Observations on the Transmission of
|
|
- Brian Glenn
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Vol. 40 Observations on the Transmission of Salmonellosis in Man* ERWIN NETER, M.D., F.A.P.H.A. Department of Bacteriology of the Children's Hospital and the Department of Bacteriology and Immunology of the University of Buffalo, School of Medicine, Buffalo, N. Y. SALMONELLOSIS, according to modern nomenclature, is a malady caused by any of the numerous members of the genus Salmonella. This genus includes the typhoid bacillus, as well as more than 150 types of organisms which, for the sake of convenience, may be referred to as paratyphoid bacilli. In the present report the term salmonellosis is employed to connote an infection caused by these microorganisms, with the exception of the typhoid bacillus. The advances made in our knowledge of the mode of transmission, prevention by sanitary methods, active immunization, and chemotherapy of typhoid fever are distinctly more far-reaching than those regarding* paratyphoid infections. In the first place, typhoid fever originates, directly or indirectly, from man only, whereas paratyphoid infections may be traced to animals as well. Active immunization with a potent vaccine against typhoid fever is very effective, whereas immunization against paratyphoid infection, largely because of the numerous antigenic types of salmonellae encountered, is of limited value only. Finally, from preliminary data available, it is apparent that the new antibiotic chloromycetin is of distinct value in the therapy of typhoid fever but far less * Presented before the Laboratory Section of the American Public Health Association at the Seventyseventh Annual Meeting in New York, N. Y., October 28, effective in the treatment of experimental salmonella infections of animals and of the human disease. Bearing these facts in mind, every effort should be made to prevent salmonella infection in man. To this end, an understanding of the mode of transmission is indispensible. On numerous occasions, larger and smaller outbreaks of salmonellosis have been traced to carriers and to contaminated water or food. On the other hand, the origin of the infection in an extraordinary large number of sporadic cases has remained obscure. In this report, data on man-to-man transmission of salmonellae are presented, and the implications of the observations are briefly discussed from the public health point of view. THE PROBLEM OF THE INTRAUTERINE TRANSPLACENTAL TRANSMISSION OF SALMONELLOSIS Although the possibility of the hematogenous infection of the fetus, resulting in salmonellosis of the newly-born, was considered as a possibility by several authors, including Abramson,- such an occurrence must be extremely rare. As a matter of fact, the placenta can be an effective barrier, as the bacteriological data of -Salmonella c-holeraesuis bacteremia during pregnancy studied by us indicate. The particular patient in question harbored this-organism in the blood for at least 6 days prior to delivery and [9291
2 930 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH August, 1950 the blood culture was still positive on the day of the birth of the child. Although bacteriological examination of the placenta revealed the presence of numerous paratyphoid bacilli, blood and mouth cultures of the baby were sterile. It is evident, then, that salmonella bacteremia during pregnancy does not necessarily result in infection of the fetus. TRANSMISSION OF SALMONELLOSIS DURING DELIVERY In view of the well known susceptibility of young children and animals to -salmonellosis, it is not surprising to find a considerable number of outbreaks of this disease in nurseries and among flocks of recently born animals. In infants, the infection may result from contact, directly or indirectly, with attendants, either the mother, nurses, or physicians. An illustrative example is the outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium infection involving 17 cases, reported by Abramson.1 This epidemic originated from one of the mothers of the maternitv hospital, spread, probably through contaminated bedpans, to two other mothers, affected 14 infants, some of them becoming infected from a nurse who had become infected herself, and involved a member of the medical house-staff. In this and similar outbreaks the precise mode of transmission of the disease from mother to baby remains undetermined. That salmonella may be transmitted during delivery is illustrated by the following unusual observation. Mrs. M. was admitted to the maternity division of this hospital. According to the obstetrical history she was not suffering and had not suffered from any intestinal disorder. A premature infant was delivered after 2½Y2 hours of labor, 3½2 hours following rupture of the membranes at home. Because of the prematurity, the infant was immediately taken to the premature nursery and did not have any further contact with the mother during hospitalization. On the third day of life the infant, weighing 4 lbs. 3 oz., developed diarrhea and on the fifth day of life the temperature, which had been normal, suddenly reached 1040 F. A blood culture taken at that time revealed the presence of two colonies per ml. of blood of S. oranienburg. On the same day the paratyphoid bacillus was recovered also from the feces. Following supportive treatment and chemotherapy with streptomycin, the child was discharged on the 38th day of life in good condition. The attempt to isolate salmonella from the attendants (nurses, etc.) at the premature nursery failed. However, the same type of paratyphoid bacillus was easily recovered from the feces of the mother. A more careful history taken subsequent to the diagnosis of the disease revealed that the mother had had very mild diarrhea one week prior to delivery. It is evident then that the infection of the new-born baby must have taken place during the actual delivery, since it is most unlikely that the mother suffered from salmonella bacteremia. The presence of this child, first in the premature nursery and then in the isolation ward, resulted in cross-infection of two infants, in spite of all precautions which were carried out at that time. It is interesting to note that the development of diarrhea preceded the rise in temperature and that numerous paratyphoid bacilli were present in the feces on the first day of elevated temperature. It is obvious that the child could have served as a source of cross-infection on the very first day of clinical manifestations, and it may be assumed that the bacteremia was the result of the intestinal infection and not, as in typhoid fever, its source. This experience of transmission of S. oranienburg during delivery of a premature infant parallels the observation of Watt and Carlton 2 on a similar mode
3 SALMONELLOSIS IN MAN Vol of infection of a new-born premature infant with S. typhimurium. The case of Watt and Carlton differed from our own, inasmuch as the mother actually suffered from diarrheal disease during delivery and, 6 hours after the birth of the infant, her temperature rose to In this instance, too, salmonellosis was introduced into the premature nursery, involving 4 other children. Based on these observations it is evident that careful histories must be taken of mothers whose babies are to be placed in a nursery, particularly nurseries for premature infants, if cross-infection originating from an infant exposed to an enteric pathogen during delivery is to be avoided. In this connection it is interesting to note that, according to Franklin and Loeb,3 24 per cent of infants at time of delivery harbored Escherichia coli on the eyelids immediately after birth. THE POSSIBLE DISSEMINATION OF SAL- MONELLA FROM THE RESPIRATORY TRACT On two occasions, cross-infection was observed at this institution in spite of all possible precautions to prevent the dissemination of paratyphoid bacilli through feces or urine. The possibility was considered that salmonellae may be present in the respiratory tract and be spread like an air-borne infection. Recently, then, a study was commenced to determine whether or not in children, suffering from gastroenteritis or enterocolitis, the pathogenic agent is present in the nasopharynx or in the throat. It was found that two patients, one suffering from acute enterocolitis complicated by bacteremia due to S. oranienburg, the other from gastroenteritis and bacteremia caused by S. ckoleraesuis, harbored the pathogen in both the nasopharynx and the throat. In fact, S. oranienburg was the predominant organism in the nasopharynx. It was this baby who served as a source of crossinfection of a premature child in the premature nursery and, following transfer, of another baby in the isolation ward. Both children developed salmonellosis following hospitalization for 4 weeks and 11 days, respectively. From these preliminary observations it may be tentatively concluded that an additional avenue of exit of salmonellae in patients clinically diagnosed as having enteric disease may be the upper respiratory tract. If this observation can be corroborated it may be advisable to take precautions not only against fecal spread but also against air-borne transmission of salmonellae. THE SCOPE OF THE CONVALESCENT SAL- MONELLA CARRIER PROBLEM Although reference is frequently made in the literature to both convalescent and permanent salmonella carriers as sources of infection, additional data on this problem are desirable. A study was undertaken, therefore, to determine the percentage of children who had recovered clinically from salmonellosis but still harbored the pathogen in the intestinal tract at the time of discharge from the hospital. In all, 43 patients were investigated. The type of salmonella was determined in each instance. Of these 43 cases, according to the last culture prior to discharge from the hospital, 26 still excreted the paratyphoid bacillus with the feces and only 17 did not. In addition, there were two adults who were carriers, following a very mild episode of salmonellosis and several children whose fecal specimens were sent to this laboratory for the etiological diagnosis of the disease. It is quite possible that the percentage of convalescent carriers may be even greater than the figures just cited here, had the criterion of the carrier state been based on more than one negative culture. The questions as to how long the excretion of paratyphoid bacilli in children continues and whether or not the return to their homes resulted in infection of contacts, cannot
4 932 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH August, 1950 be answered. It is evident, however, that every attempt should be made to lower the percentage of carriers on discharge from the hospital. As shown by Seligmann and associates,4 streptomycin is of very limited usefulness in this respect. Whether or not aureomycin or chloromycetin will be more effective, remains to be seen. The results with chloromycetin in the treatment of experimental salmonella infections proved to be disappointing (Seligmann and Wassermann 5). At this hospital two convalescent salmonella carriers were treated with large doses of aureomycin (500 mg. per kg. per 24 hours) and later with chloromycetin (500 mg. per kg. per 24 hours) for one week each but continued to excrete salmonellae with the feces. The search for a more effective method for the treatmnt of carriers must continue. THE PROBLEM OF THE SPORADIC CASE Without question, sporadic salmonellosis occurs much more frequently than is apparent from the statistics on cases reported to health departments. In part, this is due to the fact that bacteriological studies are frequently not carried out, particularly on mild and atypical sporadic cases. Furthermore, often the source of the infection remains unknown because of lack of epidemiological studies. Although it must be admitted that the search for the source in sporadic cases is frequently unsuccessful, attempts to trace the infection should be undertaken more often. To illustrate this point, the following observation may be briefly cited. M. W. was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Following the removal of the not-acutely inflamed appendix on the first day of hospitalization, the child developed diarrhea, and Salmonella typhimurium could be readily isolated from the feces. A careful history, then, revealed that the brother of the patient, two to three weeks before, had had diarrhea for one day. The feces of the brother was examined and the same type of salmonella was recovered without difficulty. If one is to obtain a more adequate appraisal of the magnitude of the salmonellosis problem more bacteriological and epidemiological studies must be undertaken. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Too frequently, the true nature of mild and atypical forms of salmonellosis remains unrecognized and, even when the etiological diagnosis has been established, the source and mode of transmission of the malady remains undetermined. The observations reported in this communication may aid in the elucidation of this complex and important problem. 1. Salmonellosis may be transmitted during delivery from a mother suffering from diarrheal disease or, as in the case presented here, from a mother who had become a convalescent carrier. 2. The admission into a nursery of an infant thus exposed may result in cross-infection of exposed individuals. This sequence of events may be prevented, if the admission of infants born to mothers who present evidence or give a history of recent diarrheal disease is deferred. 3. Salmonellae may be present in the nasopharynx and throat of children suffering from salmonellosis. It is possible that in these instances the disease may be spread like an air-borne infection. Consideration should be given to the prevention of dissemination of salmonellae by this route. 4. A series of 43 children suffering from salmonellosis were studied to determine the frequency of the convalescent carrier state. Of these- patients, twenty-six still excreted the paratyphoid bacillus in the feces subsequent to clinical recovery, as shown by a positive culture prior to discharge from the hospital. The public health significance of this observation is obvious. 5. Attempts to eliminate salmonellae in two cases of convalescent carriers by means of the administration of large doses of both aureomycin and chloromycetin for a period of seven days failed in both instances.
5 Vol.40 SALMONELLOSIS IN MAN 933 REFERENCES 1. Abramson, H. Infection with Salmonella typhimurium in the Newborn. Am. J. Dis. Child. 74: 576 (Nov.), Watt, J., and Carlton, E. Studies of the Acute Diarrheal Diseases. XVI. An Outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium Infection among Newborn Premature Infants. Pub. Health Rep. 60:734 (June 29), Franklin, H. C., and Loeb, L. N. Bacterial Flora in Infants Encountered at Time of Delivery. Am. J. Obst. & Gynec. 56:738 (Oct.), Seligmann, E., Barash, L., and Cohlan, S. Q. Streptomycin Treatment of Salmonella Enteritis in Infants. J. Pediat. 30:182 (Feb.), Seligmann, E., and Wassermann, M. Action of Chloromycetin on Salmonella. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 71:253 (June), Atomic Energy Training Center The University of Rochester has opened a new million dollar center, financed by the Atomic Energy Commission, for research and training of physicians and technicians in medical problems relative to atomic energy development. Attached to the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, the center is planned to help meet the nation's need: 1. to train medical and staff personnel of the armed forces for atomic warfare defense; 2. to build up a nucleus of civilian medical personnel having a knowledge of atomic energy; 3. to supply a source of trained research scientists in the branches of medicine, biology, physics, biophysics, physiology, chemistry and biochemistry, in which the new technics of nuclear energy may be employed; 4. to supply the necessary scientific personnel for the various regional laboratories of the A. E. C. The new facilities permit expansion of the University of Rochester's studies for the United States Government in the medical and biologic aspects of radio-.active substances that have been in progress for a number of years. Postgraduate training is being given in the treatment of radiation sickness, the use of radioisotopes for tracer studies, and therapy and instruction in such subjects as pharmacology and toxicology of radioactive materials, principles of shielding, design of radiochemical laboratories, technic of personnel monitoring, hazards of reactor operation, prevention of radioactive contamination and methods of decontamination, and the disposal of radioactive waste materials. Cancer research is among the electives open to trainees. Henry A. Blair, Ph.D., physiologist and biophysicist, is director of the project.
AN OUTBREAK OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANT Salmonella typhimurium IN A NURSERY
AN OUTBREAK OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANT Salmonella typhimurium IN A NURSERY Ashok Kumar Gopal Nath B.D. Bhatia V. Bhargava V. Loiwal ABSTRACT A nursery epidemic caused by multidrug resistant Salmonella typhimurium
More informationTHE OCCURRENCE OF CARRIERS OF DISEASE-PRO- DUCING TYPES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS.
Published Online: 1 July, 1915 Supp Info: http://doi.org/10.1084/jem.22.1.105 Downloaded from jem.rupress.org on November 21, 2018 THE OCCURRENCE OF CARRIERS OF DISEASE-PRO- DUCING TYPES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS.
More informationFecal- oral TRANSMITTED DISEASES
Fecal- oral TRANSMITTED DISEASES What the diseases in this group have in common is that the causative organisms are excreted in the stools of infected persons (or, rarely, animals). The portal of entry
More informationM I C R O B I O L O G Y WITH DISEASES BY TAXONOMY, THIRD EDITION
M I C R O B I O L O G Y WITH DISEASES BY TAXONOMY, THIRD EDITION Chapter 14 Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology Lecture prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
More informationShigella and salmonella
Sulaimani University College of Pharmacy Microbiology Lec. 9 & 10 Shigella and salmonella Dr. Abdullah Ahmed Hama PhD. Microbiology/Molecular Parasitology abdullah.hama@spu.edu.iq 1 Shigella Shigella species
More informationFoodborne Disease in the Region of Peel
Foodborne Disease in the Region of Peel HIGHLIGHTS The incidence of selected foodborne diseases was generally higher in Peel than in Ontario between 1993 and 22. A higher incidence was observed in Peel
More informationMicrobiology With Diseases by Taxonomy
Microbiology With Diseases by Taxonomy Second Edition PowerPoint Lecture Slides 14 Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2003 Chapter opener 14 Chapter
More informationGroup B Streptococcus
Group B Streptococcus (Invasive Disease) Infants Younger than 90 Days Old DISEASE REPORTABLE WITHIN 24 HOURS OF DIAGNOSIS Per N.J.A.C. 8:57, healthcare providers and administrators shall report by mail
More informationCampylobacter ENTERITIS SURVEILLANCE PROTOCOL
Campylobacter ENTERITIS SURVEILLANCE PROTOCOL Public Health Action 1. Educate providers and laboratories to report stool cultures positive for Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli from patients within
More informationThese precautions should be followed for 7 days after symptom onset or 24 hours after resolution of symptoms, whichever is longer.
1 of 5 11/15/2009 10:34 AM H1N1 Flu November 10, 2009 4:30 PM ET This interim guidance has been updated to replace previously posted guidance entitled Considerations Regarding Novel H1N1 Flu Virus in Obstetric
More informationTitle/Description: Outbreak Investigation Guidelines Department: All Departments. Effective Date: 4/97 REVISED: 1/00, 5/08 I.
Title/Description: Outbreak Investigation Guidelines Department: All Departments Personnel: All Personnel Effective Date: 4/97 REVISED: 1/00, 5/08 I. PURPOSE At Springhill Medical Center (SMC) an outbreak
More informationGastrointestinal Disease from 2007 to 2014
Data Requested by Amber Erickson, Epidemiologist, North Central Health District Gastrointestinal Disease from 2007 to 2014 North Central Health District Aemon Weaver, Epidemiology Intern, NCHD September
More informationHOSPITAL INFECTION CONTROL
HOSPITAL INFECTION CONTROL Objectives To be able to define hospital acquired infections discuss the sources and routes of transmission of infections in a hospital describe methods of prevention and control
More informationSchool Nursing and Health. Standard Precautions. (aka Universal Precautions)
School Nursing and Health Standard Precautions (aka Universal Precautions) August 2016 1 Standard Precautions Occupational Safety and Health Administration Federal Law 29 CFR bloodborne Pathogens 1910.1030(g)(2)(i)
More informationCommunicable diseases. Gastrointestinal track infection. Sarkhell Araz MSc. Public health/epidemiology
Communicable diseases Gastrointestinal track infection Sarkhell Araz MSc. Public health/epidemiology Communicable diseases : Refer to diseases that can be transmitted and make people ill. They are caused
More informationBacterial Enteric Pathogens: Clostridium difficile, Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, and others
GUIDE TO INFECTION CONTROL IN THE HOSPITAL CHAPTER 48 Bacterial Enteric Pathogens: Clostridium difficile, Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, and others Authors Olivier Vandenberg, MD, PhD Michèle
More informationTrue Pathogens of the Enterobacteriaceae: Salmonella, Shigella & Yersinia Salmonella
Lec. 6 Oral Microbiology Dr. Chatin True Pathogens of the Enterobacteriaceae: Salmonella, Shigella & Yersinia Salmonella General Characteristics of Salmonella جامعة تكريت كلية طب االسنان Coliform bacilli
More informationGiardiasis. Table of Contents
Table of Contents Case Definition... Error! Bookmark not defined. Reporting Requirements... 2 Etiology... Error! Bookmark not defined. Clinical Presentation... Error! Bookmark not defined. Diagnosis...
More informationConcepts of Disease. Dr.P.Selvaraj. Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine. TANUVAS Clinical Medicine Promoting Clinical Excellence Since 1903
Since 1903 Concepts of Disease Associate Professor of Several theories are being proposed on the disease concept and got evolved over various time periods. Majority of the theories are overlapping one
More informationGuidance for obtaining faecal specimens from patients with diarrhoea (Background information)
Guidance for obtaining faecal specimens from patients with diarrhoea (Background information) Version 1.0 Date of Issue: January 2009 Review Date: January 2010 Page 1 of 11 Contents 1. Introduction...
More informationChapter 13. Topics - Human Host - Progress of an Infection - Epidemiology
Chapter 13 Topics - Human Host - Progress of an Infection - Epidemiology 1 Human Host Acquire resident flora New born exposure 2 Acquire resident flora The human body supports a wide range of habitats
More information5. Use of antibiotics, which disturbs balance of normal flora. 6. Poor nutritional status.
Microbiology Chapter 5 Introduction to Pathogens 5:1 Changing Patterns of Disease In the past 100 years, since the discovery of the Germ Theory of Disease was accepted: We have learned that microbes cause
More informationIntroduction. Transmission
B o v i n e V i r A L D i a r r h e a ( B V D ) AL IGV E S TRO C K I C U LT U R E Introduction The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes disease in cattle populations worldwide, resulting in significant
More informationSalmonella Enteritidis: Surveillance Data and Policy Implications
Salmonella Enteritidis: Surveillance Data and Policy Implications Alejandro Pérez, MPH Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch Division of Foodborne, Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases National Center for Zoonotic,
More informationPrinciples of Infectious Disease Lecture #13 Dr. Gary Mumaugh
Principles of Infectious Disease Lecture #13 Dr. Gary Mumaugh Terminology Pathology study of disease Etiology cause of disease Pathogenesis disease process Infection colonization by microbes Disease illness
More informationPANDEMIC POLICY. 1. It is important to understand the definitions of influenza (the flu) and pandemic ; attached is a comparison chart.
Section: D Policy Number: D-008 Subject: Pandemic Total Pages: 6 Approval Date: Nov. 18, 2009 Revision Date(s) PANDEMIC POLICY Community Living-Central Huron is committed to providing a safe and healthy
More informationEtiology. only one antigenic type. humans are its only known reservoir
Rubella( German meas sles ) Etiology Togaviridae family --- genus Rubivirus single-stranded RNA enveloped virus, Its core protein is surrounded by a single-layer lipoprotein envelope with spike-like projections
More informationCSLO8. Explain transmission and virulence mechanisms of cellular and acellular infectious agents.
PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University CSLO8. Explain transmission and virulence mechanisms of cellular and acellular infectious agents. C H
More informationU.S. Food & Drug Administration Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook.
U.S. Food & Drug Administration Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook Rotavirus 1. Name of the Organism: Rotavirus Rotaviruses are classified
More informationNON-LACTOSE FERMENTING BACTERIA FROM. While B. coli is generally accepted as a satisfactory index of
NON-LACTOSE FERMENTING BACTERIA FROM POLLUTED WELLS AND SUB-SOIL' I. J. KLIGLER From the Laboratories of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York Received for publication February 1, 1918
More informationBiological Hazards Module 3
1 - Objectives - Describe salmonellosis and typhoid fever (salmonella) Recognize symptoms of exposure Describe treatments available Develop a response plan 2 - Salmonellosis Definition - Severe lower GI
More informationSeasonal Influenza in Pregnancy and Puerperium Guideline (GL1086)
Seasonal Influenza in Pregnancy and Puerperium Guideline (GL1086) Approval Approval Group Job Title, Chair of Committee Date Maternity & Children s Services Clinical Governance Committee Chair, Maternity
More informationGastroenteritis and viral infections
Gastroenteritis and viral infections A Large number of viruses are found in the human gut; these include some that are associated with gastroenteritis Rotaviruses Adenoviruses 40/41 Caliciviruses Norwalk-like
More informationInfection Control Sec. 1, Unit 5 Part 1
Infection Control Sec. 1, Unit 5 Part 1 Introduction Infections are a significant cause of illness, disease and death for residents that reside in certain living situations including nursing facilities.
More informationChapter 2 Hepatitis B Overview
Chapter 2 Hepatitis B Overview 23 24 This page intentionally left blank. HEPATITIS B OVERVIEW Hepatitis B Virus The hepatitis B virus (HBV) belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family and is known to cause both
More informationWOMENCARE. Herpes. Source: PDR.net Page 1 of 8. A Healthy Woman is a Powerful Woman (407)
WOMENCARE A Healthy Woman is a Powerful Woman (407) 898-1500 Herpes Basics: Herpes is a common viral disease characterized by painful blisters of the mouth or genitals. The herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes
More informationCHAPTER 7 Medical/Surgical Asepsis and Infection Control
CHAPTER 7 Medical/Surgical Asepsis and Infection Control 1 Slide 1 Microorganisms Microscopic. Naturally present on and in the human body and environment. Some microorganisms (pathogens) cause specific
More information2014 Pearson Education, Inc. CHAPTER 14 Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology
CHAPTER 14 Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology Symbiotic Relationships Between Microbes and Their Hosts Symbiosis means "to live together" We have symbiotic relationships with countless microorganisms
More informationAlberta Health and Wellness Public Health Notifiable Disease Management Guidelines August 2011
August 2011 Campylobacteriosis Revision Dates Case Definition Reporting Requirements Remainder of the Guideline (i.e., Etiology to References sections inclusive) August 2011 August 2011 October 2005 Case
More informationINFECTION CONTROL PRACTICES
INFECTION CONTROL PRACTICES U N D E R S T A N D I N G T H E K E Y P O I N T S Dr Nik Azman Nik Adib Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Kuala Terengganu It may seem a strange principle to enunciate as the very
More informationLEC 2, Medical biology, Theory, prepared by Dr. AYAT ALI
General Characteristics, Structure and Taxonomy of Viruses Viruses A virus is non-cellular organisms made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells. They are considered both a living
More informationBacterial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity
Bacterial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity 1 st Lecture Introduction Infection and Disease A. Definitions B. Generalized Stages of Infection C. Virulence Factors and Toxins A. Definitions Disease and Infectious
More informationEscherichia coli Verotoxigenic Infections
Revision Dates Case Definition Reporting Requirements Epidemiology/Public Health Management March 2011 May 2018 March 2011 Includes O157:H7 Case Definition Confirmed Case Laboratory confirmation of infection
More informationWritten by Kate Raines Thursday, 01 December :00 - Last Updated Thursday, 14 September :41
The human microbiome plays a vital role in overall health, and new information about it is discovered nearly every day. Defined as the sum of all microbial life living in or on the human body, the microbiome
More informationMeasles, Mumps and Rubella. Ch 10, 11 & 12
Measles, Mumps and Rubella Ch 10, 11 & 12 Measles Highly contagious viral illness First described in 7th century Near universal infection of childhood in prevaccination era Remains the leading cause of
More informationInfection Control and Asepsis. Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Infection Control and Asepsis 1 Introduction to Infection Control Nosocomial infections are acquired by patients in some kind of health care facility Center for Disease Control (CDC), the Joint Commission,
More informationPrinciples of Disease and Epidemiology Chapter 14. Biology 1009 Microbiology Johnson-Summer 2003
Principles of Disease and Epidemiology Chapter 14 Biology 1009 Microbiology Johnson-Summer 2003 Introduction Pathology, Infection and Disease Terms: Pathogen: disease causing organism Pathology: scientific
More informationRoutine endotracheal cultures for the prediction of sepsis in ventilated babies
Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1989, 64, 34-38 Routine endotracheal cultures for the prediction of sepsis in ventilated babies T A SLAGLE, E M BIFANO, J W WOLF, AND S J GROSS Department of Pediatrics,
More informationEnteric bacteria(pseudomonas+salmonella) Dr.Asem shihabi. Jumanah Nayef Abu Asbeh
15 Microbiology sheet #15 1. Gram-negative facultative anaerobic rapidly growing bacteria are divided into 2 major Lactose fermenter group which is represented by the Coliforms. 2. Lactose non-fermenter
More informationEpidemiology. Foundation of epidemiology:
Lecture (1) Dr. Ismail I. Daood Epidemiology The simple definition : Epidemiology is a lateen, Greek wards Epi (upon), on demos ( the people ), or (population) as aggregation, and logy knowledge, science
More informationANNEX I: INFECTION CONTROL GUIDELINES FOR PANDEMIC INFLUENZA MANAGEMENT
ANNEX I: INFECTION CONTROL GUIDELINES FOR PANDEMIC INFLUENZA MANAGEMENT During an influenza pandemic, adherence to infection control practices is extremely important to prevent transmission of influenza.
More information1959. These data comprise an extension. of those already reported and, in addition, In the school years 1955 through
Since 1955, an epidemiologic investigation of streptococcal infection has been conducted in three Philadelphia schools. On the basis of their findings, the investigators question the utility of school
More information-Almost one third of cases admitted to medical centers are related to urinary tract infection
Urinary tract infections: -Almost one third of cases admitted to medical centers are related to urinary tract infection -Urinary tract infection and respiratory infection together encompass about fifty
More informationWHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?
CHAPTER 7 PRINCIPLES OF DISEASE WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? How diseases are caused (etiology), how they can be characterized, and the concepts of sepsis and shock are important for developing an in-depth understanding
More informationHealth care workers and infectious diseases
Introduction Health care workers and infectious diseases Objectives 1. What is an infectious disease?? 2. What is an infection and disease?? 3. Causes of re-emerging of the problem of the infectious diseases
More informationIntroduction to Blood Borne Pathogens
Introduction to Blood Borne Pathogens What are blood pathogens? Any infectious microorganism in the human blood that can cause disease is a Blood borne pathogen. Three of these pathogens include hepatitis
More informationPolicy Objective. This policy applies to all staff employed by NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde and locum staff on fixed term contracts.
1 of 9 Policy Objective To ensure that Healthcare Workers are aware of the actions and precautions necessary to minimise the risk of outbreaks and the importance of diagnosing patients clinical conditions
More informationLESSON ASSIGNMENT. After completing this lesson, you should be able to: 7-1. Identify the common types of hepatitis.
LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 7 Hepatitis. LESSON ASSIGNMENT Paragraphs 7-1 through 7-11. LESSON OBJECTIVES After completing this lesson, you should be able to: 7-1. Identify the common types of hepatitis.
More informationCongenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
August 2011 Congenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Revision Dates Case Definition Reporting Requirements Remainder of the Guideline (i.e., Etiology to References sections inclusive) August 2011 August 2011 June
More informationOB Provider Guide to Alaska s Perinatal Hepatitis B Prevention Program
OB Provider Guide to Alaska s Perinatal Hepatitis B Prevention Program Dear Colleague, This letter is to introduce myself and explain the role I play with the Alaska Perinatal Hepatitis B Program. Alaska
More informationWashington State Department of Health (DOH) Cryptosporidium in Drinking Water Position Paper. Purpose
Washington State Department of Health (DOH) Cryptosporidium in Drinking Water Position Paper Purpose Cryptosporidium is a micro-organism which has gained increased public health significance as a result
More informationEpatite B: fertilità, gravidanza ed allattamento, aspetti clinici e terapeutici. Ivana Maida
Epatite B: fertilità, gravidanza ed allattamento, aspetti clinici e terapeutici Ivana Maida Positivity for HBsAg was found in 0.5% of tested women In the 70s and 80s, Italy was one of the European countries
More informationSOP Objective To prevent Healthcare Workers (HCWs) being a possible source of cross-infection to either patients or colleagues.
Page 1 of 11 The most up-to- version of this SOP can be viewed at the following website: SOP Objective To prevent Healthcare Workers (HCWs) being a possible source of cross-infection to either patients
More informationContraindications to breast feeding. Dr. Ahmed Isam
Contraindications to breast feeding Dr. Ahmed Isam When should a mother avoid breastfeeding? Health professionals agree that human milk provides the most complete form of nutrition for infants, including
More informationبسم الل الرحمن الرحيم الحمد لل رب العالمين والصالة والسالم على نبينا محمد خاتم األنبياء وسيد المرسلين وعلى آله وصحبه أجمعين وبعد
بسم الل الرحمن الرحيم الحمد لل رب العالمين والصالة والسالم على نبينا محمد خاتم األنبياء وسيد المرسلين وعلى آله وصحبه أجمعين وبعد Prevention and control of Communicable Diseases Communicable diseases are
More informationThe Chain of Infection
The Chain of Infection As healthcare professionals, it is important to understand two things about infection: 1.the various ways infection can be transmitted 2. the ways the infection chain can be broken
More informationU.S. Food & Drug Administration Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook
U.S. Food & Drug Administration Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook Salmonella spp. 1. Name of the Organism: Salmonella spp. Salmonella
More informationPUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE SEASONAL INFLUENZA AVIAN INFLUENZA SWINE INFLUENZA
INFLUENZA DEFINITION Influenza is an acute highly infectious viral disease characterized by fever, general and respiratory tract catarrhal manifestations. Influenza has 3 Types Seasonal Influenza Avian
More informationInfectious Diseases At A Glance in Durham Region
Infectious Diseases At A Glance in Durham Region Last Updated: November 2017 Highlights The rates of all reported infectious diseases combined are highest among youth and young adults aged 15 to 29 and
More informationSOP Objective To provide Healthcare Workers (HCWs) with details of the precautions necessary to minimise the risk of RSV cross-infection.
Page 1 of 11 SOP Objective To provide Healthcare Workers (HCWs) with details of the precautions necessary to minimise the risk of RSV cross-infection. This SOP applies to all staff employed by NHS Greater
More informationHealth Board Logo. Post SARS Outbreak Surveillance. Report of possible or probable cases (Form version 1) February 11 th 2004
Post SARS Outbreak Surveillance Report of possible or probable cases (Form version 1) February 11 th 2004 This form is to be used for persons who fit the surveillance case definition of possible or probable
More informationPrevention and Control of Healthcare-Associated Norovirus
Purpose: Audience: Policy: To prevent healthcare-associated norovirus infections in patients, employees, contract workers, volunteers, visitors and students and to control and eradicate norovirus infections
More informationCONTROL OF VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS OUTBREAKS IN CALIFORNIA LONG-TERM CARE FACILITIES
CONTROL OF VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS OUTBREAKS IN CALIFORNIA LONG-TERM CARE FACILITIES California Department of Health Services Division of Communicable Disease Control In Conjunction with Licensing and Certification
More informationMinistry of Health Standard Operating Procedures for Cholera Outbreak Detection, confirmation and management Salmonella Typhi outbreak
Ministry of Health Standard Operating Procedures for Cholera Outbreak Detection, confirmation and management Salmonella Typhi outbreak 1 P age Contents Introduction... 3 Objectives... 3 General Objective...
More informationAppendix C. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INFECTION CONTROL IN THE HEALTHCARE SETTING
Appendix C. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INFECTION CONTROL IN THE HEALTHCARE SETTING Infection Control Principles for Preventing the Spread of Influenza The following infection control principles apply in any setting
More informationNEOSPORIN G.U. Irrigant Sterile (neomycin sulfate polymyxin B sulfate solution for irrigation)
NEOSPORIN G.U. Irrigant Sterile (neomycin sulfate polymyxin B sulfate solution for irrigation) NEOSPORIN G.U.SOLUTION NOT FOR INJECTION DESCRIPTION NEOSPORIN G.U. Irrigant is a concentrated sterile antibiotic
More informationEpidemic Models. Beverly Lewis
Epidemic Models Beverly Lewis MODEL MODEL Model Cars MODEL Model Cars Architectural Models MODEL Model Cars Architectural Models Super Models For something to be a model it must meet the following conditions:
More informationPolio (Paralytic and Non-paralytic
Polio (Paralytic and Non-paralytic Infection) rev Jan 2018 Infectious Agent Poliovirus (genus Enterovirus) types, 1, 2, and 3. BASIC EPIDEMIOLOGY Transmission Poliovirus is transmitted by person-to-person
More informationAdvisory on Gastroenteritis
10 December 2018 Advisory on Gastroenteritis Background Singapore has seen a spate of four food poisoning outbreaks since November 2018, affecting more than 400 people. The most serious involved a fatality,
More informationTuscarawas County Health Department
Tuscarawas County Health Department 2017 Quarterly Report to the District Advisory Council Volume 1; Issue 4 www.tchdnow.org HOME SEWAGE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION INFORMATIONAL SESSION
More informationReading: Chapter 13 (Epidemiology and Disease) in Microbiology Demystified
Biology 100 Winter 2013 Reading Guide 02 Reading: Chapter 13 (Epidemiology and Disease) in Microbiology Demystified Directions: Fill out the reading guide as you read. Again, the reading guide is designed
More informationSmall living organism Not visible to the naked eye Must be viewed under a microscope Found everywhere in the environment, including on and in the
Small living organism Not visible to the naked eye Must be viewed under a microscope Found everywhere in the environment, including on and in the human body Many Microorganisms are part of normal flora
More informationPathogens of the Digestive System
Pathogens of the Digestive System Chapter 24 (Pages 625-661) 1. Digestive System Review (Pages 627-629) A. Oral Cavity B. Esophagus C. Stomach D. Small Intestine E. Pancreas F. Liver G. Gall Bladder H.
More informationBiology 3201 Unit 2 Reproduction: Sexually Transmitted Infections (STD s/sti s)
Biology 3201 Unit 2 Reproduction: Sexually Transmitted Infections (STD s/sti s) STI s once called venereal diseases More than 20 STIs have now been identified most prevalent among teenagers and young adults.
More informationEPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK OF INFECTION IN DENTAL SETTINGS
Module C EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK OF INFECTION IN DENTAL SETTINGS Statewide Program for Infection Control and Epidemiology (SPICE) OBJECTIVES Discuss the infectious process through review of the chain of
More informationPathogenicity of Infectious Diseases
Pathogenicity of Infectious Diseases Pathogenicity of Infectious Diseases HOST DISEASE TRIAD PATHOGEN ENVIRONMENT OTHER MICROBES Microbial Interactions KOCH'S POSTULATES Four criteria that were established
More informationHealth Care Worker (Pregnant) - Infectious Diseases Risks and Exposure
1. Purpose The purpose of this guideline is to provide accurate information on the risks to pregnant Health Care Workers (HCWs) in the event of an exposure to a transmissible infectious disease at the
More information6. SURVEILLANCE AND OUTRBREAK RESPONSE
6. SURVEILLANCE AND OUTRBREAK RESPONSE The main objective of surveillance is to detect, in a timely manner, cases of CHIK in the Americas. Early detection will allow for proper response and characterization
More informationInfection Prevention and Control (IPC)
Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) Standard Operating Procedure for CHICKENPOX (VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS) in a healthcare setting WARNING This document is uncontrolled when printed. Check local intranet
More informationDr. Alongkone Phengsavanh University of Health Sciences Vientiane, Laos
Dr. Alongkone Phengsavanh University of Health Sciences Vientiane, Laos Epidemiology: Epi = upon Demos = people Logy = study of Epidemiology is a discipline that describes, quantifies, and postulates causal
More informationUnderstanding and Confronting Emerging Disease
Understanding and Confronting Emerging Disease Michael J. Buchmeier, PhD. Professor, Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, and Div. of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, UCI Deputy
More informationCYSTIC FIBROSIS. The condition:
CYSTIC FIBROSIS Both antenatal and neonatal screening for CF have been considered. Antenatal screening aims to identify fetuses affected by CF so that parents can be offered an informed choice as to whether
More informationVIRAL HEPATITIS: SITUATION ANALYSIS AND PERSPECTIVES IN THE AFRICAN REGION. Report of the Secretariat. CONTENTS Paragraphs BACKGROUND...
8 April 2014 REGIONAL COMMITTEE FOR AFRICA ORIGINAL: ENGLISH PROGRAMME SUBCOMMITTEE Sixty-fourth session Brazzaville, Republic of Congo, 9 11 June 2014 Provisional agenda item 6 VIRAL HEPATITIS: SITUATION
More informationUnderstanding and Confronting Emerging Disease
Understanding and Confronting Emerging Disease Michael J. Buchmeier, PhD. Professor, Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, and Div. of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, UCI Deputy
More informationWhat you need to know to: Keep Yourself SAFE!
What you need to know to: Keep Yourself SAFE! What are sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)? How are they spread? What are the different types of STDs? How do I protect myself? STDs are infections or diseases
More informationAlberta Health and Wellness Public Health Notifiable Disease Management Guidelines August 2011
August 2011 Giardiasis Revision Dates Case Definition Reporting Requirements Remainder of the Guideline (i.e., Etiology to References sections inclusive) Case Definition August 2011 August 2011 October
More informationAttributed to Salad Contaminated by a
Oct., 138 An Epidemic of Typhoid Fever Attributed to Salad Contaminated by a Chronic Typhoid Carrier PAUL A. LEMBCKE, M.D., AND PAUL VON HAESSELER, M.D. State Department of Health, Albany, N. Y. EACH of
More informationEpidemiology of Lassa Fever
Epidemiology of Lassa Fever Njideka E. Kanu Department of Community Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo A lecture delivered at the Academic Seminar of University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, 14
More informationVIRAL HEPATITIS: SITUATION ANALYSIS AND PERSPECTIVES IN THE AFRICAN REGION. Report of the Secretariat. CONTENTS Paragraphs BACKGROUND...
5 November 2014 REGIONAL COMMITTEE FOR AFRICA ORIGINAL: ENGLISH Sixty-fourth session Cotonou, Republic of Benin, 3 7 November 2014 Provisional agenda item 11 VIRAL HEPATITIS: SITUATION ANALYSIS AND PERSPECTIVES
More information