5.5% [1 3]. Studies conducted during surgical procedures have demonstrated glove perforation rates ranging from 10% in ophthalmologic surgery to 50% in general surgery [1, 4 7]. A great deal of punctures is not noticed by the operating staff [1, 3, 8]. Dodds and colleagues [5] showed that glove perforation did not influence bacterial counts on surgeons hands. They concluded that after standard preoperative hand preparation, glove perforations are of no clinical significance to the patient. However, the study was conducted in general surgery, in which the operation times are shorter than in heart surgery. The purpose of our study was to find out how often surgical gloves are punctured and how often it happens without the knowledge of the surgical staff, and to examine the correlation between punctures of surgical gloves and the bacterial counts of fingertips after operation. Accepted for publication April 8, Address reprint requests to Dr Eklund, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Jorvi Hospital, Turuntie 150, Espoo FIN-02740, Finland; anne.eklund@fimnet.fi. Material and Methods Study Population The study was conducted in the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery of the Helsinki University Central Hospital. The consecutive 116 open heart procedures consisted mostly of coronary artery bypass grafting operations with cardiopulmonary bypass. One hundred six procedures were done through median sternotomy incision. Ten operations were redo procedures with previous heart operations. In total, 200 pairs of gloves from 23 participating surgeons were checked for holes, and their hands were cultured before and after operations. The surgeons had previously participated in similar studies and were thus well accustomed to the preoperative hand disinfection methods used in the clinic. Hand Washing and Disinfection Preoperatively, the hands and arms were first washed with liquid soap for 1 minute and subsequently dried with disposable paper towels. The hands were then disinfected by rubbing with alcoholic chlorhexidine (5 mg/ml chlorhexidine in 80% ethanol) into all surfaces of the hands in the standardized manner for 2 minutes. The skin of the hands was kept wet during the time of rubbing and additional solution was applied on the skin when necessary. Bacterial Samples Eight hundred bacterial samples (both hands of 200 surgeons, both before and after operation) from the hands of surgeons were taken both after the preoperative hand washing and disinfection and postoperatively immediately after the removal of the gloves. The samples 2002 by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons /02/$22.00 Published by Elsevier Science Inc PII S (02)
2 150 EKLUND ET AL Ann Thorac Surg GLOVE PUNCTURES AND BACTERIA IN SURGERY 2002;74: were taken by rubbing the fingertips for 1 minute against the bottom of two Petri dishes, one for each hand, containing 10 ml of sterile physiologic saline solution with appropriate inactivators to neutralize possible remnants of the disinfectant. This method is recommended by CEN (European Committee for Standardization) standard EN 1500 for testing of surgical hand disinfectants. Thereafter, the samples were transferred into test tubes and brought immediately to the laboratory for incubation and analysis. After incubation, the colony-forming units (cfu) of bacteria from the 1-mL aliquots of the sampling fluid and its 10-fold dilutions were counted. Negative growth in 10 ml of fluid thus indicated the presence of less than 9 cfu on the fingertips. Testing of Gloves The gloves were changed during the operation if the surgeon noticed a perforation in the glove. Their practice was to change only the damaged glove. The punctures reported by the surgeons during the operation were registered, and all gloves were analyzed for punctures. This was done by filling the gloves with 1 L of water (European standard EN 455 1). Dripping of water was recorded as a puncture. Glove perforation with a diameter of more than 0.5 cm was defined as large. The sites of the punctures were also recorded. Three types of surgical gloves were used during the study by the surgeons: Biogel (Regent Hospital Products, Broxbourne, UK), Ansell Medical Gammex (Ansell Medical, Surbiton, Surrey, UK), and Neutralon (Johnson & Johnson Medical Inc, Arlington, TX). Surveillance of Infections For surgical site infections, we used the criteria published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1992 [9]. They classify surgical site infections as superficial incisional, deep incisional, or organ/space surgical site infections. The information about infections was gathered after 3 and 6 months from the hospital patient records and hospital infection registry. One hundred sixteen patient records were examined for diagnosis, surgical procedure, previous cardiac operation, other diseases such as pulmonary disease, hypertension, or diabetes mellitus, antibiotic prophylaxis and treatment, signs of infection (eg, state of wound, fever, C-reactive protein), and the notes of the medical staff in the records on wound healing. Statistical Analysis The results are mainly reported with descriptive statistics. For the assessment of observed differences in frequency of glove perforations, the uncorrected 2 test was used. For comparison of the length of the operations, Student s t test was used. A probability value of 0.05 was considered significant. Cochran-Armitage trend test (StatXact 5.0, CYTEL Software Corporation, Cambridge, MA) was used to compare the bacterial distributions when the gloves were intact, or had small or large holes (Table 1). Table 1. Bacterial Counts (cfu/ml) of Surgeons Hands After Preoperative Scrubbing and at the End of Operation by Integrity of Gloves Colony Count After Preoperative Disinfection All Hands (n 400) At the End of the Operation by Integrity of Gloves Gloves Intact (n 246) Small Punctures (n 87) Large Punctures (n 67) (95%) 131 (53%) 51 (59%) 34 (51%) (4%) 61 (25%) 18 (21%) 13 (19%) (1%) 43 (17%) 15 (17%) 11 (16%) (5%) 3 (3%) 9 (13%) cfu/ml colony-forming unit per milliliter of sampling solution. Results Glove Perforations During operations, the surgeons had punctured and changed altogether 53 left hand and 17 right hand gloves. From 400 gloves, removed at the end of operations, 154 were found punctured in the postoperative water test. Thus the total rate of punctured gloves during operations was 224 (48% of all the gloves used). Left hand gloves were punctured more often, in 54% (136 of 253 gloves), than right hand gloves that were punctured in 41% (88 of 217 gloves). The surgeons noticed the glove hole in 70 of 224 gloves (31%). At the end of the operation, holes in gloves were found in left-hand gloves more often (84 times) than in righthand gloves (70 times). The majority of all punctures (50%) were on the first three fingers of the left hand. Of the large punctures, 73% were located in the first two fingers of the gloves. The gloves of principal surgeons were found perforated at the end of operations more often (100 of 192 gloves, or 52%) than those of assistant surgeons (54 of 208 gloves, or 26%). The difference is statistically significant (p 0.01, 2 test). In only 20 (17%) operations both gloves were found unpunctured, and the chief surgeon had at least one glove perforated in 61% of the operations. No differences were found in the perforation rates of the three glove trademarks used in the study. Bacterial Counts After the preoperative disinfection of the hands, the bacterial counts were low. No colony counts were found in 84% of the hand samples, and in 95% of the hands the colony count was less than 10 cfu. No samples showed more than 1,000 cfu (Table 1). In the samples taken from the surgeons hands immediately after the operation, the variation in the bacterial counts was much wider; 36% (144 of 400) of all samples showed no bacteria and 54% (216 hands) had bacterial counts between 0 and 9 cfu. More than 1,000 bacterial colonies/ml of sampling fluid were found in 6% of hands (23 of 400 hand samples). When the gloves were intact at the end of operation,
3 Ann Thorac Surg EKLUND ET AL 2002;74: GLOVE PUNCTURES AND BACTERIA IN SURGERY 151 Fig 1. Rate of punctured gloves by duration of operation. The actual number of broken gloves in each group is presented within its respective column. high numbers of bacterial counts, more than 1,000 colonies, occurred in 5% of hand samples (Table 1). When the gloves had small punctures, the corresponding figure was 3%, and 13% when the punctures were large. However, these three groups (intact gloves and small and large punctures) did not differ significantly from each other (intact gloves versus small punctures, p ; intact gloves versus large punctures, p ; small versus large punctures, p ; Cochran-Armitage trend test). The postoperative colony counts of individual surgeons varied widely. Some of them showed no or only a few bacteria on fingertips before or after the operation, whereas the bacterial counts of some surgeons hands were remarkably high after the operation. Three surgeons had constantly high numbers of bacteria on either their right or left hand. However, for all the surgeons, no clear difference existed between the bacterial counts of the right and left hands. Operation Time The average duration of the operations was 3 hours 14 minutes (range, 62 to 500 minutes). With the increasing duration of the operation, the frequency of glove perforations as well as the occurrence of large holes also increased (Fig 1). The bacterial counts of hands taken after operations increased with the increasing operation time. The correlation is statistically significant at the 0.05 Fig 2. Colony counts in the surgeons hands (cfu/ml) at the end of operation grouped by the duration of operation. level (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.119, two-tailed; Fig 2). Infections In the 116 operations involved there were 7 (6%) sternal wound infections: one of which was mediastinitis, one deep, and five superficial sternal wound infections according to the criteria by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [9]. All of these patients received antibiotics. Only in one of these seven operations, gloves remained intact, and in three, there was at least one large glove perforation. Of the seven cases, six were coronary artery bypass grafting procedures, and one patient with superficial infection had aortic valve replacement with coronary artery bypass grafting. The operations were clearly longer than average (194 minutes) in these seven cases (Table 2). Comment In this study we have measured the rate of glove breakage and bacterial counts on the hands of 24 surgeons both after their preoperative washing and disinfection and immediately after 116 open heart procedures. In 154 of 400 gloves (39%) holes were detected postoperatively by the 1-L water test. However, 70 gloves were punctured and changed already during operations, which increases the glove breakage rate up to 48%. Table 2. Seven Cases With Sternal Wound Infection: Type of Procedure, Cultured Bacteria, and Duration of Operation Patient Number Type of Infection Type of Procedure Bacteriology Length of Operation (min) 1 Superficial CABG S. epidermidis Superficial CABG S. epidermidis Deep incisional CABG S. epidermidis Superficial CABG S. epidermidis Mediastinitis CABG Pseudomonas aeruginosa and S. epidermidis Superficial CABG none Superficial CABG AVR none 215 AVR aortic valve reconstruction; CABG coronary artery bypass grafting; S. epidermidis Staphylococcus epidermidis.
4 152 EKLUND ET AL Ann Thorac Surg GLOVE PUNCTURES AND BACTERIA IN SURGERY 2002;74: High tear rates have been described in heart operations [10, 11]. In other types of surgical procedures, the glove perforation rate varies from 10% to 50% [6, 7, 12]. Higher than 50% leak rates have been presented from cardiovascular, orthopaedic, and abdominal surgery [1]. The puncture rate no doubt depends on the type of operation as well as the diligence and skill of the surgeon. The risk of glove tears in orthopaedic operations may be especially high because of both sharp instruments and bone fragments [8]. It is a common practice to change the glove when it is punctured. However, the difficulty is that the surgeons may not notice the breakage. In our study, the surgeons noticed glove holes and subsequently changed the glove 70 times during operations. However, the gloves removed after operations were often punctured: in 154 of 400 gloves holes were detected in the water test. The surgeons thus detected punctures in 31% (70 of 224 punctured gloves). In previous studies the detection rates of tears have varied from 3% to 30% [4, 11]. Left hand gloves were punctured more often than those of the right hand when the gloves changed during operations were also taken into account. Half of the holes were found in the first three fingers of the left hand glove. Of the large punctures, 73% were located in the first two glove fingers. This is not hardly surprising nor is the finding that the gloves of principal surgeons were perforated more often than those of assistant surgeons. This is in agreement with the study of Whyte and associates [13] in which the surgeons gloves puncture rate was 47% and that of the assistant surgeons, 22%. More attention is deserved for our result that despite the development of glove materials, the gloves were found unpunctured in only 17% of all operations and the chief surgeon had at least one glove perforated in 61% of the operations. The glove holes were even rated large in 46% of the operations. It seems logical to assume that such a high glove breakage rate would considerably increase the infection risk. This study does not, however, support that assumption because the glove holes did not seem to have a straightforward influence on the infection rates. Today, the skin of the patient is diligently disinfected, in Europe most often with efficient alcoholic preparations, the patients receive preoperative antibiotic treatment, and the operation is elective, whenever possible. The infection is a consequence of multiple causative factors, and the bacteria from the surgeons hands are only one of these. Tammelin and coworkers [14] have shown that the patients sternal skin is the main source for wound contamination with epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. The same bacteria on the hands of the operating staff were not a risk factor for their occurrence in the wound at the end of the operation. This is consistent with statements from two other studies in which glove punctures did not increase the risk for postoperative wound infection [15] or wound contamination [13]. Dodds and associates [5] found glove perforations in 35% of operations and concluded that after standard preoperative hand preparation, glove perforations are of no clinical significance to the patient, and that protection of the surgeon is the main indication for a perioperative change of damaged gloves. However, the operations were general surgery and the operation times shorter than in heart surgery. We were not surprised that we were not able to confirm the correlation between glove holes and elevated infection risk. The development of a wound infection is a complex and multifactorial issue, and our material was not large enough to thoroughly study various factors predisposing to surgical site infection. It is claimed that the most common source of microorganisms responsible for surgical infections is with high probability the patient himself, and secondly the personnel [16, 17]. Changing of gloves punctured during the operation is an old custom, although there is not much scientific evidence to support this practice. Well-controlled studies with sufficiently accurate methods on the effects of the glove punctures on the operative and hand hygiene are rare. Although we were not able to prove in this study the increased infection risk, we could confirm that the bacterial counts of the hands increased with increasing length of the operation. The glove breakage rate also increased. Protecting the health-care workers from infectious diseases such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome has become more and more important during the past years. Kjaergard and colleagues [18] have shown that open heart procedures carry a high risk of injury and frequent exposure to blood, which increases the risk of the surgical team to acquire viral infections from the patient. On the other hand, recent reports have indicated that surgeons may transmit hepatitis B or C to patients [19, 20]. Avoidance of glove holes and their quick detection during operation is also therefore of utmost importance. It is not known how large the hole must be so that it would be enough for microorganisms to enter or exit the glove. Small pinholes may be safe, because they may close immediately and may even avoid detection in the water test. On the other hand, large holes are a risk factor for both the patient and the staff. Because the bacteria on the skin of the hands increase with time, it is not unreasonable to suggest that when gloves are changed because of tear, the hands should also be disinfected before donning new gloves. Also, as the glove holes seem to avoid detection, changing both gloves when one glove is torn should be the practice of choice. If the disinfection is done properly, and the disinfection time is long enough, modern preoperative hand washing and disinfection techniques efficiently reduce bacterial counts of the hands. Some microbes may remain on the skin, but wearing of surgical gloves probably prevents their escape into the wound. In our study more than half of the hands were recolonized toward the end of the operation, which is probably owing to bacteria multiplying in the crypts of sebaceous glands and hair follicles. In our study we found that some doctors had no or only
5 Ann Thorac Surg EKLUND ET AL 2002;74: GLOVE PUNCTURES AND BACTERIA IN SURGERY 153 a few bacteria on their hands either before or after the operation, whereas the postoperative bacterial counts of some others were considerably high. This is probably because of personal skin problems, such as dermatitis, dry skin, or small scratches. In addition, in long and complex procedures surgeons may injure their skin when tying sutures. Those small wounds may potentially become the source for small amounts of serum and extracellular fluid being released under the glove and, in case of leakage, may become a possible route for microbes from surgeon to the patient or vice versa. Glove perforations occur in a majority of heart operations, and the number of perforated gloves is considerable. The frequency of glove perforations and the bacteria counts of the hands increase with operation time. Our study failed to show that the breakage of gloves during heart operations causes increased risk of infection. However, we could show that increasing number of gloves are punctured when the operation time increases and, simultaneously, bacterial counts of the hands increase. It seems reasonable to recommend that when a puncture is detected, both gloves are changed. Before donning a new pair of gloves, renewed disinfection of the hands will help to keep their bacterial counts lower even toward the end of a long operation. This study was supported by Grants from Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, and SSL Healthcare/Regent Medical. References 1. Albin MS, Bunegin L, Duke ES, Ritter RR, Page CP. Anatomy of a defective barrier: sequential glove leak detection in a surgical and dental environment. Crit Care Med 1992;20: Paulssen J, Eidem T, Kristiansen R. Perforations in surgeons gloves. J Hosp Inf 1988;11: Russell TR, Roque FE, Miller FA. A new method for detection of the leaky glove. Arch Surg 1966;93: Chapman S, Duff P. Frequency of glove perforations and subsequent blood contact in association with selected obstetric surgical procedures. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168: Dodds RDA, Guy PJ, Peacock AM, Duffy SR, Barker SGE, Thomas MH. Surgical glove perforation. Br J Surg 1988;75: Brough SJ, Hunt TM, Barrie WW. Surgical glove perforations. Br J Surg 1988;75: Nakazawa M, Sato K, Mizuno K. Incidence of perforations in rubber gloves during ophthalmic surgery. Ophthalmic Surg 1984;15: Laine T, Aarnio P. How often does glove perforation occur in surgery? Comparison between single gloves and a doublegloving system. Am J Surg 2001;181: Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Martone WJ, Jarvis WR, Emori GT. CDC definitions of nosocomial surgical site infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992;13: Wong PS, Young VK, Youhana A, Wright JE. Surgical glove punctures during cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg 1993; 56: Berg GA, Kirk AJB, Bain WH. Punctured surgical gloves and bacterial re-colonisation of hands during open heart surgery: implications for prosthetic valve replacement. Br J Clin Pract 1987;41: Maffulli N, Capasso G, Testa V. Glove perforation in elective orthopedic surgery. Acta Orthop Scand 1989;60: Whyte W, Hambraeus A, Laurell G, Hoborn J. The relative importance of routes and sources of wound contamination during general surgery. I. Non-airborne. J Hosp Infect 1991; 18: Tammelin A, Hambraeus A, Ståhle E. Source and route of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis transmitted to the surgical wound during cardio-thoracic surgery. Possibility of preventing wound contamination by use of special scrub suits. J Hosp Infect 2001;47: Cruse PJE, Foord R. The epidemiology of wound infection. A 10 year prospective study of 62,939 wounds. Surg Clin North Am 1980;60: Drake CT, Goldman E, Nichols RL, Piatruszka K Nyhus LM. Environmental air and airborne infections. Ann Surg 1977; 185: Bitkover CY, Marcusson E, Ransjö U. Spread of coagulasenegative staphylococci during cardiac operations in a modern operating room. Ann Thorac Surg 2000;69: Kjaergard HK, Thiis J, Wiinberg N. Accidental injuries and blood exposure to cardiothoracic surgical teams. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1992;6: Esteban JI, Gómez J, Martell M, et al. Transmission of hepatitis C virus by a cardiac surgeon. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: Harpaz R, Von Seidlein L, Averhoff FM, et al. Transmission of hepatitis B virus to multiple patients from a surgeon without evidence of inadequate infection control. N Engl J Med 1996;334:
Surveillance of Surgical Site Infection in Surgical Hospital Wards in Bulgaria,
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 01 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.701.361
More information2017 OPTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL MEASURES: REGISTRY ONLY. MEASURE TYPE: Outcome
Measure #165 (NQF 0130): Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG): Deep Sternal Wound Infection Rate National Quality Strategy Domain: Effective Clinical Care 2017 OPTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL MEASURES: REGISTRY
More informationBloodborne Pathogen Safety Awareness Including information regarding MRSA
Bloodborne Pathogen Safety Awareness Including information regarding MRSA Presented by the Department of Environmental Health, Safety & Risk Management Bloodborne Pathogens Bloodborne Pathogens are microorganisms
More informationPRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF ASEPSIS OBJECTIVES
Module E PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF ASEPSIS Role of hands and the environment in disease transmission OBJECTIVES Describe the principles and practice of asepsis. Understand hand hygiene. 1 DEFINING ASEPSIS
More information3/26/2014 OBJECTIVES PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF ASEPSIS DEFINING ASEPSIS MEDICAL ASEPSIS PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL ASEPSIS
Module E OBJECTIVES Describe the principles and practice of asepsis. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF ASEPSIS Understand hand hygiene. Role of hands and the environment in disease transmission DEFINING ASEPSIS
More informationState of Kuwait Ministry of Health Infection Control Directorate. Infection control Guidelines at Physiotherapy-Hydrotherapy
State of Kuwait Ministry of Health Infection Control Directorate Infection control Guidelines at Physiotherapy-Hydrotherapy 2007 I. General Precautions: Infection Control Policy at Physiotherapy Setting
More informationDoes Using a Laparoscopic Approach to Cholecystectomy Decrease the Risk of Surgical Site Infection?
ANNALS OF SURGERY Vol. 237, No. 3, 358 362 2003 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc. Does Using a Laparoscopic Approach to Cholecystectomy Decrease the Risk of Surgical Site Infection? Chesley Richards,
More informationInfection Control and Asepsis. Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Infection Control and Asepsis 1 Introduction to Infection Control Nosocomial infections are acquired by patients in some kind of health care facility Center for Disease Control (CDC), the Joint Commission,
More informationMiami Dade County Public Schools
Miami Dade County Public Schools Bloodborne Pathogens Training 2017 ARTHUR J. GALLAGHER & CO. AJG.COM Objectives Introduction to bloodborne pathogens Types of bloodborne pathogens Who is at risk? Exposure
More informationInfection Control in the School Setting. It s In Your Hands
Infection Control in the School Setting It s In Your Hands What is an Infection? A condition resulting from the presence of, and invasion by, germs (microorganisms) For Infection to Occur an Organism Must:
More informationChapter 7 8/23/2016. Asepsis and Infection Control. Asepsis. Asepsis (Cont.) Microorganisms. Infection control and prevention
Chapter 7 Asepsis and Infection Control All items and derived items 2015, 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Asepsis Microorganisms Tiny microscopic entities capable
More informationStudent Orientation Module #1
Student Orientation Module #1 1. Welcome / HFM Mission & Values 2. Infection Prevention: Hand Hygiene 3. Blood borne Pathogens 4. Patient Safety 5. Patient Rights and Responsibilities 1 Holy Family Memorial
More informationInfection Control: Surgical Site Infections
Infection Control: Surgical Site Infections Infectious Disease Epidemiology Section Office of Public Health Louisiana Dept of Health & Hospitals 800-256-2748 www.oph.dhh.louisiana.gov Your taxes at work
More informationCan Triclosan-Coated Sutures and the Use of Double Gloves Reduce the Incidence of Surgical Site Infections?
Elmer ress Original Article J Clin Gynecol Obstet. 2017;6(1):1-5 Can Triclosan-Coated Sutures and the Use of Double Gloves Reduce the Incidence of Surgical Site Infections? Takeya Hara a, c, Ai Miyoshi
More informationThe 1 st Step in Infection Control is Hand Hygiene
The 1 st Step in Infection Control is Hand Hygiene Presented by Leslie Canham, CDA, RDA Leslie Canham is a Certified and Registered Dental Assistant and has been in the dental field since 1972. She is
More informationChapter 13. Preventing Infection. Copyright 2019 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 13 Preventing Infection Copyright 2019 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. Lesson 13.1 Define the key terms and key abbreviations in this chapter. Identify what microbes need to live and grow.
More informationDecrease of deep sternal surgical site infection rates after cardiac surgery by a comprehensive infection control program
doi:10.1510/icvts.2009.205286 Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery 9 (2009) 282 286 www.icvts.org Institutional report - Cardiac general Decrease of deep sternal surgical site infection rates
More informationCommunicable Diseases. Detection and Prevention
Communicable Diseases Detection and Prevention Communicable Diseases Communicable Disease an infectious disease transmissible by direct contact (person to person) indirect means (body fluids, objects touched
More informationPARTICIPANT HANDOUT. Module 4: Tips for Reducing Exposure to Bloodborne and Other Infectious Diseases While Caring for Clients
Caring for Yourself While Caring for Others Module 4: Tips for Reducing Exposure to Bloodborne and Other Infectious Diseases While Caring for Clients PARTICIPANT HANDOUT DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN
More informationChapter 12. Preventing Infection. Elsevier items and derived items 2014, 2010 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 12 Preventing Infection Infection Infection is a major safety and health hazard. The health team follows certain practices and procedures to protect patients, residents, visitors, and staff from
More informationChapter 11 PREVENTING INFECTION. Elsevier items and derived items 2010 by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
Chapter 11 PREVENTING INFECTION Infection is a major safety and health hazard. The health team follows certain practices and procedures to protect patients, residents, visitors, and staff from infection.
More informationInfection Control. Dr. Kannan Rengasamy School of Dental Medicine University of Connecticut. ADAA guide module VIII
Infection Control Dr. Kannan Rengasamy School of Dental Medicine University of Connecticut ADAA guide module VIII INFECTION CONTROL A. Standard Precautions for Equipment 1. Demonstrate an understanding
More informationBlood Borne Pathogens (BBP)
Blood Borne Pathogens (BBP) Healthcare facilities are high-risk areas for exposure to bloodborne pathogens, so protect yourself and remind others to do the same. There are three bloodborne pathogens of
More informationDoc: 1.9. Course: Patient Safety Solutions. Topic: Infection prevention and control. Summary
Course: Patient Safety Solutions Topic: Infection prevention and control Summary Health care-associated Infection (HCAI) is defined as an infection acquired in a hospital by a patient who was admitted
More informationValve Disease. Valve Surgery. Total Volume. In 2016, Cleveland Clinic surgeons performed 3039 valve surgeries.
Valve Surgery Total Volume 1 1 Volume 35 3 5 15 1 5 1 13 1 N = 773 5 79 15 93 1 339 In 1, surgeons performed 339 valve surgeries. surgeons have implanted more than 1, bioprosthetic aortic valves since
More informationBlood borne Pathogen
Blood borne Pathogen Training For Certified Nursing Assistants Meets the Blood borne Pathogens & Infection Control Update (Formerly HIV/AIDS) 1 0 In-service Hour Meets the Blood borne Pathogens & Infection
More informationSternal infection after cardiac operation is a rare but
Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci and Sternal Infections After Cardiac Operation Anders Tegnell, MD, Claes Arén, MD, and Lena Öhman, MD, PhD Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health and Environment,
More informationCorrelation of Postoperative Wound Infection with Intraoperative Culture Results and Duration of Operation
POSTOPERATIVE THE IRAQI POSTGRADUATE WOUND INFECTION MEDICAL JOURNAL Correlation of Postoperative Wound Infection with Intraoperative Culture Results and Duration of Operation INTRODUCTION: Infection is
More informationCLEAN HANDS ARE HEALING HANDS
CLEAN HANDS ARE HEALING HANDS A presentation created by Northeast Ohio Neighborhood Health Services, Inc. for NEON Clinical Staff to promote good hand hygiene in patient care. Good Hand Hygiene To ensure
More informationA Comparative Study for the Role of Preoperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Prevention of Surgical Site Infections
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) e-issn: 2279-0853, p-issn: 2279-0861.Volume 13, Issue 4 Ver. IV. (Apr. 2014), PP 27-31 A Comparative Study for the Role of Preoperative Antibiotic
More informationMethicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in schools and among athletes
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in schools and among athletes Frequently asked questions What is Staphylococcus aureus?...2 What is Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?...2
More informationThe Role of Medical Gloves in Infection Control
The Role of Medical Gloves in Infection Control Eng Aik Hwee Malaysia Rubber Export Promotion Council *For educational purpose only 1 Functions of Medical Gloves 1) Reduce the risks of cross contamination
More informationThe Chain of Infection
The Chain of Infection As healthcare professionals, it is important to understand two things about infection: 1.the various ways infection can be transmitted 2. the ways the infection chain can be broken
More informationThe term Routine Practices is used to describe practices that were previously known as Universal Precautions.
Health & Safety Manual Health Promotion & Wellness ROUTINE PRACTICES PROCEDURES INTRODUCTION The term Routine Practices is used to describe practices that were previously known as Universal Precautions.
More informationTOPIC 4 HANDLING HEALTH PROTECTION & SAFETY PRACTICES FOR MEDICAL STAFF & WASTE HANDLERS TRAINING & PUBLIC EDUCATION
TOPIC 4 HANDLING HEALTH PROTECTION & SAFETY PRACTICES FOR MEDICAL STAFF & WASTE HANDLERS TRAINING & PUBLIC EDUCATION Who Is AT RISK? Basic Questions Key Points General Principles Waste Handling Minimum
More informationBloodborne Pathogens. General
Bloodborne Pathogens General Session Objectives Identify bloodborne pathogens (BBPs) Understand how diseases are transmitted Determine your risk of exposure Protect yourself from exposure through prevention
More informationThis program will outline infection prevention measures known to help reduce the risk of patients getting a healthcare associated infection (HAI).
This program will outline infection prevention measures known to help reduce the risk of patients getting a healthcare associated infection (HAI). Hand Hygiene Spread the Word.. Not the Germs.. Clean
More informationSurgery for Acquired Cardiovascular Disease. Vacuum-assisted closure as a treatment modality for infections after cardiac surgery
Vacuum-assisted closure as a treatment modality for infections after cardiac surgery Heyman Luckraz, FRCS a Fiona Murphy, RGN a Steve Bryant, SA a Susan C. Charman, MSc b Andrew J. Ritchie, FRCS a Objective:
More informationIncidence and risk factors of surgical wound infection in children: a prospective study
Scandinavian Journal of Surgery 99: 162 166, 2010 Incidence and risk factors of surgical wound infection in children: a prospective study K. Varik, Ü. Kirsimägi, E.-A.Värimäe, M. Eller, R. Lõivukene, V.
More informationInformation on Staphylococcal Infections For Day Care Administrators and Care Givers
Information on Staphylococcal Infections For Day Care Administrators and Care Givers Antibiotic resistant-bacteria currently pose a significant health threat. A person in your daycare facility may have
More informationBLOODBORNE DISEASES. Prevention of transmission for school staff. for staff not directly responsible for providing care or cleaning up blood
BLOODBORNE DISEASES Prevention of transmission for school staff for staff not directly responsible for providing care or cleaning up blood MASSACHUSETTS DIVISION OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY Robert Prezioso,
More informationInfectious Disease Control Oi Orientation. Providence Health & Services
Infectious Disease Control Oi Orientation ti Providence Health & Services Infection Control Who is at risk of infection & why? Exposures and Outcomes What tools do we use to reduce risk? Surveillance Analysis
More informationSAFE INJECTION PRACTICES. Barbara J Connell MS,MT(ASCP)SH VP Clinical Services Medline Industries, Inc.
SAFE INJECTION PRACTICES Barbara J Connell MS,MT(ASCP)SH VP Clinical Services Medline Industries, Inc. DISCLOSURES»Employee of Medline Industries, Inc.»Opinions expressed are my own and not necessarily
More informationBLOODBORNE PATHOGENS: EXPOSURES
Inside this trainer: Quiz 2 Quiz Answers 3 Employee Sign-Off 4 10 MINUTE SAFETY TRAINER 212 Target Audience All Employees Training Tip: Display the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) the hotel has and
More informationCORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT (CABG) MEASURES GROUP OVERVIEW
CONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT (CABG) MEASURES GROUP OVERVIEW 2015 PQRS OPTIONS F MEASURES GROUPS: 2015 PQRS MEASURES IN CONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT (CABG) MEASURES GROUP: #43 Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG):
More informationBloodborne Pathogens Key Topic for 2015 Gloves The First Line of Defense
Key Topic for 2015 In 2014, the Occupation Health & Safety (OH&S) course focused on the first line of defense - gloves. The information covers: 1. Determining the different types of gloves for specific
More informationBiological Consulting Services
Biological Consulting Services of North Florida/ Inc. May 13, 2009 Aphex BioCleanse Systems, Inc. Dear Sirs, We have completed antimicrobial efficacy study on the supplied Multi-Purpose Solution. The testing
More informationLearning Objectives. Identify the best ways to prevent healthcareassociated
Hand Hygiene Learning Objectives Identify the best ways to prevent healthcareassociated infections (HAI). Understand why the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends using alcohol-based
More informationHand Hygiene for Clinical Staff
Hand Hygiene for Clinical Staff Volunteer Annual Review 2017 Why All the Fuss About Hand Hygiene? Most common mode of transmission of pathogens is via hands! What is Hand Hygiene? Hand Hygiene means cleaning
More informationBloodborne Pathogens For School Employees
Bloodborne Pathogens For School Employees Waynesboro Public Schools Bloodborne Pathogens Training and Annual Review Created on May 5, 2010 Reviewed/Revised April 6, 2017 Introduction In an educational
More informationWhat employees should know about UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS. They re work practices that help prevent contact with blood and certain other body fluids.
What are Universal Precautions? What employees should know about UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS They re work practices that help prevent contact with blood and certain other body fluids. Universal precautions are:
More informationskin and/or clothing Gloves: protect the hands Goggles: protect the eyes
Infection control measures Refers to policies and procedures used to minimize the risk of spreading infections, Infection control especially in hospitals and health care facilities. Is a multi- disciplinary
More informationInfection Control. Copyright 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Infection Control Learning Objectives Define, spell, and pronounce the terms listed in the vocabulary. Describe the characteristics of pathogenic microorganisms and the diseases they cause. Apply the chain-of-infection
More informationProcess audit for SSI. CME on Infection Prevention & Control Breach Candy Hospital Trust
Process audit for SSI CME on Infection Prevention & Control Breach Candy Hospital Trust Introduction SSIs are the most common healthcare-associated infection, accounting for 31% of all HAIs among hospitalized
More informationCDM 3 rd Year & Postdocs June 28 th 2017
Bloodborne Pathogens/Infection Control Tuberculosis Awareness CDM 3 rd Year & Postdocs June 28 th 2017 Biological Safety Officer Environmental Health and Safety Training Outline Infection Control Bloodborne
More informationBLOOD CULTURE SPECIMEN COLLECTION. Skills: 40 points. Objectives:
EXERCISE 7: BLOOD CULTURE SPECIMEN COLLECTION Skills: 40 points Objectives: 1. Differentiate between sterile and antiseptic techniques. 2. Define the following terms: FUO, septicemia, bacteremia, aerobic
More informationInfection Control Blood Borne Pathogens. Pines Behavioral Health
Infection Control Blood Borne Pathogens Pines Behavioral Health Definition: Infection control is preventing the spread of germs that cause illness and infection. Infection control starts with understanding
More informationMay Safety Subject. Bloodborne Pathogens
May Safety Subject Bloodborne Pathogens Everyone is at risk to contact bloodborne pathogens. Some more than others. Universal precautions means treating all objects as potentially contaminated Personal
More informationABSTRACT. KEY WORDS antibiotics; prophylaxis; hysterectomy
Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 8:230-234 (2000) (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Wound Infection in Gynecologic Surgery Aparna A. Kamat,* Leo Brancazio, and Mark Gibson Department of Obstetrics
More informationGUIDE TO INFECTION CONTROL IN THE HOSPITAL. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae
GUIDE TO INFECTION CONTROL IN THE HOSPITAL CHAPTER 47: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae Authors E-B Kruse, MD H. Wisplinghoff, MD Chapter Editor Michelle Doll, MD, MPH) Topic Outline Key Issue Known
More informationStudy the Incidence of Surgical Glove Perforation during Surgery and Evaluation for the Risk of Perforation and Risk of Surgical Site Infection
Journal of Surgery 2018; 6(5): 140-145 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/js doi: 10.11648/j.js.20180605.16 ISSN: 2330-0914 (Print); ISSN: 2330-0930 (Online) Study the Incidence of Surgical Glove
More informationBest Practice: Infection Control in the Home Care Setting. Page 1
Best Practice: Infection Control in the Home Care Setting Page 1 Infection Control Many of the clients that you will work with as a caregiver will be vulnerable to catching diseases. Working in the home
More informationJune 4, Page 1 of 5 POLICY STATEMENT
POLICY STATEMENT This policy has been written to inform all staff, clients, relatives and other visitors to the homes of service users about the risks associated with MRSA, AIDS and HIV hazards in the
More informationAMENDATORY SECTION (Amending WSR , filed 10/10/95, effective 11/10/95)
AMENDATORY SECTION (Amending WSR 95-21-041, filed 10/10/95, effective 11/10/95) WAC 246-817-601 Purpose. The purpose of WAC 246-817-601 through ((246-817-630)) 246-817-660 is to establish requirements
More informationLab 4. Blood Culture (Media) MIC AMAL-NORA-ALJAWHARA 1
Lab 4. Blood Culture (Media) 2018 320 MIC AMAL-NORA-ALJAWHARA 1 Blood Culture 2018 320 MIC AMAL-NORA-ALJAWHARA 2 What is a blood culture? A blood culture is a laboratory test in which blood is injected
More informationIn the 1840s, Dr. Semmelweiss found that
48 Wash Your Hands, Please! i n v e s t i g at i o n In the 1840s, Dr. Semmelweiss found that hand washing could significantly reduce the rate of infection in hospitals. One common type of illness that
More informationLourdes Hospital Infection Prevention and Control
Lourdes Hospital Infection Prevention and Control Lourdes Infection Prevention Program Ultimate goal: To protect the patient To protect the healthcare workers, visitors and others in the environment To
More informationAPPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS. Infection Control. Health Science and Technology Education. Table of Contents
Infection Control and Technology Education Microorganisms Microorganisms are small living bodies that are not visible to the naked eye. Nonpathogens - maintain body processes Pathogens cause infection
More informationStaph Infections. including MRSA
Staph Infections including MRSA What is a Staph infection? STAPH Staphylococcus aureus, often referred to simply as staph, are bacteria commonly carried on the skin or in the nose of healthy people. SYMPTOMS
More informationInfection Control Basics:
Infection Control Basics: How to minimize the risk of infections New Mexico DOH - DDSD June 2010 What is infection control? Infection control describes the efforts we use to lessen the risk of getting
More informationInfection Control in the Health Care Setting
Expect more from us. We do. Infection Control in the Health Care Setting By: DeAnna Looper RN, CHPN, CHPCA Chief Corporate Clinical Consultant, Legal Nurse Consultant, HPNA Approved Educator, ELNEC Certified
More informationMedical/Surgical Asepsis. Presented by: Cynthia Bartlau, RN, PHN, MSN
Medical/Surgical Asepsis Presented by: Cynthia Bartlau, RN, PHN, MSN Objectives At the completion of this lesson the student will be able to Discuss concepts related to the chain of infection Differentiate
More informationValve Disease. Valve Surgery. In 2015, Cleveland Clinic surgeons performed 2943 valve surgeries.
Valve Surgery 11 15 Volume 3 1 11 1 13 1 N = 1 773 5 79 15 93 In 15, surgeons performed 93 valve surgeries. surgeons have implanted more than 1,5 bioprosthetic aortic valves since the 199s, with excellent
More informationInfection Control Sec. 1, Unit 5 Part 1
Infection Control Sec. 1, Unit 5 Part 1 Introduction Infections are a significant cause of illness, disease and death for residents that reside in certain living situations including nursing facilities.
More informationPreventing & Controlling the Spread of Infection
Preventing & Controlling the Spread of Infection Contributors: Alice Pong M.D., Hospital Epidemiologist Chris Abe, R.N., Senior Director Ancillary and Support Services Objectives Review the magnitude of
More informationBloodborne Pathogen Refresher Training
Bloodborne Pathogen Refresher Training This program will review your occupational risks and the steps that you and the County must take to reduce your risks of exposure. Employees must report any occupational
More informationPrevention of Surgical Site Infections Pola Brenner and Patricio Nercelles
Chapter 11 Prevention of Surgical Site Infections Pola Brenner and Patricio Nercelles Key points In many countries surgical site infections are the most common healthcare-associated infections accounting
More informationEXPERIMENT. Fomite Transmission. Hands-On Labs, Inc. Version
EXPERIMENT Fomite Transmission Hands-On Labs, Inc. Version 42-0243-00-02 Review the safety materials and wear goggles when working with chemicals. Read the entire exercise before you begin. Take time to
More informationCMC Annual Review of BLOODBORNE DISEASES. Prevention of Transmission for School Staff
CMC Annual Review of BLOODBORNE DISEASES Prevention of Transmission for School Staff Standard on Bloodborne Pathogens OSHA sets the standard of care We must have standards to follow in schools for everyone
More informationInfection Control. Student Orientation
Infection Control Student Orientation Basic, but important, Principles of Cross Transmission Presence of microorganisms on hands or in environment does not necessarily = cross transmission or infection
More informationIncidence of Surgical Site Infections and Microbial Pattern at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Incidence Surgical Site Infections and Microbial Pattern at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre Kitembo SK S.K 2,3 MD (UDSM), Chugulu SG S.G 1,2 1,2 MD, MD, MMed, FCS(ECSA). 1-Kilimanjaro
More informationDental Infection Control Update. Jennifer A. Harte DDS, MS Lt Col, USAF, DC USAF Dental Investigation Service
Dental Infection Control Update Jennifer A. Harte DDS, MS Lt Col, USAF, DC USAF Dental Investigation Service Official Disclaimer The opinions expressed in this presentation are those of the speaker and
More informationSection 6. Communicable Diseases
Section 6 Communicable Diseases 89 Learning objectives Section 6 Communicable Diseases After completing this section, you will be able to: Describe how communicable diseases spread. Identify some specific
More informationWrentham Public Schools ANNUAL BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS TRAINING
Wrentham Public Schools ANNUAL BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS TRAINING Are the two diseases specifically addressed by the OSHA Bloodborne Pathogen Standard (Be aware of Hepatitis C as it is becoming more and more
More informationDangers of NOT Cleaning Your Hands
Hand Hygiene Basics Hand Hygiene Simplest and MOST effective way to stop spreading infections Breaks the chain of spreading infections from person to person Kills or stops the growth of many organisms
More informationBreaking the Chain of Infection Designated Officer Education Day September 3, 2014 Jodi-Marie Black RN BScN PHN
Breaking the Chain of Infection Designated Officer Education Day September 3, 2014 Jodi-Marie Black RN BScN PHN Topics Covered in Presentation The Chain of infection and how to break the chain Role of
More informationSurgical site infections
SURVEILLANCE REPORT Annual Epidemiological Report for 2015 Surgical site infections Key facts Surgical site infections (SSIs) are among the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). They are
More informationEffective Date: 03/04
North Shore-LIJ Health System is now Northwell Health POLICY TITLE: Hand Hygiene System Infection Prevention CLINICAL POLICY AND PROCEDURE MANUAL POLICY #: INF.1109 System Approval Date: 6/23/16 CATEGORY
More informationChapter 12 Preventing Infection
Chapter 12 Preventing Infection Infection is a major safety and health hazard. Minor infections cause acute illnesses and some infections are serious and can cause death. Microbe/microorganism is a small
More informationBloodborne Pathogens
Bloodborne Pathogens Session Objectives Identify bloodborne pathogens (BBPs) Understand how diseases are transmitted Risk of exposure Protecting yourself from exposure through prevention Responding appropriately
More informationEffective Date: 6/10/2013 Review Date: 6/10/2016
Policy Title: Sterilization and Disinfection of Patient-Care Items Policy Number: 11 6.2.2. Examples of useful items to maintain in the office sterilization log are as following: o Date and time of cycle
More informationCHAPTER 7 Medical/Surgical Asepsis and Infection Control
CHAPTER 7 Medical/Surgical Asepsis and Infection Control 1 Slide 1 Microorganisms Microscopic. Naturally present on and in the human body and environment. Some microorganisms (pathogens) cause specific
More informationPolicy Title: Single-Use (Disposable) Devices Policy Number: 13. Effective Date: 6/10/2013 Review Date: 6/10/2016
Policy Title: Single-Use (Disposable) Devices Policy Number: 13 5. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES: 5.1. All dental healthcare personnel have responsibility to conform and respect all aspects of this policy.
More informationUNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS WHAT SCHOOL STAFF NEED TO KNOW
UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS WHAT SCHOOL STAFF NEED TO KNOW BELMONT PUBLIC SCHOOLS SEPTEMBER 2017 OBJECTIVES Provide school staff with education regarding the safe handling of all bodily
More informationThe efficacy of surgical scrubs in reducing hand bacterial flora
http://doi.org/10.4038/cjms.v47i1.4845 The efficacy of surgical scrubs in reducing hand bacterial flora G M I Dabare 1, D M B T Dissanayake 1, D Weerasekera 2, R Mahendra 1, *N Fernando' The Ceylon Journal
More informationPrinciples and Practices of Asepsis
Module E Objectives Principles and Practices of Asepsis Role of hands and the environment in disease transmission Describe the principles and practice of asepsis Understand hand hygiene Understand the
More informationBLOODBORNE PATHOGENS. San Antonio Independent School District Student Health Services
BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS San Antonio Independent School District Student Health Services References: Champion, C, Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens, Implementing OSHA Standards in the School Setting.
More information2014 OSHA Blood-borne Pathogens (BBP) Update JHS Annual Mandatory Education
2014 OSHA Blood-borne Pathogens (BBP) Update 2014 JHS Annual Mandatory Education Objectives Discuss the epidemiology of Bloodborne Pathogens. List the statistics of HIV/AIDS cases Identify the correlation
More information2002, ERI PRODUCTIONS INC.
ERI Safety Videos Videos for Safety Meetings PREVENTING EXPOSURE TO BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS Leader s Guide 2002, ERI PRODUCTIONS INC. PREVENTING EXPOSURE TO BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS This easy-to-use Leader s
More informationBloodborne Pathogens and Regulated Medical Waste
Bloodborne Pathogens and Regulated Medical Waste OSHA Ensure employees can safely perform their normal duties without undue health risks Bloodborne Pathogen (BBP) Standard developed to protect employees
More information