STUDENT HEALTH CONDITIONS Douglas County School District

Transcription

1 STUDENT HEALTH CONDITIONS Douglas County School District CHICKENPOX (VARICELLA) AND SHINGLES (HERPES ZOSTER) Chickenpox is a highly contagious viral illness. The virus remains inactive in the person s nerve cells after chickenpox resolves. Reactivation can occur later in life resulting in shingles. A vaccinated person may get chickenpox as a mild illness with fewer lesions. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Itchy rash (small flat spots that become blister like and then scab over) Rash more on trunk than extremities Fever Crops of lesions appear over several days resulting in a rash in various stages Fatigue SHINGLES SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Painful rash on one side of the body Chickenpox: 10 to 21 days (usually 14 16) Chickenpox is spread through the air when an infected person coughs and/or sneezes or by direct contact with the rash of an infected person. Direct contact with a shingles rash can cause chickenpox in persons not immune to chickenpox. Acetaminophen containing medicines are recommended to lower temperature or reduce discomfort as necessary. An antiviral medication may be given to persons at increased risk of severe disease. Exclude all students and/or staff with chickenpox until all blisters have formed scabs and crusted (minimum of 5 days). Persons with shingles may attend school if the rash is covered. Frequent hand washing Proper disposal of tissues and other items contaminated with secretions Stay home when sick and avoid contact with others

2 COMMON COLD Many viruses can cause the common cold. The common cold is an upper respiratory illness characterized by the symptoms below, lasting two to seven days. Fever is uncommon in children over 3 and is rare in adults. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Runny or stuffy nose Sneezing Coughing Chills Sore throat Fatigue About 1 to 3 days (usually 48 hours). People are contagious for about 1 day before symptoms appear and until 5 days after the first signs of illness. The common cold is spread through respiratory secretions of an infected person. Contact with hands, tissues and other articles contaminated with discharges of ill people can spread the virus. TREATMENT Treatment should be specific to symptoms. ASPIRIN SHOULD NOT BE GIVEN TO CHILDREN. No Unless the child has severe symptoms such as a fever over 100 Frequent hand washing Cover cough Proper disposal of tissues and other items contaminated with secretions Stay home when sick and avoid contact with others

3 CROUP Croup refers to the swelling around the vocal cords and other parts of the upper and middle airway that causes a harsh repetitive cough similar to a seal barking. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Sharp barking cough (usually at night) Labored or noisy breathing Fever Ranges from 2 7 days Transmission may occur through contact with contaminated surfaces, hands, used tissues or other articles soiled by nose and throat secretions. There is no antibiotic treatment for a viral infection. No It is recommended that children experience acute respiratory symptoms stay home until they are better. Frequent hand washing Cover cough Proper disposal of tissues and other items contaminated with secretions Stay home when sick and avoid contact with others

4 FIFTH DISEASE (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM) Fifth Disease is a mild viral illness that produces a distinctive red rash on the face body, arms and legs. Outbreaks typically occur in late winter and early spring. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS : Low grade fever Headache Cold like symptoms Rash A classic slapped cheek red facial rash appears. The facial rash fades within 4 5 days and is followed by a rose colored rash on the extremities and trunk. The rash typically fades to a lace like appearance. The rash may last days or weeks and may reappear months later, especially in response to sunlight, temperature extremes, exercise or trauma. Older children and adults may also have swollen/ painful joints days but may be as long as 21 days Transmission is through direct contact with nose and throat secretions. Transmission can also occur through contact with surfaces contaminated by these secretions. There is no specific treatment. No School exclusion is not indicated as the student is contagious before symptoms appear and no longer contagious once the rash appears. Frequent hand washing Proper disposal of tissues and other items contaminated with secretions

5 HAND, FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE Hand, foot and mouth disease is a common viral illness caused by several types of enteroviruses. It has no relationship to Hoof and Mouth Disease of Cattle. Outbreaks usually occur in summer and early fall and although it is usually a disease of children, it can affect all age groups. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Painful sores or ulcers in the mouth, small blisters or red spots on the palms and soles of the feet and between the fingers and toes Low grade fever Poor appetite Sore throat Malaise Sores can be found on the knees, elbows and buttocks INCUBATION PERIOD : 3 6 days Person to person through direct contact with nose or mouth secretions or stool of infected persons There is no specific treatment No Unless excessive drooling Good hand washing Wash surfaces that may be contaminated with secretions

6 HEAD LICE (PEDICULOSIS) Head lice are common among children in all socioeconomic groups and are not a health hazard or sign of uncleanliness. Lice are the size of a sesame seed and feed on small amounts of blood. Lice lay oval shaped eggs (nits) that are firmly attached to hair close to the scalp. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS : Itching behind the ears and above the neck Some people will show no symptoms Nits hatch in days. Adults live 3 4 weeks Head lice are spread by direct contact with the head of an infested person or by contact with items used by an infested person (such as combs, brushes and hats). Lice cannot hop or fly. Over the counter and prescription treatments are available. Treatment instructions should be followed closely. Nits can survive treatment, so a second treatment is often needed 7 to 10 days after the first treatment. Removing nits from the hair using a nit comb is recommended. Children should be excluded with an active infestation from the end of the school day until after the first treatment. Nits need not be removed although recommended. Do not share hats, combs, brushes, scarves or coats. Shampoo the child s hair (and other infested family members) with an appropriate shampoo or cream rinse that is labeled for controlling lice. These and other products are available at your local drug store or may be prescribed by a doctor. Be sure to follow the instructions on the label!! Do not use remedies or products that are not labeled for controlling lice as these may not work and may even be harmful. Be sure to shampoo all affected family members at the same time! Any family member with nits (eggs) in their hair, or with an itchy scalp, should be treated. After shampooing, family members should change into clean clothes. Wash all dirty clothing, linens and towels in a hot or warm wash cycle. Non washable items may be dry cleaned, or they may be vacuumed and sealed in plastic bags for 2 weeks. Soak combs, brushes, hair picks, etc. in hot (almost boiling) water for at least 15 minutes. Vacuum chairs, couches and other furniture where the children sit, sleep or play in order to pick up any loose nits or lice. You do not need to apply household pesticides. Be sure to shampoo everyone once again 7 to 10 days later. The timing is very important. In addition, remember to wash dirty clothes, vacuum furniture, and treat combs and brushes on the same day. To better your chances for a successful treatment, take the time to remove nits from your child s hair, preferably by using nit combs that are available at local drug stores. Nit removal is important as some of the eggs will survive the shampoo treatments.

7 HIVES Hives are red and sometimes itchy bumps on skin. An allergic reaction to a drug, food or other allergen can cause them. Hives are caused by the body releasing histamines in response to an allergen. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Slightly raised, pink or red swelling on the skin Welts that occur alone or in a group N/A N/A Cool water applied to the area can help relieve itching Antihistamines can be prescribed to relieve symptoms No N/A If welts cover more than one body part, such as arms and torso, face and arms, etc... Consider Life Threatening Allergy plan.

8 IMPETIGO Impetigo is a skin infection caused by streptococcal or staphylococcal bacteria. It can occur in people of any age, but is more common in children. Impetigo can affect skin anywhere on the body, although it most often occurs on the face. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Itchy skin where tiny blisters develop Blisters eventually burst to reveal areas of red skin that may weep fluid Most commonly found on the arms, legs and face 7 10 days approximately, can vary Direct contact with infected skin Direct contact with articles such as clothing, that have had direct contact with the rash Oral or topical antibiotics may be prescribed to treat impetigo. Yes Exclude infected students until 24 hours after beginning antibiotics or until all areas are no longer open. Keep sores covered with a bandage at school Frequent hand washing Wash contaminated clothing or objects such as tabletops

9 INFLUENZA Influenza is a very contagious viral illness caused by the influenza virus and should not be confused with the stomach flu. Influenza is an upper respiratory virus. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Fever (sudden onset) Headache Muscle aches Dry cough Sore throat 1 4 days Person to person contact will spread influenza as well as airborne, such as coughing and sneezing. Transmission is also from contaminated surfaces, hands, used tissues, or other articles soiled by nose and throat secretions. Antiviral medications may reduce symptoms and duration of illness. Rest and symptomatic treatment is advised. Yes Excluded until fever free for 24 hours without medication Good hand washing Cover cough Stay home when you are sick

10 MENINGITIS BACTERIAL Bacterial Meningitis is an inflammation of the tissues surrounding the brain and spinal cord, and is a medical emergency caused by several types of bacteria. A person s blood may also be infected with the bacteria. Some people may carry these bacteria in their nose and/or throat and have no symptoms of disease. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS : High Fever Severe headache Stiff neck Sleepiness Nausea / vomiting Loss of appetite Being disoriented, irritable or confused Eyes sensitive to light Ranges from 1 to 10 days (usually less than 4 days) Bacteria that cause meningitis can be spread by direct contact with saliva or nose/throat discharges of the infected person. Cases of bacterial meningitis and bloodstream infections often require hospitalization and are treated with antibiotics. Yes EXCLUDE all infected students and/or staff until at least 24 hours after treatment with antibiotics. Limit direct contact with infected person

11 MENINGITIS VIRAL Viral Meningitis is an illness caused by a number of different viruses that cause the thin tissues (called the meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord to swell. Viral meningitis is usually mild and often clears in 1 2 weeks. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Fever Stiff neck Headache Nausea/vomiting Drowsiness/confusion Seizures Skin Rash Usually 3 7 days, can appear quickly Many different viruses can cause viral meningitis such as mumps, herpes, varicella, measles, influenza, and viruses caused by mosquitos. People who are around someone with viral meningitis can become infected with the virus that made the person sick, but are not likely to get meningitis from the sick person. Antibiotics are not effective against viral meningitis. No specific treatment is available. Students can return to school when symptoms subside. Good hand washing Avoid sharing utensils or other personal items

12 MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM Molluscum Contagiosum is caused by a pox virus that causes a mild skin disease similar to warts. It is characterized by small, pearly, flesh colored bumps with a tiny, hard, central depression that may be itchy. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: 2 20 discrete papules Lesions on children are usually on the trunk, face and arms Ranges from 2 to 7 weeks and may take as long as 6 months The virus is spread from person to person through direct physical contact. It can be spread through towels, toys or clothing another person uses. There is no treatment required. No Frequent hand washing Washing of toys or articles that could be contaminated Cover lesions with clothing or a bandage

13 MONONUCLEOSIS (MONO) Mononucleosis is caused by the Epstein Barr virus and is characterized by swollen lymph glands, sore throat and fever lasting from 1 to 4 weeks. Enlargement of the spleen can occur. Some infected students do not have symptoms or develop very mild symptoms, but 35% to 50% of adolescents or young adults develop mononucleosis. It is most common in high school and college aged students. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Swollen lymph glands Fever Sore Throat Fatigue Usually 4 to 6 weeks Mononucleosis is spread person to person through saliva. Individuals with mononucleosis can excrete the virus for a period of weeks or months after initial infection. There is no specific treatment for Mono but social isolation and rest are important. No Suspect cases with severe tonsil and throat swelling should see a health care provider Dispose of tissues soiled with secretions carefully and properly Good hygiene and hand washing Avoid transfer of saliva ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Students with enlarged spleens should avoid contact sports.

14 MRSA (STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS and METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ) Staphylococcus aureus (often referred to as staph ) is a type of bacteria commonly found on the skin or in the nose of healthy people. Staph is a common cause of skin infections, and can also cause serious infections such as surgical wound infections, blood stream infections and pneumonia. Some staph bacteria are resistant to certain classes of antibiotics. These resistant bacteria are called methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA. Historically, MRSA infections occurred in people who were hospitalized, but now these infections are also common in the community. People who have MRSA infections acquired in the community typically have infections of the skin. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS : Varies by the type of infection. In the childcare and school setting, most staph and MRSA infections are skin or soft tissue infections that may appear as pustules or boils that are often red, swollen, painful and/or have pus or other drainage. MRSA skin and soft tissue infections may often look like spider or insect bites. Ranges from 4 6 weeks MRSA and other staph bacteria is usually spread from one person to another by direct skin to skin contact or with a contaminated item, such as towels or bandages, used by someone with MRSA or staph on their skin. Persons who have draining skin infections are more likely to spread MRSA and staphylococcus aureus. Treatment for staph and MRSA will vary by the type of location of the infection. Persons infected with staph or MRSA should seek care from a health care professional so proper treatment can occur. Yes May return to school after 24 hours of treatment PREVENTION / CONTROL OF SPREAD: Cover exposed area Wash hands

15 NOROVIRUS AND OTHER VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS (GI, SHIGELLA) Norovirus and other viral gastroenteritis are often referred to as stomach flu (a misnomer, as it is not caused by the influenza virus). These viruses include rotavirus, adenovirus, calicivirus, astrovirus and norovirus. Viral gastroenteritis is seen more often in the winter months. Illness typically lasts 1 2 days, but can be longer. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS : Low grade fever Abdominal cramps Diarrhea Vomiting / Nausea Headache Varies depending on the specific virus (usually 1 2 days) Viral gastroenteritis is highly contagious and is spread mainly through the fecal oral route, either by consumption of fecal contamination of food or water, or by direct person to person spread. It may also be spread by inhaling virus particles that have been released into the air when an infected person vomits. There is no specific treatment for viral gastroenteritis. Fluids are important to prevent dehydration. No immunization is available. EXCLUDE all students and/or staff until diarrhea and vomiting have resolved for at least 24 hours if vomited more than once PREVENTION / CONTROL: Good hand washing Universal Precautions

16 PERTUSSIS (WHOOPING COUGH) Whooping cough, also known as pertussis, is caused by the bacteria Bordatella pertussis. Pertussis may be severe in infants and young children. The cough may last as long as 3 months. Pertussis may not be as severe in adults and fully immunized children. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS : Begins with cold like symptoms, including mild cough and low grade or no fever Cough becomes more severe causing coughing spells or fits Coughing spells may be followed by vomiting, difficulty catching breath, face turning blue and/or high pitched whoop Appears well between coughing spells Ranges from 4 21 days (usually 7 10 days) It is spread by direct contact with nose/throat discharges of an infected person Appropriate antibiotic treatment Yes EXCLUDE individuals with pertussis until they have completed five days of appropriate antibiotic treatment, until three weeks after the onset of cough or until the cough has stopped, whichever period is shorter Vaccination is required

17 PINK EYE (CONJUNCTIVITIS) Pink eye is an inflammation of the mucous membranes that cover the eye and line the eyelids. Pink eye can be caused by a variety of bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens, as well as allergies (such as pollen, mold or cosmetics), contact lens use, indoor or outdoor air pollution (such as smoke or dust), and chemical irritation (such as after swimming or exposure to chemical fumes). Pink eye is common in children and adults, and it can be difficult to determine the exact cause. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: One or both eyes are pink or reddened Eyes may be sensitive to light History of dried or thick discharge on the eyelids upon awakening Eye discharge that contains creamy discharge, and/or blurred vision that clears with blinking Allergies: Usually both eyes are affected. Symptoms like itchy nose, sneezing or scratchy throat may be present, and symptoms may be seasonal. Typically symptoms clear once the allergen is removed. Chemical irritation: One or both eyes can be affected. Bacterial: hours Viral: Usually 1 12 days Allergies or Chemical Irritation: Varies Bacterial and Viral: Can be easily spread by direct contact with discharge from the eye of an infected person or by direct contact with objects contaminated with eye discharge. Contaminated fingers, clothing, towels, shared eye makeup applicators, etc. may spread the infection. Allergies or Chemical Irritation: Not contagious Bacterial: A health care provider may prescribe antibiotic eye drops or topical ointment. Antibiotic treatment will generally speed recovery and reduce spread to others. Viral : There is usually no treatment. Allergies: May be treated with allergy medications. Chemical Irritation: Symptoms generally resolves once the irritant is removed. EXCLUSION : No Unless excessive drainage is present and/or the child has a fever. The child may return after treatment or drainage is no longer present. Good hand washing Avoid touching or rubbing eyes Avoid sharing personal items

18 RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV) RSV causes respiratory tract illness in people of all ages. Symptoms can last 8 to 15 days. Symptoms can be severe in infants, young children, older adults and immunocompromised persons. Hospitalization may be required. RSV is more common in the late fall, winter and early spring. Almost all children will be infected with RSV by their second birthday. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS : Similar to the common cold runny/stuffy nose, sneezing, coughing Fever Decreased appetite Sometimes wheezing Ranges from 2 8 days (average of 4 6 days) RSV is spread by respiratory secretions from an infected person. Contact with hands, tissues and other articles contaminated with nose/throat discharges of ill people can spread the virus. There is no specific treatment for RSV, and it usually resolves on its own. No PREVENTION / CONTROL OF SPREAD: Encourage frequent hand washing Encourage children to cover coughs and sneezes Clean potentially contaminated surfaces like doorknobs, tables, handrails, etc. Avoid sharing cups and eating utensils Person with respiratory symptoms should not interact with children at high risk for severe disease

19 RHEUMATIC FEVER AND RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE Rheumatic fever is not an infection itself, but rather a rare complication of untreated strep throat, and leads to possible heart valve, joint, and other body system damage. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS : Fever Joint pain or swelling in wrists, elbows, knees, or ankles Small bumps under the skin over elbows or knees (called nodules) Raised, red rash on chest, back or stomach Approximately 20 days Rheumatic fever is not contagious assuming any active strep infection has been treated Antibiotics for the underlying strep infection and management by a physician. Treatment includes rest, fluids, anti inflammatory medications, and other symptomatic management. No. Students may not be able to attend school while symptoms are moderate to severe or a temperature above 100 is present. Primary prevention is prompt treatment of all episodes of strep throat.

20 RINGWORM (TINEA CORPORIS) Ringworm is a type of fungal skin infection. It is very common and can affect anyone. Persons with weakened immune systems and persons involved in contact sports, such as wrestling, may be affected more often. These infections typically have no long term health consequences and can be effectively treated. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS : It can affect skin on almost any area of the body, including the scalp. Moist areas of skin, such as skin folds, can be affected more often. Affected areas can be itchy and become infected due to scratching. Ringworm begins as a small red bump or ring that spreads outward. Affected areas have a red, scaly outer ring with a clear central area or may appear wet and crusty. Ranges from 4 14 days HOW IS IT SPREAD: It is spread by direct contact with the rash on an affected human or animal, or by direct contact with a contaminated object or surface such as clothing, towels and bedding. Animals, like dogs and cats, can have ringworm and can transmit it to people. Ringworm can be treated with antifungal medicine that can be taken in a tablet or liquid form by mouth or as a topical cream applied directly to the affected area. The particular medication used and the duration of treatment is based on the location of the infection. Some treatments require a prescription by a healthcare provider, and some topical creams can be purchased over the counter. No PREVENTION / CONTROL OF SPREAD: All exposed areas should be covered with dressing Ensure all infected persons and pets are treated Avoid sharing personal items Encourage good hygiene and hand washing

21 ROSEOLA (SIXTH DISEASE) Roseola is an illness caused by a virus that may or may not have a rash. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS : High fever (often above 103 ) lasting 3 7 days Seizures may occur with high fever Rash, if present, appears after the fever ends. Typically pinkish red spots that are not itchy Usually begins on face and trunk, then spreads to the neck, legs and back o Typically flat with some raised spots Ranges from 5 15 days (usually 9 10 days) Roseola is spread from person to person from infected nose and throat discharges. There is no treatment for Roseola, and it typically goes away on its own. No PREVENTION / CONTROL OF SPREAD: Frequent hand washing Dispose of tissues properly Cover mouth when sneezing or coughing, followed by hand washing

22 SCABIES Scabies is caused by a microscopic mite that causes skin infestations. The mites burrow into the upper layer of skin. Typically, an infested person only has mites on the body. Scabies is common among children. Scabies infestation does not develop as a result of poor personal hygiene. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS : Raised, red, pimple like, itchy bumps or sores on the skin Tiny blisters or scales may also be present Red streaks on the skin Tiny, raised, crooked, grayish white or skin colored burrows on the skin surface Intense itching, particularly at night The itching and rash may affect any part of the body, but commonly affected areas include the webbing between the fingers, wrists, elbows, armpits, waist (belt line), buttocks and genitalia. Persons who have never had scabies before: 2 6 weeks Persons who have had scabies before: 1 4 days Scabies is transmitted by direct, prolonged physical contact (skin to skin) with an affected individual or through direct, immediate contact with contaminated clothing or linens. An infected person can spread scabies before he/she shows signs and symptoms. Mites do not reproduce or survive without a human host, so inanimate objects (other than contaminated clothing or linens) and surfaces, such as toys and desks, are not important in the spread of scabies. Scabicide lotions and creams, often containing permethrin, are used to treat scabies. If more than one treatment is needed, consecutive treatments should be done a week apart. The instructions that come in the box or on the label should be followed carefully. Since the sores/rash result from hypersensitivity to the mites (like an allergic reaction), itching may increase and continue several weeks after a successful treatment. Mites can be resistant to treatment. Contact a physician if a person continues to show symptoms three weeks after receiving treatment. Yes EXCLUDE students and/or staff with an active infestation until the day after completing the first treatment. Refer affected persons to a health care provider for diagnosis and treatment. Clothing and bedding used by a person with an active infestation should be dry cleaned or laundered using hot settings on the washer and dryer. Items from an infested person that cannot be laundered can be placed in a plastic bag for 4 days. Carpet and furniture can be vacuumed (not sprayed with insecticide).

23 SCARLET FEVER (SCARLATINA) Scarlet fever is a condition that results from untreated group A Streptococcus. This illness sometimes affects people who have strep throat or, less commonly, streptococcal skin infections. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS : Sore throat (or skin infection) Fever over 101 degrees Whitish coating on tongue Red rash that feels rough, like sandpaper. The rash lasts 2 7 days. After the rash is gone, the skin on the tips of the fingers and toes begins to peel. Ranges from 1 7 days The disease can be spread through contact with droplets shed when an infected person coughs or sneezes. If you touch your mouth, nose or eyes after touching something that has these fluids on them, you may become ill. TREATMENT Antibiotics Yes EXCLUDE students from school until he/she is fever free (without using fever reducing medication such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen) for 24 hours and under antibiotic therapy for at least 24 hours. Wash hands frequently Avoid sharing eating utensils and other personal items It is especially important for anyone with a sore throat to wash his/her hands often

24 STREPTOCOCCAL SORE THROAT (STREP THROAT) Strep throat is caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes, (also known as Group A streptococcus). Not all sore throats are caused by streptococcal bacteria. Persons ill with a sore throat should see a healthcare provider to determine the cause. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Sore throat throat appears red and there may be white pus on the tonsils Fever Runny nose Headache, stomach ache, nausea and/or vomiting Some persons may develop a rash 2 5 days Strep throat is transmitted through contact with droplets and respiratory secretions from an infected person, primarily through coughing and sneezing. Antibiotics are needed to treat strep throat. Yes Exclude symptomatic students and students with confirmed diagnosis must be on antibiotics for 24 hours before they can return. Frequent hand washing Cover cough Proper disposal of tissues and other items contaminated with secretions Stay home when sick and avoid contact with others