Cambodia Australia Agricultural Extension Project. Foot and Mouth Disease Control Technical Implementation Procedure

Transcription

1 Cambodia Australia Agricultural Extension Project Foot and Mouth Disease Control Technical Implementation Procedure Murray Maclean January

2 CONTENTS 1. Description Technical Guidelines... 4 (1) Summary of Technical Guidelines... 4 (2) Notes on Technical Guidelines Economic Benefit Extension Guidelines (1) Institutional Arrangements (2) Workplan Equipment/Materials Budget Implementation Sites LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Recommendations for use of Posi-FMD trivalent vaccine produced by Pfizer.. 7 Table 2 Example Profit for the VAHW from FMD vaccination program... 8 Table 3 Financial Comparison of no control of FMD and control of FMD in a family with two working cattle over the early wet season... 9 Table 4 Financial Comparison of no control of FMD and control of FMD in a family with one breeding cow Table 5 List of materials Table 6 Implementation Budget LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Workplan for FMD Control ANNEXES Annex 1 District Manager Record Book Annex 2 Village Animal Health Worker Record Book Annex 3 Foot and Mouth Disease Information Leaflet Annex 4 Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak Awareness Leaflet or Poster Annex 5 Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccination Day Poster Annex 6 Foot and Mouth Disease Post-vaccination Leaflet Annex 7 Foot and Mouth Disease wall chart

3 1. Description Name: Date: January 2006 TIP Source: Objectives and Benefits: Technical Suitability Criteria: Foot and Mouth Disease Control Murray Maclean To improve farmers' knowledge and understanding of Foot and Mouth Disease. To improve farmer s livelihoods by preventing outbreaks of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in cattle, buffalo and pigs. Farmers benefit by avoiding the decrease in draft animal capacity that accompanies FMD outbreaks, as well as the occasional death of calves. There will be improved relations between, and improved technical and extension skills amongst other stakeholders. Current outbreaks of Foot and Mouth Disease in neighbouring communes or districts. Access to key inputs presence of an effective VAHW to provide health services. A VAHW is effective if farmers in the village know and have confidence in the VAHW to treat sick livestock. The Office of Animal Health and Production and NGOs can be a source of information on whether a village has an effective VAHW or not. Visiting the village and meeting with farmers and VAHWs is the best way to determine if the VAHW is effective. effective district livestock staff Foot and Mouth Disease vaccine Foot and Mouth Disease outbreaks occur every few years, with large areas affected. This TIP is targeted at all farmers raising cattle and buffalo and pigs, so the economic status of recipient farmers varies from poor to rich. Farmers need about 6,000 riel to vaccinate one head of cattle or buffalo, or one pig. 3

4 2. Technical Guidelines (1) Summary of Technical Guidelines i) Vaccinate your cattle and buffalo, pigs and goats with Foot and Mouth Disease vaccine when there is an outbreak in a neighbouring commune or district. ii) Be careful not to let infected animals come into contact with your uninfected animals. iii) Call the VAHW if your animals get sick (2) Notes on Technical Guidelines i) Vaccinate cattle and buffalo with Foot and Mouth Disease vaccine when there is an outbreak in a neighbouring commune or district Foot and Mouth Disease in Traditional Cambodian Farming Systems Foot and Mouth Disease in Cambodia can be caused by three different virus types. These are called Type O, A, and Asia 1. The symptoms of FMD caused by each of these virus types are the same. Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is endemic in Cambodia. It occurs in outbreak form, commonly affecting high percentages of cattle, buffalo and pigs in as it slowly spreads through affected areas. Large outbreaks usually occur at intervals of several years. The incubation period can be from 2-14 days. The virus attacks the feet, mouth and mammary glands of affected cattle and buffalo, as a result of which they have high temperature and do not eat well for a period of 1-2 weeks, so they lose weight, and produce less milk for calves. they are lame and cannot walk to grazing fields and cannot work properly for draft purposes of land preparation and cart-pulling. calves cannot drink milk easily from the cow some cows may abort The feet of affected cattle and buffalo can be further infected by bacteria and this can lengthen the period of sickness. Nearly all adult cattle and buffalo recover from the disease within a few weeks. However, a small percentage of young calves die when the disease affects their heart function. In pigs, FMD can cause death of piglets and ongoing foot and growth problems in young pigs. The virus spreads through close contact between affected and non-affected animals, or through non-affected animals coming into contact with things such as dirt or mud that contain the virus. An affected animal can spread the virus for a period of up to 10 days before it shows symptoms of disease. 4

5 Foot and Mouth Disease can cause the death of young calves when the virus attacks the muscle of the calf s heart. Many young piglets may die during an FMD outbreak, and many surviving piglets will have chronic feet problems and poor growth. There is no medicine to kill any of three viruses. However the animal can be treated to reduce the affects of the disease. Cattle and buffalo which have recovered from the disease are protected against the virus type that caused the disease, for a period of about 18 months. The cattle are not protected from the other virus types. If an animal is injected with vaccine of one virus type, in a course of two vaccines one month apart, it can be protected from disease caused by that virus type for a period of 6-12 months, depending on animal age, disease history and vaccination history. The animal is not protected from the other virus types. Some cattle and buffalo, if they have been infected with the virus type previously, may be protected for up to 12 months after one injection of vaccine. Companies make vaccines that are either single virus-type vaccines, such a O Type vaccines. These are called monovalent vaccines. several virus-type vaccines. The most commonly used in the South-East Asian region is a trivalent vaccine containing Types O, A, and Asia 1. This is called a trivalent vaccine. Trivalent vaccines are more expensive than single valent vaccines. Foot and Mouth Disease vaccines must be kept cold all the time from production until injection, or they will become ineffective. must be injected using sterile technique as with all vaccines In Cambodia, vaccines are rarely used, except in some situations where the government may provide some emergency funding. Most outbreaks keep spreading, as animal 5

6 movement often increases during outbreaks, as cattle and buffalo are moved from place to place to cover draft power requirements. During outbreaks, farmers use some traditional medicines on mouths and feet of affected animals, and some pay for injection of medicines. In general, the outbreak runs its course. The majority of farmers are aware of the symptoms of FMD, as most have seen it at some time can identify the symptoms as being FMD, or "ot kdam" in Khmer. do not understand that the regular vaccination program run by the government against Haemorrhagic Septicaemia, does not protect cattle and buffalo against FMD are not aware that there is a vaccine to prevent FMD do not like paying for vaccines, as the animals are healthy and they cannot see the benefit expect the government, or projects to pay for vaccines and services During outbreaks, the Office of Animal Health and Production may take samples from infected animals and send to the Department of Animal Health and Production to test the type of FMD. Vaccination recommendations When there is an outbreak in a neighbouring commune, farmers in villages in the noninfected commune should ask the VAHW with the village chief to organise an information and vaccination program in the village encourage other farmers to also join in the information and vaccination program give the VAHW money to buy vaccine, including travel and costs of ice. arrange so the cattle and buffalo and pigs can be vaccinated at the house, and pay additional service fees to the VAHW. vaccinate any new animals arriving in the village, either brought in or born give feedback to the VAHW and village chief on the effectiveness of the information and vaccination program in preventing disease, and review the need for further vaccinations There is a range of trivalent FMD vaccines that can be ordered through Phnom Penh veterinary retailers. Pfizer trivalent vaccine can be ordered from the Navetco agent. These come in bottle of various sizes (e.g.100cc, 50cc). Recommendations for use of the vaccine are shown in the following table. 6

7 Table 1 Recommendations for use of Posi-FMD trivalent vaccine produced by Pfizer Recommendations for Use of Posi-FMD Trivalent Vaccine Produced by Pfizer Species Dose Age of Injection Program Period of protection Cattle and buffalo 2 cc/head 4 months and older Pigs 2 cc/head 2 months and older Goats 1 c/head 3 months and older Two injections one month apart Two injections one month apart Two injections one month apart 6 months 6 months 6 months The market for vaccines The current demand for FMD vaccine is very small. In the absence of a marketing campaign, the demand will remain low. However, there are indications that demand can be increased through an aggressive marketing campaign when there is an outbreak in neighbouring areas. Foot and Mouth Disease vaccine imported from Vietnam. FMD vaccine must be kept cold until it is injected. Foot and Mouth Disease vaccine is not available at many medicine outlets, but can be easily ordered using established marketing channels. For the vaccination program to be successful there should be sufficient incentive for the VAHWs to participate. The following table gives an example of the profit for the VAHW assuming various population sizes. 7

8 Table 2 Example Profit for the VAHW from FMD vaccination program Example Profit for the VAHW from FMD Vaccination Program FMD Head % Vacc No. head Total cc bottles) Vaccine Vaccine (30 cc Cost (riel) VAHW Income VAHW Profit Draft cattle % , , ,000 Breeding cows % , , ,000 Breeding sows 10 50% ,000 60,000 12,000 Fattening pigs % , , ,000 Total ,728,000 2,160, ,000 Notes: 30 cc per bottle 72,000 riel cost per bottle 4,800 riel cost per dose to the VAHW 6,000 riel cost per vaccination to the farmer This table shows a large potential income for the VAHW, who should also receive some social benefit if the vaccination program is recognised to have prevented the disease. ii) Be careful not to let infected animals come into contact with your uninfected animals. Livestock movements are complex across time and place in Cambodian farming systems. During an FMD outbreak in the ploughing season, it is common that livestock movements increase from village to village or commune to commune as draft animals are moved around to cover shortfalls in draft power. At household level, movements during an outbreak may decrease as affected livestock are kept at the house since they cannot move easily. Given the complexity of livestock movements, each household will make their own decisions on how to manage their livestock movements when there is an outbreak in a neighbouring area. It is therefore not possible to give blanket recommendations as to what should be done to reduce contact between infected and non-infected animals. Therefore the best approach is to inform farmers of the key technical facts of transmission, being that transmission of disease occurs when an infected animal contacts closely with a non-infected animal the infected animal can spread disease for a period of up to 10 days before it shows symptoms This should make the farmer aware that FMD is a village-level problem. In other words, all farmers in the village should participate in the FMD program. If only some farmers participate, and there is an FMD outbreak in the village, then the disease can continue to spread to new animals in the village, and may even spread to some vaccinated animals. iii) Call the VAHW if your animals get sick If your animals get sick you should call the VAHW so the he can examine and treat the animal and tell you what the problem is. 8

9 3. Economic Benefit Economic analyses of FMD control in two types of households are shown. These are a household with two working cattle a household with one breeding cow In the economic analysis of the household with two working cattle, the period of analysis is a three month period over the early wet season. It is assumed that if the two working cattle are vaccinated twice, there is no disease in the cattle if the cattle are not vaccinated, they get disease. As a result, the farmer needs to hire draft animals for land preparation, and spends some money on treatments (which avoid any long-term deleterious effects on feet), and on green feed because the animals cannot leave the house to graze. It is assumed that the ploughing is done on time, and that there is no effect on paddy yield. Of course, if there is a large outbreak, the cost of draft power may rise due to lack of draft power. Additionally, seasonal conditions may occur that make the period of time available for land preparation much shorter, so rice yields may be more greatly affected. It is also assumed that while the cattle lose some weight during the period of sickness, this is largely made up during the subsequent months. This analysis shows a large potential return to investment in vaccination. It should be noted that the effects of FMD will vary according to the time of year. Table 3 Financial Comparison of no control of FMD and control of FMD in a family with two working cattle over the early wet season Financial Comparison of No Control of FMD and Control of FMD in a Family with Two Working Cattle Over the Early Wet Season Item Unit Unit Value No FMD Control No. Units Value (riel) Unit FMD Control No. Units Unit Value Value (riel) Variable Costs Land preparation ha 60, ,000 ha 60, Treatments LS 20, ,000 LS 20, FMD vaccines unit 6, unit 6, ,000 Feed kg ,000 kg Total Costs 139,000 24,000 The analysis of control in the case of a family owning one breeding cow shows a significant benefit, assuming that a calf dies if the cow is not vaccinated. 9

10 Table 4 Financial Comparison of no control of FMD and control of FMD in a family with one breeding cow Financial Comparison of No Control of FMD and Control of FMD in a Family with One Breeding Cow Item Unit Unit Value No FMD Control No. Units Value (riel) Unit FMD Control No. Units Unit Value Value (riel) Variable Costs Calf Death head 200, ,000 head 200, Treatments LS 20, ,000 LS 20, FMD vaccines unit 6, unit 6, ,000 Total Costs 220,000 12,000 These analyses should serve as a guide only, since the "no control" option will not always result in disease, and disease will not always result in death of a calf. Cattle that are affected by Foot and Mouth disease are usually kept at the house because it is painful to walk. Farmers commonly spend more time collecting feed for cattle when they are affected by Foot and Mouth Disease. 4. Extension Guidelines The extension guidelines describe a commune level extension program. These guidelines can be adapted to larger implementation areas (e.g. district, province). (1) Institutional Arrangements The participants in the extension program are i) Provincial Office of Animal Health and Production staff. A staff member at this level will be responsible for overall coordination of the extension program ii) Livestock staff of the district agriculture office, under contract to manage the program activities in the district. The chief of the district agriculture office will also have a supporting role. 10

11 iii) Village Animal Health Workers. If VAHWS are organised into an association, then the internal arrangements of the VAHW association are taken into account. For example, the head of the association would have an important role. (2) Workplan iv) Local authorities at commune and village assist with the program activities. v) Vaccine suppliers. These supply the vaccines upon order. vi) Farmers attend information events, pay for vaccines, and give feedback on the program effectiveness. The workplan extends over a period of about five months and includes planning, demonstration implementation and review and evaluation stages. Since the FMD control program is implemented in response to a disease outbreak, it can be implemented at any time of the year. An example workplan showing vaccination in May is shown. Figure 1 Workplan for FMD Control Workplan for FMD Control Program Month Activity Site Selection Commune Meetings 1, 2 and 3 Extension Phase 1 and 2 Vaccination Phase Follow-up Phase Farmer feedback meeting District Manager Monitoring Provincial Coordinator Monitoring i) Site Selection All villages in the commune should be targeted since FMD can travel from village to village. The provincial manager should be aware of local grazing management practices, such as common grazing or watering sites, and design the control program around these areas, which may not always coincide with commune boundaries. ii) Commune Meeting 1 This meeting is organised by the district manager, and attended by the commune authorities, and VAHWs. This meeting has technical component in which participants are refreshed on technical and financial aspects of FMD and the current situation of FMD in the province, district and commune. It is assumed that samples have already been collected from infected cattle or buffalo in the outbreak, and the FMD type has been has been determined. The numbers of households and livestock numbers in each village of the commune should be reviewed. 11

12 Benchmarking of the commune with respect to previous vaccination history, comparison with other communes is described and discussed. VAHWs and technical staff discuss their experiences with FMD. financial aspects of the FMD vaccination program. This includes estimates of demand for vaccine, and sharing of income and profit amongst the VAHWs. If the coupon system is going to be used, this should be discussed and agreed upon, with respect to number and distribution system. organisational component describing the program activities, and includes an extension phases, vaccination phase, and follow-up and evaluation phases. iii) Extension Phase 1 VAHWs in groups and village authorities cooperate to inform farmers through informal discussions, group meetings and distribution of awareness and technical leaflets and outbreak awareness posters of the outbreak of FMD in the neighbouring area use and cost of vaccines to control FMD that if they want to have their animals vaccinated they have to give the VAHW the cost of the vaccine so he can buy it, and pay an extra service fee when the animals are vaccinated that to be sure of protection from disease, cattle and buffalo need to be vaccinated twice, with the second vaccination one month after the first that a minimum number of farmers have to pay for the vaccine in advance to make it worthwhile for the VAHW to provide the service. VAHWs in cooperation with village authorities collect funds from the farmers to buy vaccine and keep records of the payments. iv) Commune Meeting 2 All the VAHWs meet together with the district manager again to assess the number of vaccine bottles they need to buy and deliver. Included in this should be a discussion as to whether VAHWs will buy extra vaccine bottles, beyond that funded by the farmers, in case extra farmers want to vaccinate on the day. They make a plan to order, collect, distribute and deliver the vaccine. organise extension activities organise the vaccination program v) Extension Phase 2 During this phase, VAHWs and local authorities cooperate to inform farmers about the vaccination day through informal discussions, announcement by microphone and distribution of posters. 12

13 vi) Vaccination Phase The VAHWs as groups distribute posters vaccinate animals by household collect service fees distribute post-vaccination leaflets to farmers whose animals have been vaccinated. keep vaccination records This is done twice as all animals need a second dose of vaccine one month later. The VAHW checks quickly any sick animals in the village. vii) Follow-up Phase The VAHW continues to monitor the village animal population, examines and treats sick animals and records any suspected or confirmed FMD cases and contacts the district manager if any cases occur. This continues until it is considered that the danger of an outbreak from neighbouring areas has passed, which will usually be at least 3 months. The VAHW should continue to promote vaccination and other control measures and collect funds that are owed. The VAHW should tell farmers that to be sure that cattle and buffalo which have never had the FMD disease will need another vaccination one month after the first vaccination in order to be sure that they are protected. viii) District Manager and Province Coordinator Monitoring The District manager should make regular and random visits during the extension and implementation phases to check on the activity of the VAHWs, and discuss issues with farmers. The Provincial coordinator should make at least one visit to the commune during each phase of the program, and attend the final commune meeting. ix) Farmer Feedback Meetings A public farmer feedback meeting is held in the commune to discuss the results and experiences of the vaccination program. This is organised by the district manager and local authorities and attended by farmers and VAHWs. x) Commune Meeting 3 All the VAHWs meet together with the district manager again to assess the results of the control program, with respect to farmer knowledge and participation, disease control, VAHW benefits. They should discuss strengths and weaknesses and future recommendations. 13

14 5. Equipment/Materials The following materials and equipment are needed to implement the TIP. Table 5 List of materials District manager record book VAHW record book FMD Wall charts FMD Information leaflets FMD Outbreak Awareness leaflets FMD Vaccination Day posters FMD Post-vaccination leaflets FMD Vaccine Coupons VAHW technical document The VAHW Training Manual, available at Provincial Office of Animal Health and Production is a source of information on livestock health and management issues. Examples of district manager book, VAHW record book, wall charts, leaflets, posters and coupons are shown in the Annex. The coupon system is an optional activity. The coupon system works as follows: coupons of a set number per village are distributed to farmers who fulfil certain criteria (e.g. poor farmers with a single cow) by the village chief during the extension phase. These coupons are valued at 6,000 riel (i.e. the value of one vaccine), and the value and purpose of the coupon is shown on the coupon. The village chief keeps a record of the coupon distribution and gives it to the VAHW. the farmers keep the coupons until the vaccination day arrives the farmer gives the VAHW the coupon instead of paying for the vaccine the VAHW presents the coupon at the final commune meeting and is paid according to the number of coupons. The objective of the coupon system is to enhance the extension aspects of the program and allow for use of funds targeted to certain groups in the village. It requires some administration, and financial risk from the VAHW who has to advance money to buy the vaccines and hope he gets the money back. This may suit some situations and not others, so it is an optional activity. 14

15 6. Budget Table 6 Implementation Budget Implementation Budget Item Unit Unit Value No. Units Value District staff contract unit District manager record book unit VAHW record book unit Commune Meetings Snacks person Training Materials LS Technical documents unit Extension Materials FMD information leaflet unit FMD outbreak leaflet unit FMD Vaccination Day Poster unit FMD Post-Vaccination Leaflet unit FMD Coupons unit Farmer Meetings Snacks person Wallcharts unit 7. Implementation Sites Activities similar to this have been implemented on an informal basis in several provinces (e.g. Kompong Thom), but has never received formal support. Government interventions in control of FMD at village level have usually been in the form of emergency purchases of and delivery of vaccines. 15

16 Annex 1 District Manager Record Book Foot and Mouth Disease Control Program District Manager Record Book Commune Meeting 1 Records District Manager Name and Role: Meeting Date: Province: District: Commune: No Village Name 1 FMD information leaflet 2 FMD outbreak leaflet 3 FMD Vaccination Day Poster 4 FMD Post-Vaccination Leaflet 5 FMD Coupons 6 FMD Wallcharts Participant List Vaccination Groups, and Vaccination Targets Vaccination VAHW Names buffalo) No. Cattle Target (no. and Buffalo cattle and No. Pigs Extension Material Distribution Role Vaccination Target (no. pigs) No. Vaccine Bottles Vaccine Cost (riel) 16

17 District Manager Name and Role: Meeting Date: Province: District: Commune: Foot and Mouth Disease Control Program District Manager Record Book Commune Meeting 2 Records No Village Name Vaccination Groups, and Vaccine Purchase Plan No. cattle and No. pigs buffalo paid paid for for VAHW No. families Group Names paid Participant List Role Money collected (riel) No. bottles vaccine paid for Extra bottles to buy 17

18 No Foot and Mouth Disease Control Program District Manager Record Book Commune Meeting 3 Records District Manager Name and Role: Province: District: Commune: Village Name Date of vaccination day Participant List Role Vaccination Records on Vaccination Day No. Cattle Total No. Pigs and Buffalo income vaccinated vaccinated (riel) Extension Material Distribution 1 Disease information leaflets 2 Vaccination day posters 3 Post-vaccination leaflets 4 Coupons 5 Wallcharts 1 What percentage of farmers understood about Foot and Mouth Disease? Before the extension program? After the extension program? 2 What percentage of farmers are willing to pay for FMD vaccine? Before the extension program? After the extension program? 3 Were there any disease outbreaks in cattle and buffalo after the vaccination? Give details: 4 What were the weak points of the extension program? 5 What were the strong points of the extension program? 6 How can the extension program be improved? Total owed (riel) Total cost of vaccine (riel) Total Profit (riel) 18

19 Annex 2 Village Animal Health Worker Record Book Province: District: Commune: Village: VAHW Group Members: Date: Foot and Mouth Disease Control Program Village Animal Health Worker Records Extension Phase 1 No. Family Name Amount Paid (riel) No. cattle and buffalo paid for (head) No. pigs paid for (head) Total vaccine (doses) Total vaccine (bottles) Total 19

20 Foot and Mouth Disease Control Program Village Animal Health Worker Records Vaccination and follow-up Phase Province: District: Commune: Village: VAHW Group Members: Vaccination Date: No Family Name Total No. cattle and buffalo vaccinated No. pigs vaccinated Total prepaid (riel) Total paid on vaccination (riel) Total owed (riel) 20

21 Annex 3 Foot and Mouth Disease Information Leaflet Foot and Mouth disease can make your cattle sick for 2-3 weeks. Cattle have a sore mouth, are lame, and cannot walk, or work for 2-3 weeks Vaccination can protect your cattle, buffalo and pigs from Foot and Mouth Disease Small calves do not drink milk easily and some may die when if the disease affects their heart Foot and Mouth Disease vaccine costs...riel/head Foot and Mouth Disease vaccine does not protect cattle, buffalo or pigs from other diseases Small pigs can die or grow poorly Ask the Village Animal Health Worker for more information 21

22 Annex 4 Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak Awareness Leaflet or Poster Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak! There is a Foot and Mouth Disease outbreak in... Foot and Mouth Disease may soon come to this village and infect your cattle, buffalo and pigs. The Village Animal Health Worker is arranging to vaccinate animals in the this village to protect them against the disease. The vaccine costs...riel/head. Give the money to the Village Animal Health Worker so he can buy the vaccine. 22

23 Annex 5 Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccination Day Poster Cattle and Buffalo and Pigs Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccination Day Date: Place: Time: Cost: Wait at your house and the vaccinators will come and inject your animals 23

24 Annex 6 Foot and Mouth Disease Post-vaccination Leaflet Your cattle, buffalo or pigs have been injected with Foot and Mouth Disease vaccine Foot and Mouth Disease vaccination does not protect your cattle and buffalo from other diseases, such as Haemorrhagic Septicaemia disease This will help protect your animals against Foot and Mouth Disease for 6-9 months Foot and Mouth Disease vaccination does not protect your pigs from other diseases, such as Swine Fever disease Ask the Village Animal Health Worker for more information 24

25 Annex 7 Foot and Mouth Disease wall chart Transmission from infected to non- infected animal High temperature, followed by sore mouth, feet Temperature falls, but still sore mouth and feet, with animal not happy to move Adult animals usually recover, but have lost weight 25