STUDY AND EVALUATION OF NOISE POLLUTION IN KUT TECHNICAL INSTITUTE USING GIS SYSTEM

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1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 11, November 2018, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_09_11_153 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME PublicationScopus Indexed STUDY AND EVALUATION OF NOISE POLLUTION IN KUT TECHNICAL INSTITUTE USING GIS SYSTEM Abulkhaleq Kamal Mahmood and Reham Riyadh Mahmoud Water Resource Department, Kut Technical Institute, Middle Technical University, Iraq ABSTRACT Noise pollution is an important factor in evaluating the degree of quality of any academic institute. This study was conducted at Kut Technical Institute to evaluate the level of sound noise. The study was conducted during six months from January to June 2018 using sound level meter. The coordinates of the site were measured using a GPS Garmin model (78S). Geographic Information System version 10.4 program was used to analysis the noise data using the interpolation method (spline). The results showed that the noise levels at all locations above the prescribed limits of Environmental Protection Agency. The noise level showed a significant variation at different sites, which gradually increased or decreased based on the location of the site. The Kut Technical management office should take care to solve this problem by rearranging the location of generators and covering the floors of scientific department by plastic tiles and using isolating materials for class rooms. Keywords: Noise Pollution, Study, Noise Standards, Noise Effects Cite this Article: Abulkhaleq Kamal Mahmood and Reham Riyadh Mahmoud, Study and Evaluation of Noise Pollution in Kut Technical Institute Using Gis System, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(11), 2018, pp INTRODUCTION Noise is normally defined as 'unwanted sound'. A more precise definition could be noise is audible sound that causes disturbance, impairment or health damage. The terms 'noise' and 'sound' are often synonymously used when purely acoustical dimension is meant (e.g., noise level, noise standard, aircraft noise, road traffic noise, occupational noise, etc.). Managing noise is crucial for enhancing the living condition of a dwelling. Noise can be generated internally within a building (e.g., noise from surrounding neighbors voices, music or appliances) or externally (e.g., traffic noise from automobiles, buses, trains, aircraft, industrial activities or surrounding construction activities). Noises (or impact of sounds) are editor@iaeme.com

2 Study and Evaluation of Noise Pollution in Kut Technical Institute Using Gis System transmitted through building materials from sound sources such as vehicular or foot traffic, banging, or objects being dropped to the floor and can also be associated with vibrations[1]. Noise is considered as one type of pollution that could cause a harmful impact to human health and activity; it could also affect animal and plants life. This problem is becoming worse day after another especially in crowded cities, mines, highways, airports, industrial zones, and construction areas. Recently several studies have been conducted locally in Iraq to evaluate the level of noise in academic building in many cities and their resources and effects. Jomah and Ghfran (2010) evaluated the noise leveling some primary schools in Bagdad and the sources of this noise as well as the factors, which effect on its level. Results show that noise levels in all of these schools were higher than international limits due to unsuitable location for these schools [2].Jabak and etals (2012) studied the noise levels in civil engineering building in Babylon University. The results of this study showed that the average of noise level for this building was 76.7 db, which is greater than the allowable limits (30-40 db) for such institution. AlKubaisy and Ahmed (2012) study the impact of noise pollution of the city of Fallujah, using geographic information system (GIS) within the software package (ArcMap9, 3). The results showed that the city of Fallujah is suffering from the noise pollution; the process was done by using the spatial analysis "Buffer". The electrical generators are the main reason of the noise pollution in the city [4]. While, the noise pollution at the Technical Institute / Najaf, studied by Huda (2016). The internal and external locations were selected to measure noise using sound level meter sample (GM 1351). Then calculated the total average of noise level in internal and external sites in one study day denoted that the total average of noise level in all sites was highest than that accepted levels of noise agreed by Earth Pollution Association (EPA) that allowed only (30-40dB) in academic institution, while (45-55dB) for out sides[5]. Noise pollution affects the understanding of lectures in the classes also effects on workers and students. Here the need to conduct a survey of noise pollution in the Kut Technical Institute departments. In this study, the fieldwork included noise measurements and other field measurements for a number of buildings in addition to the Technological departments, medical departments and administrative departments General Aspect of Noise Pollution Noise enters all our facilities and become a problem for the comfortable of humans. Factories, streets, outer roads, and stations or airports, noise has crept into our life and without feeling in spite of the human tendency to adapt [6]. Continuous exposure to noise leads to loss of hearing with age and the estimated number of people from the age group (50-60 years) who have lost their hearing partially or totally are tens of millions of people and expected to increase the proportion of these people for the present generation of young people when they reach that age because of the increased exposure to noise compared to generations before them [7]. Research and international studies have shown that noise at some limits leads to deafness. Scientific facts have shown that the intensity of noise causes heart palpitation, which is why these heart diseases are considered as diseases of the times, which are frequent in noise pollution cities [8] Sound Measurement The sound is alternating cycles of high pressure and low air pressure compared to prevailing atmospheric pressure. These increases and decreases from atmospheric pressure do not amount to large numbers, but do not exceed the small portion of the atmospheric pressure. These differences are measured in milliseconds of standard atmospheric pressure (1 bar) or editor@iaeme.com

3 Abulkhaleq Kamal Mahmood and Reham Riyadh Mahmoud (100 k Pascal),[9]. Therefore, the use of pressure in microwaves, which vary within a wide digital field, is not suitable for measuring the sound. The human ear is not directly affected by the different sounds. In other words, this means that doubling the sound pressure does not increase the feeling thus using a logarithmic relationship called the decibel, which does not represent a physiologically measurable absolute value, as is the case with db for measuring sound. Units of this scale (db) the units of sound pressure measurement are but a proportion of a logarithmic scale based on the Dane (1 db = Dane) [10] Noise Pollution Types and Effect According to the noise source and its effect, the type of noise pollution can be listed as [11]: 1. Inveterate pollution: That kind of pollution happens when a person exposes to a source of pollution continuously and that could cause a permanent deaf. 2. Temporal Pollution with Physiological Effects: That type of pollution happens when a person exposes to the source of pollution for a specific time. For an example exposure to fireworks which can cause a serious tympanum damage. 3. Temporal pollution without effects: It happens when a person exposes to the source of pollution for a specific time, for instance crowded streets and workshops noises. That causes lack of hearing, which goes to normal after a while. Noise intensity is measured in (decibels) and all the daily sounds fall under the levels of this unit, which can be listed as: 40 to50 decibels It causes negative effects and opposite reactions such as anxiety and tension because it effects the cortex which cause all the mentioned health issues. 60 to 80 decibels It affects the nervous system, which can cause severe headaches and lack of ability to work and nightmares. 90 to 110 decibels It causes lack of hearing and nervous system disorders and heart disorders. Higher than 120 decibels It causes auditory system pain and heart disorders and it can cause difficulty to any person in distinguishing sounds Noise Standards The Earth Pollution Association (EPA) has developed internal noise limits, which represent the community's long-term goals for different types of land used within the city. The internal noise limits are shown in Table (1) in order to reduce any short-term impacts from construction noise editor@iaeme.com

4 Study and Evaluation of Noise Pollution in Kut Technical Institute Using Gis System Recommended Noise Level in db(a) Table 1 Show standards of internal noise levels [13] Type of internal place / or activity inside this place First: Educational Buildings Lecture halls Reading areas Members of the faculty rooms Library Computer center The guidelines for this type of noise have been adopted using this unit as shown in table (2): Table 2 Guideline limits for noise Noise level in the unit of influence (NEF) Less than or equal to (25) Greater than (25) and less than (35) Less than (40) and greater than (35) Greater than (40) Degree of acceptance Clearly acceptable Normally acceptable Normally unacceptable Clearly unacceptable 2. METHODOLOGY The current study was conducted in eleven sites of the scientific departments of the Technical Institute / Kut affiliated to it, the library, computer center, and nine scientific sections. Three spaces were selected for the nine sections to measure the noise level (auditorium, study rooms, corridors) for each section during the time of extinguishing and operation of the generator. The readings were recorded using sound level meter type Extech model (407732) as shown in Figure (1) after a 10-second interval for six minutes at each location during the day and evening in a period of time (9:00 am-12:00 am) and (12: 00am- 2:00 pm). The coordinates of the site were then measured using a GPS Garmin model (78S) as shown in Figure (2). Then, the calculation of the three readings and the duration of the time are determined to find the noise value and compare it with the EPA. In addition, the resulting noise representation using GIS version (10.4) of the selected sites. The selected days of the week were chosen to suit the students' attendance in order to give the selected days a random sample for the school year. Figure (3) shows the flowchart of the work editor@iaeme.com

5 Abulkhaleq Kamal Mahmood and Reham Riyadh Mahmoud Figure 1 Sound Level Meter Figure 2 GPS Garmin 78S Data collection Compare field data with EPA criteria Input data by using GIS Spatial analyst interpolation Results Discussion and conclusion Figure 3 Flowchart of the work 2.1. Study Area The research was carried out at the Technical Institute / Kut, which is one of the educational institutions in Wassit province, located 10 km south of Al-Kut city 27 between 32 North and 45 East. It is built on an area of 5,000,000 m 2. The institute includes medical, technological and administrative specialties. It has nine technical departments as shown in the figure (4). The technical institute includes many buildings; the study included the internal and external sites belonging to all classrooms, libraries, computer centers forthe technological, administrative and medical departments. The sources of noise can vary according to daily activities, taking into account the study (generators, cars, communication talks, evening study opening, air conditioning, classroom quality construction and earth nature) editor@iaeme.com

6 Study and Evaluation of Noise Pollution in Kut Technical Institute Using Gis System Figure 4 study area 2.2. Fieldwork Tables (3, 4, 5, and 6) contain collected data from different locations. In the table (3) and (4) contain the noise level measurement from (9:00 am 12:00 pm), generator off and generator on respectively. The noise level showed a significant variation at different sites, we note increase the noise level in Table (4) comparison table (3) and the reason for this is due to the operation of the electrical generating and proximity to the scientific departments. No Table 3 Status of noise levels at various places in Technical Institute of Kut at the time of extinguishing the generator from 9:00am-12:00am The case of diesel generator near the department 1 Not working 2 Not working 3 Not working Noise Zones Technological Medical Administrative Location Faculty members rooms Sound level db Lecture halls Corridors Average Surveying Electric Water resources Automotive production Clinical Community health Accounting Material management Not working Library Not working Computer center Table 4 Status of noise levels at various places in Technical Institute Kutat the time of generator work 9:00am-12:00pm No The case of diesel generator near the department Noise Zones Location Faculty members rooms Sound level db Lecture halls Corridors Average 1 2 Working Working Technological Medical Surveying Electric Water resources Automotive Production Clinical Community health editor@iaeme.com

7 Abulkhaleq Kamal Mahmood and Reham Riyadh Mahmoud 3 Working Administrative Accounting Material management Working Library Working Computer center Table (5) and (6) contain the noise level measurement from (12:00 pm- 2:00 pm), generator off and generator on respectively. Note that the high noise level at the end times of the afternoon, because many of the request either did not attend lectures or for lack of a lecture at the time, as well as the presence of evening study, which increases the rate of noise and the operation of the generators generate high noise level. The lowest rate of noise level hours is the time when the hours from (9:00 am - 12:00pm) A.m. the moment of extinguishing the generator, the time when lectures are given to students at all times. Table 5 Status of noise levels at various places in Technical Institute Kut at the time of extinguishing the generator from 12:00pm-2:00pm No The case of diesel generator near the department Noise Zones 1 Not working Technological Location Sound level db Average Faculty members rooms Lecture halls Corridors Surveying Electric Water resources Automotive production Not working Medical Clinical Community health 3 Not working Administrative Accounting Material management Not working Library Not working Computer center editor@iaeme.com

8 Study and Evaluation of Noise Pollution in Kut Technical Institute Using Gis System Table 6 Status of noise levels at various places in Technical Institute Kutat the time of generator work 12:00am-2:00pm No The case of diesel generator near the department 1 Working Noise Zones Technological 2 Working Medical 3 Working Administrative Location Faculty members rooms Sound level db Lecture halls Corridors Average Surveying Electric Water resources Automotive production Clinical Community health Accounting Material management Working Library Working Computer center RESULT AND DISSECTION In the present study, the noise level was found to be more than the permissible limits of EPA at all locations during surveys days in the present study. Noise level differ from site to another at which slowly enlarged or declined depending on location of the site. Figure (5) shows that during the period of (9:00am to 12:00pm), when the generator was off, it was found that the noise level was almost the same in the technology department (surveying, electric, water resource, Automotive, production) which was between (57.7 to 59.7 db). The highest level of noise was determined in the surveying and electric department and that was (59.7 and 59.3 db) respectively. Furthermore, the medical analysis department got the highest have of noise that was (65.1dB) when compared to the community health. While, in the administrative department which are (accounting and material management), the material management department had the highest level of noise. The library and computer center had a noise level of (52.3 and 62.6 db) receptivity. Figure 5 shows noise level in the different departments (9:00 am -12:00 pm) editor@iaeme.com

9 Abulkhaleq Kamal Mahmood and Reham Riyadh Mahmoud In addition, when generator was set on, the noise level ranged between ( dB) and the medical analysis department had the highest level which was (75.3 db) when compared to all other departments. The short distance between the generator location and the medical analysis department building is considered the main reason of that high level of noise. Figure (6) shows that during the period of (12:00am to 2:00pm), when the generator was off, it was found that the noise level was almost the same in the technology department (surveying, electric, water resource, Automotive, production) which was between ( db). The highest level of noise was determined in the surveying and electric department and that was (62.4 and 68.5 db) respectively. Furthermore, the medical analysis department got the highest level of noise that was (74.6 db) when compared to the community health department. While, in the administrative department which are (accounting and material management), the two departments had all most the same level of noise which were(74.3 and 74.5 db)respectively. The library and computer center had a noise level of (59.5 and 67.8 db) receptivity. Noise Levels in (db) Diffrent of Al- kut Technical Institute Figure 6 Shows noise level in the different departments (12:00 am 2:00 pm) In addition, when generator was set on, the noise level ranged between ( dB) and the medical analysis department had the highest level which was (80.7) when compared to all other departments. The short distance between the generator location and the medical analysis department building is considered, the main reasons of that height level of noise. GIS program (version 10.4)[15,16] was used to analysis the noise data by using the interpolation method (spline ) and the following results were obtained as shown in the figure (7,8,9, and 10 ) editor@iaeme.com

10 Study and Evaluation of Noise Pollution in Kut Technical Institute Using Gis System Figure 7 9:00-12:00non-generatorwork Figure 8 9:00-12:00 generator work editor@iaeme.com

11 Abulkhaleq Kamal Mahmood and Reham Riyadh Mahmoud Figure 9 12:00-2:00 non-generator work Figure 10 12:00-2:00 generator work 4. CONCLUSION Noise enters all our facilities and become a problem for the comfortable of humans. Special care must take into consideration for noise pollution control especially in design of academic institutions. Working of electrical generators most of time, their uncorrected location, Building design, construction materials, class room distribution, and the huge number of student are main causes of noise pollution in Kut technical institute. Solving these problem with taking EPA standards in consideration can improve the degree of sound noise extremely editor@iaeme.com

12 Study and Evaluation of Noise Pollution in Kut Technical Institute Using Gis System REFERENCE [1] Dasarathy A K, (2015), "Noise Pollution Causes, Mitigation and Control Measures for Attenuation" Department of Civil Engineering, University (Decl. u/s 3 of the UGC Act 1956). [2] Jomah, Ghafran Farook, (2010), Evaluation of noise pollution in some of Baghdad schools, journal of Engineering and Technology, volume 28, no 24. [3] Jabak, Ali etal,(2012), Study the level of noise pollution in civil engineering department in Babil University. Iraqi journal of mechanical engineering and material, volume 12, no.4 [4] Al- Kubaisy, Ahmad Mohamed Jehad, (2012), Predicting the locations of source of noise pollution in Fallujah city using GIS system. Education College Journal, No.2. [5] Kuba, Huda Zuhair Abdulkhany, (2016), Study of noise pollution in Najaf Technical Institute, journal of engineering science, Babil University, volume 24, No.2 [6] Yasser Abd Balila and Anis Abd Siddiq (1999), Critical evaluation of the noise environment with respect to academic activities : a case study of some buildings in faculty of engineering in King Abdul Aziz University) JKAU: Eng. Sci., vol. 11 no. 1, pp [7] [7]. S. K. Jha, Rupak Kumar Deb., Vinay Chandra Jha, and Iqbal Ahmed Khan, (2010), Effect of Illumination and Cross Ventilation in Classroom on academic performance of the students, International Journal on Emerging Technologies 1(1): [8] S (1981) "Sound effects on behavior", psychology today, Oct. [9] Al- Bahrany, Hussain Shaker Hahmood, (2009), Field study for the most important sources of noise pollution in Kufah and Najafh districts, Al-Qadissia journal for engineering science, volume 4, No.2. [10] Al- Fadihly, Soaad Abdulazize, Ahmad Maiss, (2010), Noise pollution in Basrah city, Basrah University, college of literature, Volume 54, No.1. [11] Arnaoad, Mohamed Sayed,(2000), Human and environmental pollution, second addition, Al- Ausrah laboratory, Egypt. [12] Manish Raman and R C Chhipa, (2014)," Study of Noise Pollution at Major Intersections in Jaipur City" Department of Civil Engineering,Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India, Scientific Journal, ISSN: EPA [13] (Environment Protection Agency), [14] Al-Shoaky, Mohamed Ali, (2011), Noise pollution sources and effects, University of King Soaad, Biological Department. [15] Kadhim Naief Kadhim (Geospatial Technology for Ground Water Quality Parameters Assessment in Dhi-Qar Governorateiraq by Using (GIS). Volume 9, Issue 1 January 2018, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_09_01_035 [16] Kadhim Naief Kadhim & Noor A. "Geospatial Technology for Ground Water Quality parameters Assessment in Al-Kifl District Babylon Iraq". (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 8, August 2018, pp editor@iaeme.com