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4 Viruses are entities that: 1. Contain a single type of nucleic acid, either dsdna, ssdna, dsrna or ssrna. 2. Contain a protein coat, called a capsid, (sometimes itself enclosed by an envelope of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates) that surrounds the nucleic acid; the capsid is composed of spherical protein subunits called capsomeres. 3. Multiply inside living cells by using the synthesizing machinery of the cell. 4. Cause the synthesis of specialized structures that can transfer the viral nucleic acid to other cells. 4

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6 Fig. 19.3c 6

7 Segment: Size (nt) Polypeptide(s)Name: Function PB2 Transcriptase: cap binding PB1 Transcriptase: elongation PB1-F2 IMM protein: programed cell death of monocytes PA Transcriptase: protease activity (?) HA Haemagglutinin: attachment to cell NP Nucleoprotein: RNA binding; part of transcriptase complex; nuclear/ cytoplasmic transport of vrna NA Neuraminidase: release of virus M1 Matrix protein 1: major component of virion; coats inside of membrane M2 Matrix protein 2: integral membrane protein ion channel NS1 Non-structural: nucleus; effects on cellular RNA transport, splicing, translation; anti-interferon protein. NS2(NEP) Nuclear export protein: nucleus + cytoplasm, facilitate nuclear export 7

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13 SYNTHESIS OF mrna AND crna 4. ENTRY INTO NUCLEUS 13

14 ( 500 / virion) ( 100 / virion) 14

15 HA 1 monomer Mir-Shekari, S. Yasamin et al The glycosylation of the influenza A virus hemagglutinin by mammalian cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 272 (7):

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17 Sialyllactose: NeuAcα-(2 3) or α-(2 6)- Gal-β-(1 4)-Dglucopyranose 17

18 Replaced by glutamine in avian virus strains 18

19 SYNTHESIS OF mrna AND crna 4. ENTRY INTO NUCLEUS 19

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24 Fig. 6.13a 24

25 SYNTHESIS OF mrna AND crna 4. ENTRY INTO NUCLEUS 25

26 Amantadine (Symmetrel ) and Rimantadine (Flumadine ) interfere with M1-vRNP dissociation 26

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28 SYNTHESIS OF mrna AND crna 4. ENTRY INTO NUCLEUS 28

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32 SYNTHESIS OF mrna AND crna 4. ENTRY INTO NUCLEUS 32

33 Transcription: What was happening before the virus infected the respiratory epithelial cell! 33

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48 RNA-dependent RNA synthesis: What is happening after the virus infects the respiratory epithelial cell! 48

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51 Translation: What your cell synthesizes when infected by the flu virus! 51

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61 P A Fig

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64 Fig. 6.10a 64

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77 Mir-Shekari, S. Yasamin et al The glycosylation of the influenza A virus hemagglutinin by mammalian cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 272 (7):

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80 SYNTHESIS OF mrna AND crna 4. ENTRY INTO NUCLEUS 80

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82 Fig. 19-9b 0.5 µm (b) Influenza A H5N1 virus 82

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84 Genetic Drift vs. Genetic Shift 84

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