University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram for 2007 and 2008 Division of Medical Microbiology Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology

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1 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram for 2007 and 2008 Division of Medical Microbiology Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology This material is supported in part by unrestricted educational grants from: Abbott, Bayer HealthCare, Merck Frosst, Roche Diagnostics, and Wyeth

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3 Table of Contents Page Introduction Antibiogram Resistance Trends List of Medically Relevant Microorganisms Abbreviations for Antimicrobial Agents Antibiogram Gram-negative Tables Acinetobacter baumanii complex. 10 Burkholderia cepacia complex Citrobacter freundii complex Citrobacter koseri Enterobacter aerogenes Enterobacter cloacae Escherichia coli (including ESBLs) Haemophilus influenzae Klebsiella species (including ESBLs ). 15 Morganella morganii Proteus mirabilis.. 16 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Serratia marcesens Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Gram-positive Tables Enterococcus species (including VRE) Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin susceptible; MSSA) 20 Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin resistant; MRSA) 21 Staphylococcus species, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus lugdunensis Viridans group streptococci. 23 Streptococcus anginosis group 23 Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pyogenes Candida species

4 Table of Contents 2007 Antibiogram Page Gram-negative Tables Acinetobacter baumanii complex. 27 Burkholderia cepacia complex Citrobacter freundii complex Citrobacter koseri Enterobacter aerogenes Enterobacter cloacae Escherichia coli (including ESBLs) Haemophilus influenzae Klebsiella species (including ESBLs ). 32 Morganella morganii Proteus mirabilis.. 33 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Serratia marcesens Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Gram-positive Tables Enterococcus species (including VRE) Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin susceptible; MSSA) 37 Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin resistant; MRSA) 38 Staphylococcus species, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus lugdunensis Viridans group streptococci. 40 Streptococcus anginosis group. 40 Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pyogenes Candida species

5 Introduction The antibiogram is an annual cumulative report of the antimicrobial susceptibility rates of common microbial pathogens to antimicrobials available on the hospital formulary. This report represents the local microbial epidemiology of the University of Alberta (UAH), Stollery Childrens Hospital, and the Cross Cancer Institute (CCI), and is intended to be used as a guideline to direct empiric antimicrobial therapy. Antibiograms are generated by the compilation of susceptibility results from all first clinical isolates of a specific pathogen recovered from an individual patient per calendar year. That is, only the first isolate within a 14-day period, regardless of specimen type or body site, is selected for analysis. The rationale for this referral period is based on the need to represent wild-type susceptibility profiles and avoid over-representing antimicrobial resistance that may develop de novo during a patient s prolonged hospital stay. Susceptibility rates for patient groups (ie. age or ward location) represented by less than 10 isolates of a pathogen were not calculated due to the limited statistical relevance; in fact, rates derived from less than 30 isolates are of limited statistical value and should be interpreted carefully. This antibiogram handbook contains summary data for the years 2008 and 2007, presented in that order. Notable antimicrobial resistance trends are summarized below and are also included as footnotes after appropriate antibiogram tables. A tremendous amount of effort goes into the creation of this document each year and the effort of the entire medical microbiology technologist staff is truly appreciated. In particular, we would like to acknowledge Linda Rosmus, Joyce Rushton, Stacey Vachon, and Sophie Chlebek, for their sizable contributions. Also, we would like to acknowledge Dr. Darren Hudson, UAH, for taking a lead role in the development of turnkey electronic approach to the antibiogram data analyses that has significantly improved the time and effort required for the production of this document. The antibiogram is available in PDF format on the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology websites below: A CD-ROM application for handheld electronic devices has also been made available through Dr. Darren Hudson, RADogs Productions Inc., and the kind support of Wyeth. Inquiries and feedback may be directed to Dr. Jeff Fuller, Division of Medical Microbiology, at jeff.fuller@capitalhealth.ca. 4

6 Antibiogram Resistance Trends Enterobacteriaceae: Enterobacter, Citrobacter, and Serratia species may develop broad-spectrum β-lactam resistance during prolonged therapy. This resistance phenotype may develop during β-lactam therapy and confers resistance to all β-lactams except for imipenem and meropenem. These pathogens are also intrinsically resistant to ampicillin, cefazolin, and cefuroxime. The extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) resistance phenotype confers resistance to all third-generation cephalosporins and, in many cases, piperacillin-tazobactam. ESBL-positive Escherichia coli isolation rates have increased significantly in the last several years; <1% in 2005, 2.5% in 2006, 5.2% in 2007, and 3.6% in A significant proportion of ESBL-positive E. coli are also resistant to other antibiotic classes including the quinolones (83%), aminoglycosides (43%), and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (68%); 2008 data. Klebsiella ESBL prevalence also seems to be on the rise with isolation rates of 2.3%, 3.4%, and 4.2% in 2006, 2007, and 2008, respectively. Cross-resistance rates in 2008 to the quinolones, aminoglycosides, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were 31%, 28%, and 37%, respectively. Enterococcus species: Resistance rates in clinically relevant enterococci have not changed significantly over the last four years. However, periodic hospital outbreaks of vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE) increase the risk of serious infections with resistant erterococci. It is important to recognize that identification of enterococci to the species level is only performed for sterile site isolates but vancomycin resistance is confirmed for all clinically relevant isolates, regardless of specimen site. In 2008, resistance to vancomycin was 2%, which included 3 VRE bacteremic episodes and 29 non-sterile site isolates, primarily urine specimens. Similar findings were observed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Resistance rates in P. aeruginosa have remained relatively unchanged for over four years of surveillance in patients with and without cystic fibrosis and in both adult and pediatric populations. Resistance in 2008 was 14% to ceftazidime, 30% to ciprofloxacin, 27% to gentamicin, 22% to imipenem, and 12% to piperacillin. 5

7 Staphylococcus aureus: Resistance and isolation rates of S. aureus (ie. MSSA) remain relatively stable. However, the prevalence of methicillinresistant S.aureus (MRSA) isolates, which are resistant to all β-lactam antibiotics, has increased over the past several years. MRSA strains may be referred to as community-associated (CA) or hospital-associated (HA) which, in the context of this antibiogram, primarily differ based on the degree of non-β-lactam antibiotic resistance. CA-MRSA tend to be more predictably susceptible to clindamycin, gentamicin, and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole than HA-MRSA but this distinction technically requires molecular genotyping that is not routinely available. The annual isolation rate of MRSA relative to all S. aureus from 2004 to 2008 was 4%, 7%, 18%, 25%, and 28%, respectively. In 2008, 529 (470 Adult, 59 Pediatric) MRSA isolates were identified with susceptibility testing but genotype data is available only for the subset displayed in the table; no linezolid resistance and only one isolate with intermediate vancomycin resistance (VISA) were detected. Similarly, 438 (414 Adult, 24 Pediatric) MRSA were identified in 2007 and all were susceptible to linezolid and vancomycin. CA-MRSA resistance to clindamycin was 12% in 2007 (n=73) and increased to 29% in 2008 (n=100) while resistance to gentamicin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in remained less than 5%, similar to MSSA. Streptococcus pneumoniae: As of 2008, penicillin susceptibility interpretations for all pneumococcal isolates are reported in three categories to account for penicillin pharmacodynamics in cases of meningitis, non-meningeal infections, or oral penicillin V therapy; resistance for 2008 was 14%, 4%, and 14%, respectively. Similarly, ceftriaxone rates for meningeal and non-meningeal infections were 6% and 2%, respectively. Note, these rates do not reflect actual cases of pneumococcal meningitis. Resistance to the macrolides in S. pneumoniae is a global problem; Canadian rates have been steadily increasing for the past decade and reached ~25% in This is mirrored by our hospital rate, which has increased from 14% in 2006, to 20% in 2007, to 26% in No vancomycin resistance has been detected to date in S. pneumoniae. Trimethoprimsulphamethoxazole resistance has remained stable at ~25% for the last several years and quinolone resistance is rare. Candida species: C. albicans and C. glabrata comprise more than 80% of all Candida isolated from sterile-sites. This has remained unchanged since 2005 when UAH yeast susceptibility results were first published. C. albicans are predictably susceptible to most antifungal agents. However, C. glabrata exhibit significant resistance to fluconazole (30%), which is consistent with global resistance rates. 6

8 Medically Relevant Pathogens Based on Gram Morphology Gram-negative bacilli Lactose Fermenters Non-lactose Fermenters Glucose Non-fermenters Escherichia coli Serratia marcescens Pseudomonas aeruginosa Klebsiella pneumoniae Proteus mirabilis Pseudomonas species Klebsiella oxytoca Morganella morganii Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Enterobacter cloacae Aeromonas species Acinetobacter baumanii complex Citrobacter freundii complex Providencia rettgeri Achromobacter species Enterobacter aerogenes Providencia stuartii Burkholderia cepacia Citrobacter koseri Salmonella species Chryseobacterium species Gram-positive Cocci Gram-positive Cocci in Chains Enterococcus species Streptococcus species, including: Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B) Streptococcus pneumoniae Viridans group streptococci Streptococcus anginosus group Gram-positive Cocci in Clumps Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus species, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus lugdunensis Micrococcus species Aerococcus species Rothia mucilaginosus 7

9 Abbreviation Glossary for Antimicrobials Antimicrobial Abbreviation Antimicrobial Abbreviation Amikacin AMK Gentamicin GEN Ampicillin AMP Gentamicin Synergy GM500 Amphotericin B AMB Imipenem IMI Caspofungin CASP Levofloxacin LEV Cefazolin FAZ Linezolid LNZ Ceftriaxone CRO Meropenem MERO Ceftazidime CAZ Nitrofurantoin NIT Cefuroxime CXM Penicillin PEN Ciprofloxacin CIP Pipercillin PIP Clindamycin CLIN Rifampin RIF Cloxacillin CLOX Tetracycline TET Colistin COL Ticarcillin-clavulanic acid TIM Doxycycline DOXY Tobramycin TOB Erythromycin ERY Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole SXT Fluconazole FLUC Vancomycin VAN Flucytosine 5-FC Voriconazole VORI 8

10 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram Antibiogram Tables 9

11 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2008 Acinetobacter baumanni complex All Specimen Sources CAZ CIP COL GEN IMI TOB SXT % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED Burkholderia cepacia complex All Specimen Sources CAZ CIP GEN IMI MERO PIP SXT CF Patients % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED

12 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2008 Citrobacter freundii complex % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS < 17 years # SUS # TESTED Citrobacter koseri % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED Enterobacter, Citrobacter, and Serratia species may develop broad-spectrum β-lactam resistance during prolonged therapy. This resistance phenotype may develop during β-lactam therapy and confers resistance to all β-lactams except for imipenem and meropenem. These pathogens are also intrinsically resistant to ampicillin, cefazolin, and cefuroxime. 11

13 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2008 Enterobacter aerogenes % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED Enterobacter cloacae All Patients % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS < 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS UAH 3C3/3C4 # SUS # TESTED Enterobacter, Citrobacter, and Serratia species may develop broad-spectrum β-lactam resistance during prolonged therapy. This resistance phenotype may develop during β-lactam therapy and confers resistance to all β-lactams except for imipenem and meropenem. These pathogens are also intrinsically resistant to ampicillin, cefazolin, and cefuroxime. 12

14 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2008 Escherichia coli All Patients % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS < 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS UAH 3C3/3C4 # SUS # TESTED % SUS CCI # SUS # TESTED Escherichia coli - ESBL Producers % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED The extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) resistance phenotype confers resistance to all third-generation cephalosporins and, in many cases, piperacillin-tazobactam. ESBL-positive E. coli isolation rates have increased significantly in the last several years; <1% in 2005, 2.5% in 2006, 5.2% in 2007, and 3.6% in A significant number of ESBL E. coli are also resistant to other antibiotic classes including quinolones (83%), aminoglycosides (43%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (68%); 2008 data. 13

15 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2008 Haemophilus influenzae All Specimen Sources AMP CRO CXM SXT % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS < 17 years # SUS # TESTED

16 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2008 Klebsiella species All Patients % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS < 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS UAH 3C3/3C4 # SUS # TESTED % SUS CCI # SUS # TESTED Klebsiella species - ESBL Producers % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED The extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) resistance phenotype confers resistance to all third-generation cephalosporins and, in many cases, piperacillin-tazobactam. Klebsiella ESBL prevalence seems to be on the rise with isolation rates of 2.3%, 3.4%, and 4.2% in 2006, 2007, and 2008, respectively. Cross-resistance rates in 2008 to the quinolones, aminoglycosides, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were 31%, 28%, and 37%, respectively. 15

17 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2008 Morganella morganii % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED Proteus mirabilis % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS < 17 years # SUS # TESTED

18 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2008 Pseudomonas aeruginosa All Specimen Sources AMK CAZ CIP GEN IMI MERO PIP TOB All Patients % SUS # SUS ALL Ages # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS < 17 years # SUS # TESTED Non-CF Patients % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS >17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS < 17 years # SUS # TESTED CF Patients % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS < 17 years # SUS # TESTED UAH 3C3/3C4 % SUS # SUS # TESTED Resistance rates in P. aeruginosa have remained relatively unchanged for over four years of surveillance in patients with and without cystic fibrosis and in both adult and paediatric populations. 17

19 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2008 Serratia marcescens % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED Enterobacter, Citrobacter, and Serratia species may develop broad-spectrum β-lactam resistance during prolonged therapy. This resistance phenotype may develop during β-lactam therapy and confers resistance to all β-lactams except for imipenem and meropenem. These pathogens are also intrinsically resistant to ampicillin, cefazolin, and cefuroxime. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia All Specimen Sources DOXY TIM SXT All Patients % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS < 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS UAH 3C3/3C4 # SUS # TESTED

20 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2008 Enterococcus species All Specimen Sources AMP CIP GM500 LNZ NIT VAN All Patients % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS < 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS UAH 3C3/3C4 # SUS # TESTED % SUS CCI # SUS # TESTED Enterococcus faecalis Blood Specimens AMP CIP GM500 LNZ NIT* VAN % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED Enterococcus faecium Blood Specimens AMP CIP GM500 LNZ NIT* VAN % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED *, for urninary tract infections only Resistance rates in enterococci have not changed significantly over the last four years. However, the potential for resistance to vancomycin (VRE) is now a much greater concern. Enterococcal species identification is only performed for sterile site isolates but vancomycin resistance is confirmed for all clinically relevant isolates, regardless of specimen site. In 2008, resistance to vancomycin was 2%, which included 3 VRE bacteremic episodes and 29 non-sterile site isolates, primarily urine specimens. Similar findings were observed in

21 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2008 Staphylococcus aureus - MSSA All Specimen Sources CIP CLIN CLOX ERY GEN LNZ NIT RIF SXT TET VAN All Patients % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS < 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS UAH 3C3/3C4 # SUS # TESTED % SUS UAH 3C2 # SUS # TESTED % SUS CCI # SUS # TESTED

22 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2008 Staphylococcus aureus - MRSA All Specimen Sources CIP CLIN CLOX ERY GEN LNZ NIT RIF SXT TET VAN % SUS Community-associated # SUS # TESTED % SUS Hospital-associated # SUS # TESTED Resistance and isolation rates of S. aureus (ie. MSSA) remain relatively stable. However, the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA) isolates, which are resistant to all β-lactam antibiotics, has increased over the past several years. MRSA strains may be referred to as communityassociated (CA) or hospital-associated (HA) which, in the context of this antibiogram, primarily differ based on the degree of non-β-lactam antibiotic resistance. CA-MRSA tend to be more predictably susceptible to clindamycin, gentamicin, and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole than HA- MRSA but this distinction technically requires molecular genotyping that is not routinely available. The annual isolation rate of MRSA relative to all S. aureus from 2004 to 2008 was 4%, 7%, 18%, 25%, and 28%, respectively. In 2008, 529 (470 Adult, 59 Pediatric) MRSA isolates were identified with susceptibility testing but genotype data is available only for the subset displayed in the table; no linezolid resistance and only one isolate with intermediate vancomycin resistance (VISA) were detected. Similarly, 438 (414 Adult, 24 Pediatric) MRSA were identified in 2007 and all were susceptible to linezolid and vancomycin. CA-MRSA resistance to clindamycin was 12% in 2007 (n=73) and increased to 29% in 2008 (n=100) while resistance to gentamicin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in remained less than 5%, similar to MSSA. 21

23 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2008 Staphylococcus species, coagulase-negative All Specimen Sources FAZ CIP CLIN CLOX ERY GEN NIT PEN SXT VAN All Patients % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years old # SUS # TESTED % SUS UAH 3C3/3C4 < 17 years old # SUS # TESTED % SUS # SUS # TESTED Staphylococcus lugdunensis All Specimen Sources FAZ CIP CLIN CLOX ERY GEN NIT PEN SXT VAN % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED

24 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2008 Viridans Group Streptococci All Specimen Sources CRO PEN VAN ALL Ages > 17 years < 17 years % SUS # SUS # TESTED % SUS # SUS # TESTED % SUS # SUS # TESTED Streptococcus anginosis group All Specimen Sources CRO PEN VAN % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED

25 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2008 Streptococcus pneumoniae CRO CRO DOXY ERY LEV MERO PEN PEN PEN SXT VAN All Specimen Sources (M) (NM) (M) (NM) (PO) All Patients % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years old # SUS # TESTED % SUS < 17 years old # SUS UAH 3C3/3C4 M, meningitis; NM, non-meningitis; PO, oral administration. # TESTED % SUS # SUS # TESTED As of 2008, penicillin susceptibility interpretations for all pneumococcal isolates are reported in three categories to account for penicillin pharmacodynamics in cases of meningitis, non-meningeal infections, or oral penicillin V therapy; resistance for 2008 was 14%, 4%, and 14%, respectively. Similarly, ceftriaxone rates for meningeal and non-meningeal infections were 6% and 2%, respectively. Note, these rates do not reflect actual cases of pneumococcal meningitis. Resistance to the macrolides in S. pneumoniae is a global problem; Canadian rates have been steadily increasing for the past decade and reached ~25% in This is mirrored by our hospital rate, which has increased from 14% in 2006, to 20% in 2007, to 26% in No vancomycin resistance has been detected to date in S. pneumoniae. Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole resistance has remained stable at ~25% for the last several years and quinolone resistance is rare. Streptococcus pyogenes All Specimen Sources CLIN ERY PEN % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED

26 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2008 Candida species All Specimen Sources AMB 5-FC ITRA FLUC VORI CASP C. albicans % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED C. glabrata % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED C. parapsilosis % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED C. tropicalis % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED C. albicans and C. glabrata comprise more than 80% of all Candida isolated from sterile-sites. This has remained unchanged since 2005 when UAH yeast susceptibility results were first published. C. albicans are predictably susceptible to most antifungal agents. However, C. glabrata exhibit significant resistance to fluconazole (30%), which is consistent with global resistance rates. 25

27 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram Antibiogram Tables 26

28 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2007 Acinetobacter baumanni complex All Specimen Sources CAZ CIP COL GEN IMI TOB SXT % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED Burkholderia cepacia complex All Specimen Sources CAZ CIP GEN IMI MERO PIP SXT CF Patients % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS < 17 years # SUS # TESTED

29 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2007 Citrobacter freundii complex % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS < 17 years # SUS # TESTED Citrobacter koseri % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED Enterobacter, Citrobacter, and Serratia species may develop broad-spectrum β-lactam resistance during prolonged therapy. This resistance phenotype may develop during β-lactam therapy and confers resistance to all β-lactams except for imipenem and meropenem. These pathogens are also intrinsically resistant to ampicillin, cefazolin, and cefuroxime. 28

30 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2007 Enterobacter aerogenes % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED Enterobacter cloacae All Patients % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS < 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS UAH 3C3/3C4 # SUS # TESTED Enterobacter, Citrobacter, and Serratia species may develop broad-spectrum β-lactam resistance during prolonged therapy. This resistance phenotype may develop during β-lactam therapy and confers resistance to all β-lactams except for imipenem and meropenem. These pathogens are also intrinsically resistant to ampicillin, cefazolin, and cefuroxime. 29

31 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2007 Escherichia coli All Patients % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS < 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS UAH 3C3/3C4 # SUS # TESTED % SUS CCI # SUS # TESTED Escherichia coli - ESBL Producers % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED The extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) resistance phenotype confers resistance to all third-generation cephalosporins and, in many cases, piperacillin-tazobactam. ESBL-positive E. coli isolation rates have increased significantly in the last several years; <1% in 2005, 2.5% in 2006, 5.2% in 2007, and 3.6% in A significant number of ESBL E. coli are also resistant to other antibiotic classes including quinolones (83%), aminoglycosides (43%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (68%); 2008 data. 30

32 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2007 Haemophilus influenzae All Specimen Sources AMP CRO CXM SXT % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS < 17 years # SUS # TESTED

33 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2007 Klebsiella species All Patients % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS < 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS UAH 3C3/3C4 # SUS # TESTED % SUS CCI # SUS # TESTED Klebsiella species - ESBL Producers % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED The extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) resistance phenotype confers resistance to all third-generation cephalosporins and, in many cases, piperacillin-tazobactam. Klebsiella ESBL prevalence seems to be on the rise with isolation rates of 2.3%, 3.4%, and 4.2% in 2006, 2007, and 2008, respectively. Cross-resistance rates in 2008 to the quinolones, aminoglycosides, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were 31%, 28%, and 37%, respectively. 32

34 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2007 Morganella morganii % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED Proteus mirabilis % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS < 17 years # SUS # TESTED

35 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2007 Pseudomonas aeruginosa All Specimen Sources AMK CAZ CIP GEN IMI MERO PIP TOB All Patients % SUS # SUS ALL Ages # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS < 17 years # SUS # TESTED Non-CF Patients % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS >17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS < 17 years # SUS # TESTED CF Patients % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS < 17 years # SUS # TESTED UAH 3C3/3C4 % SUS # SUS # TESTED Resistance rates in P. aeruginosa have remained relatively unchanged for over four years of surveillance in patients with and without cystic fibrosis and in both adult and paediatric populations. 34

36 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2007 Serratia marcescens All Patients % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS < 17 years # SUS # TESTED Enterobacter, Citrobacter, and Serratia species may develop broad-spectrum β-lactam resistance during prolonged therapy. This resistance phenotype may develop during β-lactam therapy and confers resistance to all β-lactams except for imipenem and meropenem. These pathogens are also intrinsically resistant to ampicillin, cefazolin, and cefuroxime. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia All Specimen Sources DOXY TIM SXT All Patients % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS < 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS UAH 3C3/3C4 # SUS # TESTED

37 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2007 Enterococcus species All Specimen Sources AMP CIP GM500 LNZ NIT VAN All Patients % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS < 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS UAH 3C3/3C4 # SUS # TESTED % SUS CCI # SUS # TESTED Enterococcus faecalis Blood Specimens AMP CIP GM500 LNZ NIT* VAN % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED Enterococcus faecium Blood Specimens AMP CIP GM500 LNZ NIT* VAN % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED *, for urninary tract infections only Resistance rates in enterococci have not changed significantly over the last four years. However, the potential for resistance to vancomycin (VRE) is now a much greater concern. Enterococcal species identification is only performed for sterile site isolates but vancomycin resistance is confirmed for all clinically relevant isolates, regardless of specimen site. In 2008, resistance to vancomycin was 2%, which included 3 VRE bacteremic episodes and 29 non-sterile site isolates, primarily urine specimens. Similar findings were observed in

38 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2007 Staphylococcus aureus MSSA All Specimen Sources FAZ CIP CLIN CLOX ERY GEN LNZ NIT PEN SXT VAN All Patients % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS < 17 years # SUS # TESTED % SUS UAH 3C3/3C4 # SUS # TESTED % SUS UAH 3C2 # SUS # TESTED % SUS CCI # SUS # TESTED

39 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2007 Staphylococcus aureus - MRSA All Specimen Sources CIP CLIN CLOX ERY GEN LNZ NIT RIF TET SXT VAN % SUS Community-associated # SUS # TESTED % SUS Hospital-associated # SUS # TESTED Resistance and isolation rates of S. aureus (ie. MSSA) remain relatively stable. However, the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA) isolates, which are resistant to all β-lactam antibiotics, has increased over the past several years. MRSA strains may be referred to as communityassociated (CA) or hospital-associated (HA) which, in the context of this antibiogram, primarily differ based on the degree of non-β-lactam antibiotic resistance. CA-MRSA tend to be more predictably susceptible to clindamycin, gentamicin, and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole than HA- MRSA but this distinction technically requires molecular genotyping that is not routinely available. The annual isolation rate of MRSA relative to all S. aureus from 2004 to 2008 was 4%, 7%, 18%, 25%, and 28%, respectively. In 2008, 529 (470 Adult, 59 Pediatric) MRSA isolates were identified with susceptibility testing but genotype data is available only for the subset displayed in the table; no linezolid resistance and only one isolate with intermediate vancomycin resistance (VISA) were detected. Similarly, 438 (414 Adult, 24 Pediatric) MRSA were identified in 2007 and all were susceptible to linezolid and vancomycin. CA-MRSA resistance to clindamycin was 12% in 2007 (n=73) and increased to 29% in 2008 (n=100) while resistance to gentamicin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in remained less than 5%, similar to MSSA. 38

40 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2007 Staphylococcus species, coagulase-negative All Specimen Sources FAZ CIP CLIN CLOX ERY GEN NIT PEN SXT VAN All Patients % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years old # SUS # TESTED % SUS UAH 3C3/3C4 < 17 years old # SUS # TESTED % SUS # SUS # TESTED Staphylococcus lugdunensis All Specimen Sources FAZ CIP CLIN CLOX ERY GEN NIT PEN SXT VAN % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years # SUS # TESTED

41 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2007 Viridans Group Streptococci All Specimen Sources CRO PEN VAN ALL Ages > 17 years < 17 years % SUS # SUS # TESTED % SUS # SUS # TESTED % SUS # SUS # TESTED Streptococcus anginosis group All Specimen Sources CRO PEN VAN % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED

42 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2007 Streptococcus pneumoniae All Specimen Sources CRO ERY LEV MERO PEN SXT VAN All Patients % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED % SUS > 17 years old # SUS # TESTED % SUS UAH 3C3/3C4 < 17 years old # SUS # TESTED % SUS # SUS # TESTED As of 2008, penicillin susceptibility interpretations for all pneumococcal isolates are reported in three categories to account for penicillin pharmacodynamics in cases of meningitis, non-meningeal infections, or oral penicillin V therapy; resistance for 2008 was 14%, 4%, and 14%, respectively. Similarly, ceftriaxone rates for meningeal and non-meningeal infections were 6% and 2%, respectively. Note, these rates do not reflect actual cases of pneumococcal meningitis. Resistance to the macrolides in S. pneumoniae is a global problem; Canadian rates have been steadily increasing for the past decade and reached ~25% in This is mirrored by our hospital rate, which has increased from 14% in 2006, to 20% in 2007, to 26% in No vancomycin resistance has been detected to date in S. pneumoniae. Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole resistance has remained stable at ~25% for the last several years and quinolone resistance is rare. Streptococcus pyogenes All Specimen Sources CLIN ERY PEN % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED

43 University of Alberta Hospital Antibiogram 2007 Candida species All Specimen Sources AMB 5-FC ITRA FLUC VORI CASP C. albicans % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED C. glabrata % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED C. parapsilosis % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED C. tropicalis % SUS ALL Ages # SUS # TESTED C. albicans and C. glabrata comprise more than 80% of all Candida isolated from sterile-sites. This has remained unchanged since 2005 when UAH yeast susceptibility results were first published. C. albicans are predictably susceptible to most antifungal agents. However, C. glabrata exhibit significant resistance to fluconazole (30%), which is consistent with global resistance rates. 42

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