Chapter 13 & 14 The Peripheral Nervous System & the Autonomic Nervous System. Nervous System Organization

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1 Chapter 13 & 14 The Peripheral Nervous System & the Autonomic Nervous System 49 slides 1 Nervous System Organization Figure 13.1 Place of the PNS in the structural organization of the nervous system. 2 Sensory Receptors Sensory receptors are specialized to respond to changes in their environment. such environmental changes are called stimuli. activation of a sensory receptor by an adequate stimulus will result in an a graded potential. Sensation is the awareness of a stimulus. Perception is the ability to apply meaning to a stimulus. Three ways to classify sensory receptors: Type of stimulus they detect Body Location Structural complexity. 3

2 Sensation & Perception Sensation awareness of internal and external environment. ex: you feel a rock in your shoe Perception conscious interpretation of those stimuli. ex: you might interpret the rock as uncomfortable and stop to take it out. it will determine how you respond. 4 Classification by Stimulus Type Mechanoreceptors generate nerve impulses when they, or adjacent tissues, are deformed by a mechanical force: Touch, pressure, vibration, stretch. Thermoreceptors sensitive to temperature changes Photoreceptors respond to light energy... like the retina. Chemoreceptors respond to chemicals in solution Nociceptors respond to potentially damaging stimuli (causing PAIN). Excessive Pressure, Heat, Cold, Chemical stimuli. Thermoreceptors, Mechanoreceptors, Chemoreceptors 5 3 Basic Levels of Neural Integration in Sensory Systems Figure 13.2 Three basic levels of neural integration in sensory systems. 6

3 Processing at the Receptor Level First, stimulus energy must match the specificity of the receptor. Example: Touch for mechanoreceptor. Second, stimulus must be applied within a sensory receptor s receptive field. the smaller the area monitored by the neuron, the greater the ability of the brain to accurately localize the site. Third, the stimulus must be converted into the energy of a graded potential by transduction. this may be a depolarizing or hyper-polarizing graded potential similar to EPSPs or IPSPs. if summation of all inputs is strong enough to cross threshold, then a generator potential is formed. the greater the frequency of nerve impulses, the greater the stimulus. 7 Processing at the Receptor Level many but not all sensory receptors exhibit adaptation, a change in the sensitivity despite a constant stimulus. ex: eyes initially dazzled by sunlight, adapt. Phasic Receptors are fast adapting often giving bursts of impulses at the beginning and end of the stimulus. Pacinian and Meissner s Corpuscles are phasic. ex: you felt the seat when you initially sat but adapted so that you forgot about it till now. Tonic Receptors provide a sustained response with little or no adaptation. Nociceptors and most proprioceptors are tonic. 8 Processing at the Perceptual Level interpretation of sensory input occurs in the cerebral cortex the ability to identify and appreciate sensations depends on the specific location of the target neurons in the sensory cortex the message is just an action potential, the target gives it meaning. no matter how the action potential got started, the interpretation is still the same once it arrives to the cerebral cortex for interpretation. ex: pushing eyeball activates photoreceptors, but what you see is light. ex: phantom limb pain. 9

4 Aspects of Sensory Perception Perceptual Detection ability to detect that a stimulus has occurred Magnitude Estimation ability to detect how intense the stimulus is. because of frequency coding, increases intensity with frequency. Spatial Discrimination allows us to identify the site or pattern of stimulation. test this with two-point discrimination test.» how close two pints can be on the skin and still felt as two.» maps the density of tactile receptors on the skin. Feature Abstraction allows neurons to focus on specific characteristics of objects. Quality Discrimination ability to differentiate the quality of a particular sensation. Pattern Recognition ability to recognize the familiar. Memory from previous inputs. 10 Figure 13.4 Structure of a nerve. Structure of a Nerve 11 Nerve Structure & Repair Most nerves are mixed. containing some nerve axons transmitting sensory information and other nerve axons transmitting motor information. One kind of information per nerve axon! Pure sensory or motor nerves are rare! Peripheral Nerves are classified as: Cranial Nerves 12 pairs of these. Spinal Nerves 31 pairs of these. 12

5 Regeneration of a Peripheral Nerve Fiber Figure 13.5 Regeneration of a nerve fiber in a peripheral nerve. After being severed or crushed, the separated ends seal off and any substances that were being transported accumulate in the sealed axon ends. 13 Regeneration of a Peripheral Nerve Fiber Figure 13.5 Regeneration of a nerve fiber in a peripheral nerve. Within a few hours, the axon and its myelin sheath distal to the injury disintegrate due to lack of nutrients and is known as Wallierian Degeneration. The distal axon fragments are eaten by macrophages. 14 Regeneration of a Peripheral Nerve Fiber Figure 13.5 Regeneration of a nerve fiber in a peripheral nerve. After debris has been disposed of, surviving Schwann cells proliferate and migrate into the injury cells. Axon filaments begin for grow within the tube of Schwann cells. 15

6 Regeneration of a Peripheral Nerve Fiber Figure 13.5 Regeneration of a nerve fiber in a peripheral nerve. Axon begin to regenerate at the rate of 1.5 mm per day. The greater the distance between the severed endings, the less chance of recovery. 16 The 12 Cranial Nerves Figure 13.6 Location and Function of cranial nerves. 17 CN I: Olfactory 18

7 CN II: Optic 19 CN III: Oculomotor 20 CN IV: Trochlear 21

8 CN V: Trigeminal 22 CN V: Trigeminal 23 CN VI: Abducens 24

9 CN VII: Facial 25 CN VII: Facial 26 CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear 27

10 CN IX: Glossopharyngeal 28 CN X: Vagus 29 CN XI: (Spinal) Accessory 30

11 CN XII: Hypoglossal 31 Spinal Nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves. Each nerve is mixed with sensory & motor nerve fibers. nerves are named according to their point of issue from the spinal cord. The first seven pairs of cervical nerves exit superior to the vertebrae for which they are named. The 8th cervical nerve exits below the seventh cervical vertebrae. The rest of the spinal nerves are named for the vertebrae that is above them: ex: T12 spinal nerve will exit under the T12 vertebrae ex: L2 spinal nerve will exit under the L2 vertebrae 32 Table 13.7 Spinal Nerves. Spinal Nerves 33

12 Cervical Plexus & the Neck buried deep in the neck under the sternocleidomastoid muscle the cervical plexus is formed by the ventral rami of the C1 to C4. The phrenic nerve is formed by the ventral rami of C3, C4, and C5. it supplies the diaphragm and without it you could not breathe on your own. this is why high neck fractures are very, very dangerous if not stabilized. Ex: Christopher Reeve (Superman Movies) was thrown from a horse in May 1995 and landed on his head, crushing C1 and C2. He was not breathing for 3 whole minutes until paramedics got to him. 34 Brachial Plexus & the Upper Limb Table The brachial plexus

13 Radial & Ulnar Nerve Injury Radial Nerve Damage / Injury trauma results in wrist drop an inability to extend the hand at the wrist. can results from pressure deep in the axilla Ex: from leaning on crutches too hard! Ulnar Nerve Damage / Injury is very vulnerable as it runs medially behind the medial epicondyle of the elbow. trauma results in difficulty making fist & gripping. 5th and 4th fingers become hyperextended at the knuckles and flexed at the distal interphalangeal joints, which contort the hand into a claw-hand. 37 Ulnar Nerve Injury ( Claw Hand / Pope s Blessing ) 38 Lumbosacral Plexus the sacral and lumbar plexuses combine and form the lumbosacral plexus. the lumbar plexus arises from the spinal nerves of L1 to L4. the sacral plexus arises from the spinal nerves of L4 to S4. largest branch is the Sciatic Nerve it supplies the entire lower leg except for the anteromedial thigh. has 2 branches: Tibial and Common Fibular. 39

14 Lumbar Plexus Femoral Nerve L2, L3, L4 motor to the anterior thigh. Genitofemoral Nerve L1, L2 sensation of the scrotum and labia majora. 40 Sacral Plexus Tibial branch of the Sciatic Nerve L4, L5, S1, S2, S3 motor to the posterior thigh. motor to the posterior lower leg and foot. Common Fibular branch of the Sciatic Nerve L4, L5, S1 motor to the posterior thigh. motor to the anterior lower leg and foot. Pudendal Nerve S2, S3, S4 motor to the external anal sphincter. 41 Dermatomes area of skin innervated by the cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve is called a dermatome. all spinal nerves except C1 innervates dermatomes. the limbs are less strict with a less obvious map. there is overlap of innervation by adjacent nerves. you have to destroy 2 or more adjacent nerves to significantly notice dermatome numbness due to the overlap of adjacent nerves. Hilton s Law any nerve serving a muscle that produces movement at a joint also innervates the joint and skin over the joint. 42

15 Table Map of dermatomes. Dermatomes 43 Autonomic Nervous System the stability of our body s internal environment depends largely on the autonomic nervous system (ANS). can shunt blood to needy areas increase or lower the heart rate adjust the blood pressure adjust the body temperature increase or decrease stomach secretions and more. the ANS is also called the involuntary nervous system the general visceral motor system 44 Somatic vs. Autonomic Nervous System Table 14.2 Comparison of motor neurons in the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. 45

16 Autonomic Nervous System Divisions Parasympathetic Division: rest and digest system. keeps energy use as low as possible. digestion waste elimination blood pressure and heart rate are lower pupils are constricted lenses accommodate for close vision erection of penis (and clitoris) can occur 46 Autonomic Nervous System Divisions Sympathetic Division fight-or-flight system increase heart rate and blood pressure increase rate and depth of breathing cold, sweaty skin (to dissipate muscle heat) dilated pupils (to see danger in low light) changes in electrical resistance of skin useful in interpreting lie detector tests. 47 Referred Pain The fact that visceral pain afferent nerve fibers travel along the same pathways as somatic pain fibers gives us referred pain. ex: a heart attack can cause a sensation of pain in the left arm and chest wall because the same spinal segments that innervate the heart also the chest and shoulder and the brain interprets most such inputs as coming from the more commonly used somatic pathway. 48

17 Figure 13.3 Map of referred pain. Referred Pain 49

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