Communicable Disease & Immunization

Transcription

1 Communicable Disease & Immunization Ingham County Health Surveillance Book 2016 Communicable Disease & Immunization - 1

2 Communicable Disease & Immunization T he control of communicable disease and immunization, are two of the great achievements of public health in the 20th century. This section will discuss the prevalence of a variety of communicable diseases in the community as well as the immunization rate for one common vaccine and two recommended vaccine series. Communicable Disease & Immunization Communicable Disease Immunization Communicable Disease & Immunization - 2

3 Communicable Disease C ommunicable or infectious diseases are illnesses that result from an infection, in a human or animal host, of a biological agent (i.e. virus or bacteria) that can be transmitted to another host. Infections may range in severity from asymptomatic (without symptoms) to severe and fatal. The term infection does not have the same meaning as infectious disease because some infections do not cause illness in a host. There are over 80 conditions that, because of the pathogens that cause them, are reportable in Michigan. Reporting these conditions benefits the community in a variety of ways. It allows public health professionals to: Identify outbreaks and epidemic; Conduct research to uncover a preventable cause; Assist with national and international disease surveillance and preparedness efforts; Provide preventive treatment and/or education; and Evaluate success of long term control efforts. 1 Figure 1. Number of Reported Cases of Influenza Like Illness & Influenza Ingham County Michigan Disease Surveillance System 1. Communicable Disease & Immunization - 3

4 Communicable Disease Table 1. Number of Reported Cases of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Figure 2. Number of Chickenpox (Varicella) cases, Ingham County Communicable Disease & Immunization - 4

5 Communicable Disease Figure 3. Varicella Rates: Ingham County and Michigan Table 2. Chickenpox: Demographic Characteristics, Ingham County Communicable Disease & Immunization - 5

6 Communicable Disease Figure 4. Number of Pertussis cases, Ingham County Michigan Disease Surveillance System Figure 5. Pertussis Rates: Ingham County and Michigan Michigan Disease Surveillance System Communicable Disease & Immunization - 6

7 Communicable Disease Table 3. Pertussis: Demographic Characteristics, Ingham County Communicable Disease & Immunization - 7

8 Immunization B efore the 1900's many people in the United States died from a variety of communicable diseases: measles, pertussis (whooping cough), polio, diphtheria and smallpox. Through the introduction of routine vaccinations, these and other vaccine-preventable diseases began to disappear from the American consciousness. Even though many vaccine preventable diseases have disappeared from this country, the microorganisms that cause them still exist. The most common vaccines given are the 4:3:1:3:3:1:4 series, recommended for infants and young children months old; the 1:3:2:3:2:1 series, recommended for adolescents years old; and the influenza vaccine, recommended for adults annually. The 4:3:1:3:3:1:4 series contains 4 vaccinations for DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis), 3 for polio, 1 for MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella), 3 for Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type B), 3 for Hepatitis B, 1 for varicella, and 4 pneumococcal conjugate vaccinations (PCV7). The 1:3:2:3:2:1 series contain 1 vaccination for DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis); 3 for polio; 2 for MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella); 3 for Hepatitis B; 2 for varicella; and 1 for meningococcal disease. Figure vaccination coverage among children months old in Ingham and surrounding counties County Immuniza on Report Card h p:// Retrieved March 2016 Communicable Disease & Immunization - 8

9 Immunization Table vaccination coverage among children months old in Michigan by county County Immuniza on Report Card h p:// Retrieved March 2016 Communicable Disease & Immunization - 9

10 Immunization Figure vaccination coverage among children years old for Ingham and surrounding counties County Immuniza on Report Card h p:// Retrieved March 2016 Figure 8. Influenza vaccination coverage among adults for Ingham and surrounding counties County Immuniza on Report Card h p:// Retrieved March 2016 Communicable Disease & Immunization - 10

11 Table vaccination coverage among children years old in Michigan by county Immunization County Immuniza on Report Card h p:// Retrieved March 2016 Communicable Disease & Immunization - 11

12 Immunization Table 6. Influenza vaccination coverage among adults in Michigan by county County Immuniza on Report Card h p:// Retrieved March 2016 Communicable Disease & Immunization - 12

13 Immunization Table 7. School vaccine waivers among kindergarten, 7th grade, and transfer students in Michigan by county County Immuniza on Report Card h p:// Retrieved March 2016 Communicable Disease & Immunization - 13

14 Immunization Figure 9. School vaccine waivers among kindergarten, 7th grade, and transfer students Figure 10. Comparison of the number and type of waivers Communicable Disease & Immunization - 14

15 Immunization Table 8. Schools in Ingham County with the Highest Number of waivers Table 8. Schools with suboptimal* vaccination rates Communicable Disease & Immunization - 15