Upon completion of the chapter the participant will be able to:
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1 Chapter 8 The Sensory System Chapter Objectives Upon completion of the chapter the participant will be able to: 1. Describe the structures involved with hearing. 2. Describe the structures involved with seeing. 3. Discuss the physiology of being able to see. 4. Discuss the physiology of being able to hear. 5. Analyze, define, spell and pronounce the medical terms common to the ear. 6. Analyze, define, spell and pronounce the medical terms common to the eye. 7. Successfully complete the review exercises at the end of the chapter. The Eye Our eyes are the receptor organs for the sense of sight and provide the window that lets in the light of the outside world. Light waves are transformed by the eye into nerve impulses that are sent to the occipital lobe of the brain. Here the waves are processed and we experience vision. It is the job of the eye to let light in, focus it, transform it into an impulse and send the impulse to the brain. Light enters the eye through the pupil (pupil/o, core/o) and then passes through the lens (phac/o, phak/o) found behind the pupil. The lens has the ability to adjust its shape in order to adjust to objects that are close at hand and those that are at a distance. As many people age their lens may become cloudy which will affect their ability to see. This condition is referred to as cataracts. The light from the lens then goes to the back of the eyeball where it strikes the retina (retin/o). It is the retina that transforms the image into a nerve impulse. The impulses travel along the optic nerve to the brain. The eye consists of two parts: the inner eye and the outer eye. Inner Eye Consists of three layers: outer, middle and inner Outer layer consists of the cornea (corne/o, kerat/o) and the sclera (scler/o). The cornea is the transparent portion that allows light into the eye and allows for focusing of the light on the back of the eye. The sclera is known as the white of the eye which provides a protective coating for the eyeball. Middle layer is the vascular layer and is referred to as the uvea (uve/o) and consists of the choroid (choroid/o) the ciliary body (cycl/o) and iris (ir/o, irido/, irit/o, ir/i). Revised September
2 The choroid is the inner lining of the sclera and has the blood vessels that nourish the eye. The ciliary body consists of muscles that change the shape of the lens so you are able to see things at various distances. This process is referred to as accommodation. The ciliary body is responsible to produce a liquid that bathes the anterior surface of the eye. The iris is the circular colored part of the eye. The center of the iris is a circular opening called the pupil (pupill/o, core/o) that regulates the amount of light that can get into the eye. In bright light the pupil will constrict and in darkness it will dilates. Inner layer consists of the retina. This is nerve tissue made up of rods and cones. They transform light into nerve impulses. Ciliary Body Conjunctiva Iris Pupil Anterior Chamber Cornea Lens Retina Blood Vessels Path of Light Optic Nerve Vitreous Humor Choroid Sclera Choroid Outer Eye The outer eye consists of the orbital cavity, ocular muscles, the eyelids (palpebr/o, blephar/o) the conjunctival membrane (conjunctiv/o) and the lacrimal apparatus (lacrim/o, dacry/o). The orbital cavity acts as a protective device for the eyeball. The six muscles allow the eye to move in all directions. The eyelid acts as a protection from dust and dirt entering the eye and the membrane lubricates as well as protects the eyeball. The lacrimal glands produce tears that continuously bathe the eye. The tears drain into the back of the nasal cavity that explains why your nose runs when you cry. Revised September
3 Lacrimal Gland Conjunctiva Pupil Sclera Nasolacrimal Duct Iris Word Parts for the Eye aque/o water blephar/o, palpebr/o eyelid chrom/o color chori/o, choroid/o choroid conjunctiv/o conjunctiva core/o, pupill/o pupil corne/o, kerat/o cornea cycl/o ciliary body dacry/o, lacrim/o tear/lacrimal duct, tears dipl/o double irid/o, ir/o, ir/i, irit/o iris mi/o contraction, less, smaller mydri/o wide, dilation ocul/o, ophthalm/o, opt/o, optic/o, opt/i eye, vision, sight papill/o optic disc phac/o, phak/o lens phot/o light presby/o old age retin/o retina scler/o sclera ton/o tension uve/o uvea vitre/o glasslike, glassy, gel like -chalasis relaxation -opia, -opsia vision, visual condition -ptosis drooping, sagging Revised September
4 -pexy put in place -tropia, -tropion turning eso- inward exo- outward extra- on the outside intra- on the inside Term Analysis and Definition (The Eye) Word Part Term Term Analysis Definition aque/o aqueous humor aque = water -ous = pertaining to humor = body fluid Pertaining to the watery fluid found in the anterior chamber of the eye. blephar/o, palpebr/o blepharopexy blephar = eyelid -pexy = surgical fixation Surgical fixation of the eyelid blepharoptosis -ptosis = drooping Drooping of the eyelid blepharospasm -spasm = sudden involuntary contraction Sudden involuntary contraction of the eyelid palpebral palpebr = eyelid -al = pertaining to Pertaining to the eyelid chori/o, choroid/o chorioretinitis chori = choroid retin = retina Inflammation of the choroid and retina choroiditis Inflammation of the choroid conjunctiv/o conjunctivitis conjunctiv = conjunctiva Inflammation of the conjunctivia (Also known as pinkeye ) core/o pupill/o coreometer core = pupil -meter = instrument to measure Instrument used to measure the size of the pupil pupillary pupil l= pupil -ary = pertaining to Pertaining to the pupil corne/o, kerat/o corneal corne = cornea -al = pertaining to Pertaining to the cornea keratoplasty kerat = cornea Surgical repair of the cornea Revised September
5 Word Part Term Term Analysis Definition -plasty = surgical repair keratoconus -conus = cone shaped Abnormal, cone-shaped protrusion of the cornea cycl/o cycloplegia cycl = ciliary body -plegia = paralysis Paralysis of the ciliary body dacry/o lacrim/o dacryostenosis nasolacrimal dacry = tear duct -stenosis = narrowing nas = nose lacrim = tear -al = pertaining to Narrowing of the tear duct Pertaining to the nose and tear (lacrimal) apparatus irid/o, ir/o iridocyclitis irid = iris cycl = ciliary body Inflammation of the iris and ciliary body iritis Inflammation of the iris iridectomy -ectomy = excision Excision of the iris mi/o miosis mi = contraction, less, smaller -osis = abnormal condition Abnormal contraction of the pupil miotic -tic = pertaining to Pertaining to a drug that constricts the pupil mydri/o mydriasis mydri = wide, dilation -asis = condition Condition where there is dilation of the pupil mydriatic -tic = pertaining to Pertaining to a drug that dilates the pupil ocul/o, opt/o, optic/o, opt/i, ophthalm/ binocular extraocular bi = two ocul = eye -ar = pertaining to extra = outside -ar = pertaining to Pertaining to both eyes Pertaining to the outside of the eye intraocular intra = inside, within Pertaining to within the eye Revised September
6 Word Part Term Term Analysis Definition exophthalmia ex = outward ophthalm = eye -ia = condition Condition where there is outward protrusion of the eyeball ophthalmologist ophthalmology -logist = specialist -logy = study of Specialist in the study and diagnosis of diseases of the eye Study of diseases of the eye opt/o optic opt = vision, sight -ic = pertaining to Pertaining to vision or sight optician -ician = specialist, expert One who specializes in prescribing glasses for improving sight optometrist -metrist = specialist in the measurement of Specialist in the testing of visual function and in diagnosis and nonsurgical treatment of eye conditions. papill/o papilledema papill = optic disc edema = accumulation of fluid Accumulation of fluid in the optic disc phac/o, phak/o aphakia phacomalacia a = no, lack of phak = lens ia = condition phac = lens -malacia = softening Absence of a lens Softening of a lens phot/o photophobia phot = light -phobia = fear Fear of or intolerance to light retin/o retinopathy retin = retina -pathy = disease Disease of the retina retinopexy -pexy = surgical fixation Surgical fixation of the retina scler/o sclerectomy scler = sclera -ectomy = excision, surgical removal Surgical excision of the sclera Revised September
7 Word Part Term Term Analysis Definition ton/o tonometry ton = tension -metry = process of measuring Measurement of the intraocular pressure uve/o uveitis uve = uvea vitre/o vitreous humor vitre = gel-like -ous = pertaining to Inflammation of the uvea of the eye Pertaining to the gel-like substance in the posterior cavity of the eye -chalasis blepharochalasi s blephar = eyelid -chalasis = relaxation Relaxation of the eyelid -tropia esotropia eso = inward -tropia = turning Turning inward of the eyeball. Also referred to as cross-eyes exotropia exo = outward Turning outward of the eyeball hypertropia hyper = above Upward turning of the eyeball hypotropia hypo = below Downward turning of the eyeball -opia, -opsia amblyopia ambly = dull, dim -opia = vision Dimness of vision diplopia di = double Double vision hemianopsia hemi = half an= no, lack of -opsia = vision Lack of vision in half of the visual field presbyopia presby = old age Impaired vision due to aging hyperopia hyper = above, excessive Farsightedness because the light rays go beyond the retina myopia my = to shut Light rays focus in front of the retina and cause nearsightedness -tropion ectropion ec = out -tropion = turning Outward turning of the eyelid entropion en = inward Inward turning of the eyelid Revised September
8 The Ear The ear is the sensory organ that allows us to hear. It consists of the external ear, middle ear and inner ear. The ear is responsible for hearing and as well plays an important role in our balance. The word roots audi/o, and audit/o mean hearing. The hearing process consists of detecting and transmitting sound waves for interpretation. Detecting involves receiving the sound stimulus and then it is transmitted though a nerve called the auditory nerve to the temporal lobe of the brain where it is interpreted. Malleus Incus Auricle Semicircular Canals External ear Canal Cochlea Eustachian tube Tympanic Membrane Stapes External Ear Composed of the auricle, external auditory meatus, and eardrum or the tympanic membrane. Auricle (pinn/i, aur/o, aur/i) is also referred to as the pinna and is the external part of the ear that is attached to the head. It catches the sound waves and channels them into the external ear canal. The canal that moves into the ear from the pinna is referred to as the external auditory canal. It is responsible to channel the sound waves toward the eardrum. Middle Ear Revised September
9 The middle ear begins with the tympanic membrane (tympan/o, myring/o) or the eardrum as it is commonly referred to. When the sound waves reach the membrane they cause it to vibrate and the vibration causes the waves to travel into the middle ear. In the middle ear are three small bones malleus, incus, and stapes. These bones are often referred to as the hammer, anvil and stirrup because of their shape. These bones begin vibrating when the sound waves hit them. The air pressure that is found on either side of the eardrum must be kept equal. To do this there is a eustachian tube that connects the middle ear to the throat. If for some reason this tube becomes blocked a sense of pressure will build up in the middle ear and your ability to hear is affected. The middle ear is surrounded by mastoid cells (mastoid/o) that are hollow spaces in the mastoid bone located directly behind the ear. Inner Ear If you think of a sponge you have a good idea of what the inner ear is like; a twisting series of canals and larger spaces. These canals and spaces are encased in bone that is referred to as the bony labyrinth (labyrinth/o). This is the part of the ear that has the receptors needed for both hearing and your balance. The bony labyrinth consists of the vestibule, semicircular canals and the cochlea. The vestibule and semicircular canals are important in maintaining your sense of balance. The cochlea is responsible for hearing. Sound is transmitted into the cochlea through the oval window. In the cochlea is the organ of Corti that contains fine hair cells that move because of the sound waves. This movement stimulates the nerve cells that create the impulse that is transmitted to the brain. Word Parts for the Ear Roots acoust/o, acous/o hearing, related to hearing audi/o, audit/o hearing, ear aur/o, aur/i,ot/o ear, hearing cochle/o cochlea (snail, spiral) labyrinth/o labyrinth, inner ear mastoid/o mastoid process myring/o, tympan/o ear drum, tympanic membrane myc/o fungus pinn/i external ear salping/o eustachian tube Revised September
10 Suffixes Prefixes staped/o stapes tinnit/o ringing, buzzing -algia, -dynia pain -cusis hearing bi- two mon- one Term Analysis and Definition (The Ear) Word Part Term Term Analysis Definition audio/o, audit/o audiogram audio = hearing -gram = record Record of hearing audiometry -merty = process of measuring Measurement of hearing auditory audit = hearing -ory = pertaining to Pertaining to hearing aur/o, ot/o, aur/i aural aur = ear -al = pertaining to Pertaining to the ear otalgia ot = ear -algia = pain Earache otitis media media = middle Inflammation in the middle ear otorrhea -rrhea = discharge Discharge from the ear otoscope -scope = instrument to visually examine Instrument to visually examine the ear otosclerosis -sclerosis = hardening Hardening of the bones of the ear otorrhagia -rrhagia = bleeding Bleeding from the ear cochle/o cochlear cochle - cochlea -ar = pertaining to Pertaining to the cochlea Revised September
11 Word Part Term Term Analysis Definition labryinth/o labyrinthitis labyrinth = inner ear Inflammation of the inner ear mastoid/o mastoidectomy mastoid = mastoid bone -ectomy = surgical removal Surgical removal of the mastoid bone mastoidalgia -algia = pain Pain in the mastoid bone mastoiditis Inflammation of the mastoid bone myring/o, tympan/o myringoplasty myring = ear drum -plasty = surgical repair Surgical repair of the ear drum myringotomy -tomy = surgical incision Surgical incision into the ear drum tympanoplasty tympanocentesis tympan = ear drum -centesis = puncture to remove fluid Surgical repair of the ear drum Puncture in the ear drum for removal of fluid salping/o salpingoscope salping = eustachian tube (ear) scope = instrument used to visually examine Instrument used to visually examine the eustachian tube staped/o, stapedi/o stapedectomy staped = stapes -ectomy = surgical excision Surgical excision of the stapes tinnit/o tinnitus tinnit = ringing -us = thing Ringing in something. Term used to refer to ringing in the ears -cusis presbycusis presby = old age -cusis = hearing Diminished hearing from old age Summary Exercises Chapter 8 Revised September
12 Exercise 8.1 Select the option that bet answers the question. 1. Which term means to make a puncture to remove fluid from the ear drum? 1. Myringotomy 2. Otoplasty 3. Tympanocentesis 2. Which term means the flow of blood from the ear? 1. Otitis media 2. Otopyorrhea 3. Otorrhagia 3. What is the structure that separates the external ear from the middle ear? 1. Oval window 2. Semicircular canals 3. Tympanic membrane 4. Which of the following terms refers to the tear apparatus of the eye? 1. Lacrimal 2. Choroid 3. Retinal 5. Which of the following contains fluid that vibrates when the sound waves strike it? 1. Organ of Corti 2. Cochlea 3. Auditory tube 6. Which term describes the colored layer of the eye that surrounds the pupil? 1. Cornea 2. Iris 3. Lens 7. Which term refers to the reattachment of the retina? 1. Retinopexy 2. Retinopathy 3. Retinoplasty 8. Which of the following connects the middle ear to the back of the throat? 1. Cochlea 2. Semicircular canal 3. Eustachian tube 9. Surgical repair of a ruptured ear drum is referred to as a? 1. Tympanectomy Revised September
13 2. Myringoplasty 3. Myringotomy 10. Which structure contains the nerve ending for vision? 1. Pupil 2. Retina 3. Conjunctiva Exercise 8.2 Fill in the blank with the appropriate word or words. 1. Removal of the ear drum is termed a(n). 2. The term for double vision is. 3. The meter used to measure a persons ability to hear is a(n). 4. Entropion refers to. 5. The canal leads from the pinna to the middle ear. 6. The glands secrete tears. 7. Inflammation of the mastoid cells is referred to as. 8. Progressive loss of vision due to aging is referred to as. 9. The term means paralysis of the eyelid. 10. A/an is a specialist in the study of diseases of the ear. Exercise 8.3 Build a medical term for the following definitions. 1. Surgical fixation of the eyelid 2. Drooping of the eyelid 3. Inflammation of the iris and ciliary body 4. Excision of the iris 5. Inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva 6. Abnormal cone-shaped protrusion of the cornea 7. Fungal infection of the cornea 8. Removal of the stapes 9. Discharge from the ear 10. Ear ache 11. Bleeding from the ear 12. Pertaining to the eyelid 13. Instrument used to measure the size of the pupil 14. Pertaining to the outside of the eye 15. Excision of the mastoid process 16. Surgical excision of the sclera 17. Disease of the retina 18. Nearsightedness 19. Inflammation of the uvea 20. Hardening of the bones of the ear Exercise 8.4 Complete the crossword puzzle below. Revised September
Upon completion of the chapter the participant will be able to:
Chapter 8 The Sensory System Chapter Objectives Upon completion of the chapter the participant will be able to: 1. Describe the structures involved with hearing. 2. Describe the structures involved with
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