DISEASE PREVENTION. Chapters 23-25

Transcription

1 DISEASE PREVENTION Chapters 23-25

2 COMMUNICABLE DISEASE spread from one living organism to another or through the environment Pathogens: microscopic organism that causes disease Toxins: substances that kill cells or interfere with their functions Infection: condition that occurs when pathogens in the body multiply & damage body cells Bacteria: single-celled microorganisms Virus: piece of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat

3 CAUSES OF INFECTIONS Plantlike organisms More complex than bacteria Enters through insect bites

4 PATHOGENS Spread: Direct contact with an infected person Contact with infected animals Childbirth Puncture wounds Vectors: organism that carries & transmits pathogens to humans or other animals Contaminated food Contaminated water Airborne transmission Cough can travel 10 ft Fungal spores - small PROTECTION: WASH hands Insect repellant

5 PROTECTION FROM PATHOGENS WASH hands Insect repellant Avoid sharing personal items Handle food properly Eat well Exercise Avoid tobacco, alcohol & drugs Abstain from sexual contact Cover mouth when sneeze or cough

6 RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS Passageway that makes breathing possible Mucous membrane: lining of various body cavities nose, ears & mouth Avoidance: Stay home if you are ill Wash hands often Avoid touching mouth, eyes & nose Eat right Exercise Abstain from smoking Avoid close contact with sick people

7 COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Pneumonia Jaundice Cirrhosis Hepatitis A Hepatitis C Mononucleosis Measles Meningitis Chicken pox Influenza Common cold

8 BARRIERS AGAINST DISEASES CHEMICAL: Tears Saliva Gastric juice PHYSICAL: Skin Mucous membranes

9 IMMUNE SYSTEM network of cells, tissues, organs & chemicals that fights off pathogens Phagocytes: white blood cells that attack invading pathogens Antigens: substances that can trigger an immune response Lymphocytes: specialized white blood cells that coordinates & performs many functions of specific immunity Inflammatory response: reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection Blood vessels expand to allow more blood flow to area Fluid causes swelling and pain Phagocytes surround pathogens & destroy Body begins to repair tissue

10 IMMUNITY state of being protected against particular disease Vaccine: preparation of dead or weakened pathogens that are introduced into the body to stimulate an immune response Live-virus vaccines- pathogens grown in laboratories Killed-virus vaccines: dead pathogens Toxoids: inactivated toxins Second-generation: genetically altered ACTIVE- PASSIVE- Natural: mother to child during pregnancy or while nursing Artificial: injections prepared with antibodies produced by an animal or human immuned to the disease

11 EMERGING INFECTIONS communicable disease whose occurrence in humans has increased within the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future Coronary [heart] disease Type 2 Diabetes HIV/AIDS Lyme disease West Nile virus Giardia- through infected water

12 Factors that Contribute to the spread of Emerging Infections: Transport across borders Population movement Resistance to antibiotics Changes in food technology Agents of bioterrorism Epidemic: disease outbreak that affects many people in the same place & at the same time Pandemic: global outbreak of an disease infectious

13 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE infections spread from person to person through sexual contact[intimacy] Bacterial STDs: can be cured with antibiotics Chlamydia Gonorrhea Trichomoniasis Syphilis Viral STDs: no cure only treatment for the symptoms Human Papilloma virus Genital Herpes Hepatitis B HIV/AIDS Antibiotics: chemical agents that destroy disease-causing agents while leaving the patient unharmed

14 STD EPIDEMIC Most STDs go undiagnosed or untreated because of: Embarrassment Fear of seeking medical advise Lack of symptoms Misinformation Ignorance Notification policies Abstinence tips: Set personal limits on physical affection Avoid dating someone who pressures you Avoid group outings that pressure you Be clear about your choice to practice abstinence Practice refusal skills Avoid situations that can be high risk

15 HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus: virus that attacks the immune system First case in US Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: disease in which the immune system is weakened Spread: Sexual intercourse Sharing needles Infected blood Mother to baby

16 Asymptomatic Stage: virus takes over cells Middle Stage: mild temporary symptoms Symptomatic Stage: Flu-like symptoms AIDS stage: Extremely weakened immune system Opportunistic illnesses: infections the body could fight off if the immune system were healthy

17 NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASE disease that is not transmitted by another person, vector or the environment Cardiovascular disease: affects the heart and blood vessels Hypertension: high blood pressure Silent killer Atherosclerosis: accumulation of plaque on artery walls Arteriosclerosis: hardened arteries with reduced elasticity

18 HEART DISEASE Cardiac arrest: heart attack Angina pectoris: chest pain that results when the heart does not get enough oxygen Arrhythmias: irregular heartbeats Ventricular fibrillation: irregular or rapid heart beat Congestive heart failure: gradual weakening & heart no longer maintains regular pumping rate & force

19 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE Stroke: An acute injury in which blood flow to the brain is interrupted Risk Factors: Tobacco use High blood pressure High cholesterol Physical inactivity Excess weight Stress Alcohol & drug use Unavoidable Risk factors: Heredity Gender Age

20 CANCER Uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells Tumor: abnormal mass of tissue that has no natural role in the body Benign: non-cancerous Malignant: cancerous Carcinogen: cancer causing substance Biopsy: removal of a small piece of tissue for examination

21 CANCER Remission: period of time when symptoms disappear Warning signs of Cancer: Change in bowel or bladder functions Sores that will not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump in body part Indigestion or trouble swallowing Change in wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness

22 ALLERGIES Allergy: specific reaction of the immune system to a foreign & frequently harmless substance Pollen Certain foods Dust Mold spores Chemicals Insect venom Dander from animals Certain medicines

23 ASTHMA inflammatory condition in which the small airways in the lungs become narrowed, causing difficulty in breathing Air pollution Pet dander Tobacco smoke Mold, dust & pollen Exercise Histamines: chemicals that can stimulate mucus & fluid projection

24 DIABETES Autoimmune disease: condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks itself Type 1 Diabetes Lifestyle & genetics: Type 2 Diabetes Symptoms: Frequent urination Excessive thirst Unexplained weight loss Sudden changes in vision Tingling in hands or feet Frequent fatigue Sores that are slow to heal More infections than usual

25 DISABILITIES Rheumatoid arthritis: characterized by the debilitating destruction of the joints due to inflammation Disability: physical or mental impairment that limits normal activities Seeing Hearing Walking Speaking Americans with Disabilities Act: law prohibiting discrimination against people with physical or mental disabilities in the workplace, transportation, public accommodations & telecommunications. Passed in 1990