Sound Waves. Sensation and Perception. Sound Waves. Sound Waves. Sound Waves

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Sound Waves. Sensation and Perception. Sound Waves. Sound Waves. Sound Waves"

Transcription

1 Sensation and Perception Part 3 - Hearing Sound comes from pressure waves in a medium (e.g., solid, liquid, gas). Although we usually hear sounds in air, as long as the medium is there to transmit the pressure wave, there is the possibility for sound. Sound waves are relatively very slow compared to light. The more densely packed the medium, the faster the sound. Therefore, sound travels faster in water (1360 m per second or 3000 mph) then in air (340 m per second or 750 mph). Sound waves have three physical properties that affect our psychological perception: Amplitude corresponds to the psychological dimension of loudness or intensity Wavelength corresponds to pitch Timbre refers to sound quality, corresponding to saturation in color perception. Loudness is measured with the decibel scale, where zero point is the absolute threshold for audition. Pitch is usually measured in frequency in terms of cycle per second using a unit called a hertz (Hz). One hertz is equal to one cycle per second. Normal human hearing is in the range of 20 to 20,000 Hz. Some animals can hear sounds of much higher frequency. High- pitched sounds have short wavelength and high- frequency while low- pitched sounds have long wavelengths and lowfrequencies. 1

2 Timbre The timbre of the sound is evident when musical instruments, playing the same note (the fundamental frequency), sound different because each is producing different harmonics. Noise Noise, on the other hand, consists of a complex mix of unrelated sounds waves. The ear is composed of three parts: the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear. In the outer ear, the pinna collects soundwaves and directs them down the auditory canal to the eardrum, or tympanum. The vibrations of the tympanum faithfully reproduce the frequency of the soundwaves in the air. The vibrations from the eardrum are transmitted to the bones of the middle ear: the malleus, incus, and stapes. The stapes usually rests on the oval window of the cochlea, a coiled and fluid- filled structure in the inner ear. Inside the cochlea is the basilar membrane, and it is covered with hair cells. The movement of the stapes against the oval window sets up a wave action within the cochlea The wave in the cochlea, again, matches the frequency and amplitude of the soundwave in the air. This wave energy causes the hair cells of the basilar membrane to vibrate; this vibration is transduced into auditory information. 2

3 From the Ear to the Brain The acoustic nerve or auditory nerve is formed from the axons of the sensory neurons coming from the inner ear. Information from the ear is first routed to the medulla oblongata, midbrain, and then the thalamus. From the Ear to the Brain From there sounds are mapped to the cortex in a fashion similar to the mapping in the visual cortex. Contralateral representations are the strongest, but ipsilateral (same side) connections are also made. How We Hear We are most sensitive to the middle range of the audible frequencies, which roughly corresponds to the range of the human voice. We are especially sensitive to changes of sounds, such as changes in pitch. Theories There are currently two theories proposed to explain the mechanism by which we hear: Place theory Frequency theory Place Theory Place theory, first proposed by Helmholtz, hypothesizes that the hair cells at certain locations along the basilar membrane are maximally sensitive to specific frequencies. Ear- damage data supports such a conclusion because overexposure to specific loud frequencies causes hearing loss for that frequency. Place Theory Von Bekesy s data supports the notion that the frontal regions of the basilar membranes are largely responsible for tones of high frequency. 3

4 Place Theory Unfortunately, Von Bekesy s data indicates that place theories cannot account for the full experience of audition by itself, in that medium and low frequencies were not found to be localized in one particular region of the basilar membrane; they were found along the length of the membrane. Frequency theory states that specific frequencies trigger neural activity at the same frequency. Frequency theory accounts well for frequencies in the lower range but fails to account for the higher frequencies because neurons cannot fire faster than 1000 times per second, 20 times less than the highest frequencies perceived. However, the volley principle attempts to deal with those higher frequencies by assigning those frequencies to groups of neurons rather than just one neuron. The groups, taken together, can match incoming auditory frequencies. Again, given that place theory and frequency theory cannot alone describe auditions, the theoretical picture is not yet clear. Duplicity theory attempts to reconcile the two positions by using the best parts of both theories, but the specific details of this dialectic remain unspecified at this point in time. 4

5 Locating Sounds How do we tell where sounds originate? Two methods have been proposed: the timing- difference method and the intensitydifference method. Time-Distance Method In the time- distance method, sounds are localized by an analysis of the time- lag between the arrival of a sound at our right ear and it s arrival at the left. The time- different method works best for low- frequency sounds. Intensity-Difference Method In the intensity- difference method, sounds are localized by an analysis of the difference in the intensity of sounds heard in the left and right ears. This method works best for highfrequency sounds. Sounds that hit both ears simultaneously often cause confusion. One way to overcome such confusion is to cock one s head so as to change the orientation of one s ears in relation to the source of the sound. In doing this, one improves his or her ability to localize the sound. 5

Hearing. istockphoto/thinkstock

Hearing. istockphoto/thinkstock Hearing istockphoto/thinkstock Audition The sense or act of hearing The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves Sound waves are composed of changes in air pressure unfolding over time. Acoustical transduction: Conversion

More information

Hearing. PSYCHOLOGY (8th Edition, in Modules) David Myers. Module 14. Hearing. Hearing

Hearing. PSYCHOLOGY (8th Edition, in Modules) David Myers. Module 14. Hearing. Hearing PSYCHOLOGY (8th Edition, in Modules) David Myers PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad Henderson State University Worth Publishers, 2007 1 Hearing Module 14 2 Hearing Hearing The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves The

More information

Sound. Audition. Physics of Sound. Properties of sound. Perception of sound works the same way as light.

Sound. Audition. Physics of Sound. Properties of sound. Perception of sound works the same way as light. Sound Audition Perception of sound works the same way as light. Have receptors to convert a physical stimulus to action potentials Action potentials are organized in brain structures You apply some meaning

More information

Audition. Sound. Physics of Sound. Perception of sound works the same way as light.

Audition. Sound. Physics of Sound. Perception of sound works the same way as light. Audition Sound Perception of sound works the same way as light. Have receptors to convert a physical stimulus to action potentials Action potentials are organized in brain structures You apply some meaning

More information

Sound and its characteristics. The decibel scale. Structure and function of the ear. Békésy s theory. Molecular basis of hair cell function.

Sound and its characteristics. The decibel scale. Structure and function of the ear. Békésy s theory. Molecular basis of hair cell function. Hearing Sound and its characteristics. The decibel scale. Structure and function of the ear. Békésy s theory. Molecular basis of hair cell function. 19/11/2014 Sound A type of longitudinal mass wave that

More information

Receptors / physiology

Receptors / physiology Hearing: physiology Receptors / physiology Energy transduction First goal of a sensory/perceptual system? Transduce environmental energy into neural energy (or energy that can be interpreted by perceptual

More information

Ganglion Cells Blind Spot Cornea Pupil Visual Area of the Bipolar Cells Thalamus Rods and Cones Lens Visual cortex of the occipital lobe

Ganglion Cells Blind Spot Cornea Pupil Visual Area of the Bipolar Cells Thalamus Rods and Cones Lens Visual cortex of the occipital lobe How We See How We See Cornea Ganglion Cells whose axons form the optic nerve Blind Spot the exit point at the back of the retina Pupil which is controlled by the iris Bipolar Cells Visual Area of the Thalamus

More information

Learning Targets. Module 20. Hearing Explain how the ear transforms sound energy into neural messages.

Learning Targets. Module 20. Hearing Explain how the ear transforms sound energy into neural messages. Learning Targets Module 20 Hearing 20-1 Describe the characteristics of air pressure waves that we hear as sound. 20-2 Explain how the ear transforms sound energy into neural messages. 20-3 Discuss how

More information

Before we talk about the auditory system we will talk about the sound and waves

Before we talk about the auditory system we will talk about the sound and waves The Auditory System PHYSIO: #3 DR.LOAI ZAGOUL 24/3/2014 Refer to the slides for some photos. Before we talk about the auditory system we will talk about the sound and waves All waves have basic characteristics:

More information

ID# Exam 2 PS 325, Fall 2003

ID# Exam 2 PS 325, Fall 2003 ID# Exam 2 PS 325, Fall 2003 As always, the Honor Code is in effect and you ll need to write the code and sign it at the end of the exam. Read each question carefully and answer it completely. Although

More information

Intro to Audition & Hearing

Intro to Audition & Hearing Intro to Audition & Hearing Lecture 16 Chapter 9, part II Jonathan Pillow Sensation & Perception (PSY 345 / NEU 325) Fall 2017 1 Sine wave: one of the simplest kinds of sounds: sound for which pressure

More information

Auditory Physiology PSY 310 Greg Francis. Lecture 29. Hearing

Auditory Physiology PSY 310 Greg Francis. Lecture 29. Hearing Auditory Physiology PSY 310 Greg Francis Lecture 29 A dangerous device. Hearing The sound stimulus is changes in pressure The simplest sounds vary in: Frequency: Hertz, cycles per second. How fast the

More information

PSY 310: Sensory and Perceptual Processes 1

PSY 310: Sensory and Perceptual Processes 1 Auditory Physiology PSY 310 Greg Francis Lecture 29 A dangerous device. Hearing The sound stimulus is changes in pressure The simplest sounds vary in: Frequency: Hertz, cycles per second. How fast the

More information

ID# Final Exam PS325, Fall 1997

ID# Final Exam PS325, Fall 1997 ID# Final Exam PS325, Fall 1997 Good luck on this exam. Answer each question carefully and completely. Keep your eyes foveated on your own exam, as the Skidmore Honor Code is in effect (as always). Have

More information

Consciousness and Blindsight

Consciousness and Blindsight Consciousness and Blindsight Blindsight: The ability to respond appropriately to visual inputs while lacking the feeling of having seen them These patients are unable to see, but are able to reach for

More information

Chapter 11: Sound, The Auditory System, and Pitch Perception

Chapter 11: Sound, The Auditory System, and Pitch Perception Chapter 11: Sound, The Auditory System, and Pitch Perception Overview of Questions What is it that makes sounds high pitched or low pitched? How do sound vibrations inside the ear lead to the perception

More information

Systems Neuroscience Oct. 16, Auditory system. http:

Systems Neuroscience Oct. 16, Auditory system. http: Systems Neuroscience Oct. 16, 2018 Auditory system http: www.ini.unizh.ch/~kiper/system_neurosci.html The physics of sound Measuring sound intensity We are sensitive to an enormous range of intensities,

More information

Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics

Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics 9 Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics Click Chapter to edit 9 Hearing: Master title Physiology style and Psychoacoustics The Function of Hearing What Is Sound? Basic Structure of the Mammalian Auditory

More information

HEARING. Structure and Function

HEARING. Structure and Function HEARING Structure and Function Rory Attwood MBChB,FRCS Division of Otorhinolaryngology Faculty of Health Sciences Tygerberg Campus, University of Stellenbosch Analyse Function of auditory system Discriminate

More information

SENSATION & PERCEPTION

SENSATION & PERCEPTION SENSATION & PERCEPTION Sensation and perception result from a symphony of sensory receptors and the neurons those receptors communicate with. The receptors and neurons fire in different combinations and

More information

Sound Waves. Sound and Sensa3on. Chapter 9. Sound waves are composed of compression and rarefac3on of air molecules. Domain

Sound Waves. Sound and Sensa3on. Chapter 9. Sound waves are composed of compression and rarefac3on of air molecules. Domain Chapter 9 Majority of illustra3ons in this presenta3on are from Biological Psychology 4 th edi3on ( Sinuer Publica3ons) Sound Waves Sound waves are composed of compression and rarefac3on of air molecules.

More information

Vision and Audition. This section concerns the anatomy of two important sensory systems, the visual and the auditory systems.

Vision and Audition. This section concerns the anatomy of two important sensory systems, the visual and the auditory systems. Vision and Audition Vision and Audition This section concerns the anatomy of two important sensory systems, the visual and the auditory systems. The description of the organization of each begins with

More information

MECHANISM OF HEARING

MECHANISM OF HEARING MECHANISM OF HEARING Sound: Sound is a vibration that propagates as an audible wave of pressure, through a transmission medium such as gas, liquid or solid. Sound is produced from alternate compression

More information

17.4 Sound and Hearing

17.4 Sound and Hearing You can identify sounds without seeing them because sound waves carry information to your ears. People who work in places where sound is very loud need to protect their hearing. Properties of Sound Waves

More information

PSY 215 Lecture 10 Topic: Hearing Chapter 7, pages

PSY 215 Lecture 10 Topic: Hearing Chapter 7, pages PSY 215 Lecture 10 Topic: Hearing Chapter 7, pages 189-197 Corrections: NTC 09-1, page 3, the Superior Colliculus is in the midbrain (Mesencephalon). Announcements: Movie next Monday: Case of the frozen

More information

Sensation and Perception

Sensation and Perception Sensation and Perception Sensation & Perception The interplay between the external world, physiological systems, and psychological experience How the external world makes impressions on our nervous system

More information

PSY 214 Lecture # (11/9/2011) (Sound, Auditory & Speech Perception) Dr. Achtman PSY 214

PSY 214 Lecture # (11/9/2011) (Sound, Auditory & Speech Perception) Dr. Achtman PSY 214 PSY 214 Lecture 16 Topic: Sound, Auditory System & Speech Perception Chapter 11, pages 270-289 Corrections: None Announcements: CD is available outside Dr Achtman s office if you would like to see demonstrations

More information

SUBJECT: Physics TEACHER: Mr. S. Campbell DATE: 15/1/2017 GRADE: DURATION: 1 wk GENERAL TOPIC: The Physics Of Hearing

SUBJECT: Physics TEACHER: Mr. S. Campbell DATE: 15/1/2017 GRADE: DURATION: 1 wk GENERAL TOPIC: The Physics Of Hearing SUBJECT: Physics TEACHER: Mr. S. Campbell DATE: 15/1/2017 GRADE: 12-13 DURATION: 1 wk GENERAL TOPIC: The Physics Of Hearing The Physics Of Hearing On completion of this section, you should be able to:

More information

Sensation and Perception. A. Sensation: awareness of simple characteristics B. Perception: making complex interpretations

Sensation and Perception. A. Sensation: awareness of simple characteristics B. Perception: making complex interpretations I. Overview Sensation and Perception A. Sensation: awareness of simple characteristics B. Perception: making complex interpretations C. Top-Down vs Bottom-up Processing D. Psychophysics -- thresholds 1.

More information

Hearing Sound. The Human Auditory System. The Outer Ear. Music 170: The Ear

Hearing Sound. The Human Auditory System. The Outer Ear. Music 170: The Ear Hearing Sound Music 170: The Ear Tamara Smyth, trsmyth@ucsd.edu Department of Music, University of California, San Diego (UCSD) November 17, 2016 Sound interpretation in the auditory system is done by

More information

Music 170: The Ear. Tamara Smyth, Department of Music, University of California, San Diego (UCSD) November 17, 2016

Music 170: The Ear. Tamara Smyth, Department of Music, University of California, San Diego (UCSD) November 17, 2016 Music 170: The Ear Tamara Smyth, trsmyth@ucsd.edu Department of Music, University of California, San Diego (UCSD) November 17, 2016 1 Hearing Sound Sound interpretation in the auditory system is done by

More information

Auditory Physiology PSY 310 Greg Francis. Lecture 30. Organ of Corti

Auditory Physiology PSY 310 Greg Francis. Lecture 30. Organ of Corti Auditory Physiology PSY 310 Greg Francis Lecture 30 Waves, waves, waves. Organ of Corti Tectorial membrane Sits on top Inner hair cells Outer hair cells The microphone for the brain 1 Hearing Perceptually,

More information

Deafness and hearing impairment

Deafness and hearing impairment Auditory Physiology Deafness and hearing impairment About one in every 10 Americans has some degree of hearing loss. The great majority develop hearing loss as they age. Hearing impairment in very early

More information

Auditory System. Barb Rohrer (SEI )

Auditory System. Barb Rohrer (SEI ) Auditory System Barb Rohrer (SEI614 2-5086) Sounds arise from mechanical vibration (creating zones of compression and rarefaction; which ripple outwards) Transmitted through gaseous, aqueous or solid medium

More information

Chapter 5 Test Review. Try the practice questions in the Study Guide and on line

Chapter 5 Test Review. Try the practice questions in the Study Guide and on line Chapter 5 Test Review Try the practice questions in the Study Guide and on line Printing game plan Put six slides on a page Select pure black and white as the printing option Okay, now wade into the answers>>>>

More information

BCS 221: Auditory Perception BCS 521 & PSY 221

BCS 221: Auditory Perception BCS 521 & PSY 221 BCS 221: Auditory Perception BCS 521 & PSY 221 Time: MW 10:25 11:40 AM Recitation: F 10:25 11:25 AM Room: Hutchinson 473 Lecturer: Dr. Kevin Davis Office: 303E Meliora Hall Office hours: M 1 3 PM kevin_davis@urmc.rochester.edu

More information

Auditory Physiology Richard M. Costanzo, Ph.D.

Auditory Physiology Richard M. Costanzo, Ph.D. Auditory Physiology Richard M. Costanzo, Ph.D. OBJECTIVES After studying the material of this lecture, the student should be able to: 1. Describe the morphology and function of the following structures:

More information

PSY 214 Lecture 16 (11/09/2011) (Sound, auditory system & pitch perception) Dr. Achtman PSY 214

PSY 214 Lecture 16 (11/09/2011) (Sound, auditory system & pitch perception) Dr. Achtman PSY 214 PSY 214 Lecture 16 Topic: Sound, auditory system, & pitch perception Chapter 11, pages 268-288 Corrections: None needed Announcements: At the beginning of class, we went over some demos from the virtual

More information

The speed at which it travels is a function of the density of the conducting medium.

The speed at which it travels is a function of the density of the conducting medium. Sound is a compression wave which (unlike light) must have a medium to conduct it. If the medium is uniform in density, the sound will spread at as a uniform ring of circles (actually spheres). The speed

More information

Required Slide. Session Objectives

Required Slide. Session Objectives Auditory Physiology Required Slide Session Objectives Auditory System: At the end of this session, students will be able to: 1. Characterize the range of normal human hearing. 2. Understand the components

More information

Practice Test Questions

Practice Test Questions Practice Test Questions Multiple Choice 1. Which term is most descriptive of the process of sensation? a. transportation c. selection b. interpretation d. transduction 2. Which terms are most descriptive

More information

Hearing Lectures. Acoustics of Speech and Hearing. Auditory Lighthouse. Facts about Timbre. Analysis of Complex Sounds

Hearing Lectures. Acoustics of Speech and Hearing. Auditory Lighthouse. Facts about Timbre. Analysis of Complex Sounds Hearing Lectures Acoustics of Speech and Hearing Week 2-10 Hearing 3: Auditory Filtering 1. Loudness of sinusoids mainly (see Web tutorial for more) 2. Pitch of sinusoids mainly (see Web tutorial for more)

More information

Sensation and Perception

Sensation and Perception Sensation and Perception Sensation & Perception The interplay between the external world, physiological systems, and psychological experience How the external world makes impressions on our nervous system

More information

THE EAR AND HEARING Be sure you have read and understand Chapter 16 before beginning this lab. INTRODUCTION: hair cells outer ear tympanic membrane

THE EAR AND HEARING Be sure you have read and understand Chapter 16 before beginning this lab. INTRODUCTION: hair cells outer ear tympanic membrane BIOLOGY 211: HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ****************************************************************************************************** THE EAR AND HEARING ******************************************************************************************************

More information

Hearing. By: Jimmy, Dana, and Karissa

Hearing. By: Jimmy, Dana, and Karissa Hearing By: Jimmy, Dana, and Karissa Anatomy - The ear is divided up into three parts - Sound enters in through the outer ear and passes into the middle where the vibrations are received and sent to the

More information

College of Medicine Dept. of Medical physics Physics of ear and hearing /CH

College of Medicine Dept. of Medical physics Physics of ear and hearing /CH College of Medicine Dept. of Medical physics Physics of ear and hearing /CH 13 2017-2018 ***************************************************************** o Introduction : The ear is the organ that detects

More information

Topic 4. Pitch & Frequency

Topic 4. Pitch & Frequency Topic 4 Pitch & Frequency A musical interlude KOMBU This solo by Kaigal-ool of Huun-Huur-Tu (accompanying himself on doshpuluur) demonstrates perfectly the characteristic sound of the Xorekteer voice An

More information

Converting Sound Waves into Neural Signals, Part 1. What happens to initiate neural signals for sound?

Converting Sound Waves into Neural Signals, Part 1. What happens to initiate neural signals for sound? The Ear Outer Ear: Pinna. Collects sounds. Middle Ear: Chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea

More information

HEARING AND PSYCHOACOUSTICS

HEARING AND PSYCHOACOUSTICS CHAPTER 2 HEARING AND PSYCHOACOUSTICS WITH LIDIA LEE I would like to lead off the specific audio discussions with a description of the audio receptor the ear. I believe it is always a good idea to understand

More information

Outline. The ear and perception of sound (Psychoacoustics) A.1 Outer Ear Amplifies Sound. Introduction

Outline. The ear and perception of sound (Psychoacoustics) A.1 Outer Ear Amplifies Sound. Introduction The ear and perception of sound (Psychoacoustics) 1 Outline A. Structure of the Ear B. Perception of Pitch C. Perception of Loudness D. Timbre (quality of sound) E. References Updated 01Aug0 Introduction

More information

Chapter 3. Sounds, Signals, and Studio Acoustics

Chapter 3. Sounds, Signals, and Studio Acoustics Chapter 3 Sounds, Signals, and Studio Acoustics Sound Waves Compression/Rarefaction: speaker cone Sound travels 1130 feet per second Sound waves hit receiver Sound waves tend to spread out as they travel

More information

Auditory System Feedback

Auditory System Feedback Feedback Auditory System Feedback Using all or a portion of the information from the output of a system to regulate or control the processes or inputs in order to modify the output. Central control of

More information

SPECIAL SENSES: THE AUDITORY SYSTEM

SPECIAL SENSES: THE AUDITORY SYSTEM SPECIAL SENSES: THE AUDITORY SYSTEM REVISION OF PHYSICS: WAVES A wave is an oscillation of power, sound waves have two main characteristics: amplitude, which is the maximum displacement or the power of

More information

SENSORY SYSTEM VII THE EAR PART 1

SENSORY SYSTEM VII THE EAR PART 1 SENSORY SYSTEM VII THE EAR PART 1 Waves Sound is a compression wave The Ear Ear Outer Ear Pinna Outer ear: - Made up of the pinna and the auditory canal Auditory Canal Outer Ear Pinna (also called the

More information

Lecture 3: Perception

Lecture 3: Perception ELEN E4896 MUSIC SIGNAL PROCESSING Lecture 3: Perception 1. Ear Physiology 2. Auditory Psychophysics 3. Pitch Perception 4. Music Perception Dan Ellis Dept. Electrical Engineering, Columbia University

More information

The Ear. The ear can be divided into three major parts: the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear.

The Ear. The ear can be divided into three major parts: the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. The Ear The ear can be divided into three major parts: the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. The Ear There are three components of the outer ear: Pinna: the fleshy outer part of the ear which

More information

Chapter 7. Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses. Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

Chapter 7. Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses. Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004 Chapter 7 Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display,

More information

Hearing. Figure 1. The human ear (from Kessel and Kardon, 1979)

Hearing. Figure 1. The human ear (from Kessel and Kardon, 1979) Hearing The nervous system s cognitive response to sound stimuli is known as psychoacoustics: it is partly acoustics and partly psychology. Hearing is a feature resulting from our physiology that we tend

More information

ENT 318 Artificial Organs Physiology of Ear

ENT 318 Artificial Organs Physiology of Ear ENT 318 Artificial Organs Physiology of Ear Lecturer: Ahmad Nasrul Norali The Ear The Ear Components of hearing mechanism - Outer Ear - Middle Ear - Inner Ear - Central Auditory Nervous System Major Divisions

More information

Sound and Hearing. Decibels. Frequency Coding & Localization 1. Everything is vibration. The universe is made of waves.

Sound and Hearing. Decibels. Frequency Coding & Localization 1. Everything is vibration. The universe is made of waves. Frequency Coding & Localization 1 Sound and Hearing Everything is vibration The universe is made of waves db = 2log(P1/Po) P1 = amplitude of the sound wave Po = reference pressure =.2 dynes/cm 2 Decibels

More information

Topic 4. Pitch & Frequency. (Some slides are adapted from Zhiyao Duan s course slides on Computer Audition and Its Applications in Music)

Topic 4. Pitch & Frequency. (Some slides are adapted from Zhiyao Duan s course slides on Computer Audition and Its Applications in Music) Topic 4 Pitch & Frequency (Some slides are adapted from Zhiyao Duan s course slides on Computer Audition and Its Applications in Music) A musical interlude KOMBU This solo by Kaigal-ool of Huun-Huur-Tu

More information

Anatomy and Physiology of Hearing

Anatomy and Physiology of Hearing Anatomy and Physiology of Hearing The Human Ear Temporal Bone Found on each side of the skull and contains the organs for hearing and balance Divided into four major portions: - squamous - mastoid - tympanic

More information

Sensation and Perception. Chapter 6

Sensation and Perception. Chapter 6 Sensation and Perception Chapter 6 1 Sensation & Perception How do we construct our representations of the external world? Text To represent the world, we must detect physical energy (a stimulus) from

More information

COM3502/4502/6502 SPEECH PROCESSING

COM3502/4502/6502 SPEECH PROCESSING COM3502/4502/6502 SPEECH PROCESSING Lecture 4 Hearing COM3502/4502/6502 Speech Processing: Lecture 4, slide 1 The Speech Chain SPEAKER Ear LISTENER Feedback Link Vocal Muscles Ear Sound Waves Taken from:

More information

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Outline Nervous System Sensory Systems I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Biol 105 Lecture 11 Chapter 9 Senses Sensory receptors Touch Vision Hearing and balance Smell Senses Sensory receptor cells Sensory receptors

More information

Chapter 13 Physics of the Ear and Hearing

Chapter 13 Physics of the Ear and Hearing Hearing 100 times greater dynamic range than vision Wide frequency range (20 ~ 20,000 Hz) Sense of hearing Mechanical system that stimulates the hair cells in the cochlea Sensors that produce action potentials

More information

Presentation On SENSATION. Prof- Mrs.Kuldeep Kaur

Presentation On SENSATION. Prof- Mrs.Kuldeep Kaur Presentation On SENSATION Prof- Mrs.Kuldeep Kaur INTRODUCTION:- Sensation is a specialty area within Psychology that works at understanding how are senses work and how we perceive stimuli in the environment.

More information

Sensation and Perception. 8.2 The Senses

Sensation and Perception. 8.2 The Senses Sensation and Perception 8.2 The Senses I. Introduction A. You probably think that you have just five senses: vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. In addition, people have two more internal senses:

More information

SPECIAL SENSES PART I: OLFACTION & GUSTATION

SPECIAL SENSES PART I: OLFACTION & GUSTATION SPECIAL SENSES PART I: OLFACTION & GUSTATION 5 Special Senses Olfaction Gustation Vision Equilibrium Hearing Olfactory Nerves Extend through cribriform plate into nasal cavity on both sides of nasal septum

More information

Hearing. and other senses

Hearing. and other senses Hearing and other senses Sound Sound: sensed variations in air pressure Frequency: number of peaks that pass a point per second (Hz) Pitch 2 Some Sound and Hearing Links Useful (and moderately entertaining)

More information

Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Sensation and Perception Sensation The process by which our sense organs receive information from the environment Perception The sorting out, interpretation, analysis,

More information

Loudness. Loudness is not simply sound intensity!

Loudness. Loudness is not simply sound intensity! is not simply sound intensity! Sound loudness is a subjective term describing the strength of the ear's perception of a sound. It is intimately related to sound intensity but can by no means be considered

More information

Senses and Sense Organs

Senses and Sense Organs Senses and Sense Organs SENSORY SYSTEMS Human experience is effected by both internal and external stimuli. Humans are able to distinguish among many different types of stimuli by means of a highly developed

More information

Otoconia: Calcium carbonate crystals Gelatinous mass. Cilia. Hair cells. Vestibular nerve. Vestibular ganglion

Otoconia: Calcium carbonate crystals Gelatinous mass. Cilia. Hair cells. Vestibular nerve. Vestibular ganglion VESTIBULAR SYSTEM (Balance/Equilibrium) The vestibular stimulus is provided by Earth s, and. Located in the of the inner ear, in two components: 1. Vestibular sacs - gravity & head direction 2. Semicircular

More information

Chapter 38 Active Reading Guide Nervous and Sensory Systems

Chapter 38 Active Reading Guide Nervous and Sensory Systems Name: AP Biology Mr. Croft Chapter 38 Active Reading Guide Nervous and Sensory Systems Section 1 1. This concept begins with a look at the evolution of nervous systems. You will want to study this to tie

More information

HEAR YE! HEAR YE! (1.5 Hours)

HEAR YE! HEAR YE! (1.5 Hours) HEAR YE! HEAR YE! (1.5 Hours) Addresses NGSS Level of Difficulty: 4 Grade Range: 3-5 OVERVIEW In this activity, students will construct a model ear to learn how different materials transmit sound. Topic:

More information

Auditory System & Hearing

Auditory System & Hearing Auditory System & Hearing Chapters 9 part II Lecture 16 Jonathan Pillow Sensation & Perception (PSY 345 / NEU 325) Spring 2019 1 Phase locking: Firing locked to period of a sound wave example of a temporal

More information

Hearing in the Environment

Hearing in the Environment 10 Hearing in the Environment Click Chapter to edit 10 Master Hearing title in the style Environment Sound Localization Complex Sounds Auditory Scene Analysis Continuity and Restoration Effects Auditory

More information

THE MECHANICS OF HEARING

THE MECHANICS OF HEARING CONTENTS The mechanics of hearing Hearing loss and the Noise at Work Regulations Loudness and the A weighting network Octave band analysis Hearing protection calculations Worked examples and self assessed

More information

Hearing. By Jack & Tori

Hearing. By Jack & Tori Hearing By Jack & Tori 3 Main Components of the Human Ear. Outer Ear. Middle Ear. Inner Ear Outer Ear Pinna: >Visible part of ear and ear canal -Acts as a funnel to direct sound Eardrum: >Airtight membrane

More information

Definition Slides. Sensation. Perception. Bottom-up processing. Selective attention. Top-down processing 11/3/2013

Definition Slides. Sensation. Perception. Bottom-up processing. Selective attention. Top-down processing 11/3/2013 Definition Slides Sensation = the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. Perception = the process of organizing and interpreting

More information

Hearing. Juan P Bello

Hearing. Juan P Bello Hearing Juan P Bello The human ear The human ear Outer Ear The human ear Middle Ear The human ear Inner Ear The cochlea (1) It separates sound into its various components If uncoiled it becomes a tapering

More information

Biology 3201 The Nervous System Test

Biology 3201 The Nervous System Test Biology 3201 The Nervous System Test 1. The central nervous system consists of: a. Nerves and neurons c. spinal chord and nerves b. brain and neurons d. brain and spinal chord 2. This part of the brain

More information

Printable version - Hearing - OpenLearn - The Open University

Printable version - Hearing - OpenLearn - The Open University Skip to content Accessibility Sign in Contact Search the OU The Open University Study at the OU Research at the OU OU Community About the OU Hearing Printable page generated Saturday, 12 November 2011,

More information

= add definition here. Definition Slide

= add definition here. Definition Slide = add definition here Definition Slide Definition Slides Sensation = the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. Perception

More information

SPHSC 462 HEARING DEVELOPMENT. Overview Review of Hearing Science Introduction

SPHSC 462 HEARING DEVELOPMENT. Overview Review of Hearing Science Introduction SPHSC 462 HEARING DEVELOPMENT Overview Review of Hearing Science Introduction 1 Overview of course and requirements Lecture/discussion; lecture notes on website http://faculty.washington.edu/lawerner/sphsc462/

More information

Unit VIII Problem 9 Physiology: Hearing

Unit VIII Problem 9 Physiology: Hearing Unit VIII Problem 9 Physiology: Hearing - We can hear a limited range of frequency between 20 Hz 20,000 Hz (human hearing acuity is between 1000 Hz 4000 Hz). - The ear is divided into 3 parts. Those are:

More information

Unit 4: Sensation and Perception

Unit 4: Sensation and Perception Unit 4: Sensation and Perception Sensation a process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus (or physical) energy and encode it as neural signals. Perception a

More information

9.3 Sound The frequency of sound Frequency and pitch pitch Most sound has more than one frequency The frequency spectrum

9.3 Sound The frequency of sound Frequency and pitch pitch Most sound has more than one frequency The frequency spectrum 9.3 Sound Like other waves, sound has frequency, wavelength, amplitude, and speed. Because sound is part of your daily experience, you already know its properties but by different names. You may never

More information

5. Which word refers to making

5. Which word refers to making Name: Date: WEEK 6 1 Read the text and then answer the questions. How do people hear? Look in a mirror, and you will see that your ears are shaped a little like a funnel. That shape amplifies sounds you

More information

Auditory System & Hearing

Auditory System & Hearing Auditory System & Hearing Chapters 9 and 10 Lecture 17 Jonathan Pillow Sensation & Perception (PSY 345 / NEU 325) Spring 2015 1 Cochlea: physical device tuned to frequency! place code: tuning of different

More information

Become a good listener LESSON PLAN / MARCH 2015 SPONSORED BY

Become a good listener LESSON PLAN / MARCH 2015 SPONSORED BY Become a good listener LESSON PLAN / MARCH 2015 SPONSORED BY WHO KNOWS WHAT HEARING IS? Hearing, auditory perception, or audition is the ability to perceive sound by detecting vibrations, changes in the

More information

Educational Module Tympanometry. Germany D Germering

Educational Module Tympanometry. Germany D Germering Educational Module anometry PATH medical Germany D-82110 Germering Our educational modules 1 are made for providing information on how the hearing organ works and which test procedures are used to test

More information

The lowest level of stimulation that a person can detect. absolute threshold. Adapting one's current understandings to incorporate new information.

The lowest level of stimulation that a person can detect. absolute threshold. Adapting one's current understandings to incorporate new information. absolute threshold The lowest level of stimulation that a person can detect accommodation Adapting one's current understandings to incorporate new information. acuity Sharp perception or vision audition

More information

-Detect heat or cold and help maintain body temperature

-Detect heat or cold and help maintain body temperature Sensory Receptors -Transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous system -Reception occurs when a receptor detectd a stimulus -Perception occurs in the brain as this information

More information

Hearing I: Sound & The Ear

Hearing I: Sound & The Ear Hearing I: Sound & The Ear Overview of Topics Chapter 5 in Chaudhuri Philosophical Aside: If a tree falls in the forest and no one is there to hear it... Qualities of sound energy and sound perception

More information

Hearing Lectures. Acoustics of Speech and Hearing. Subjective/Objective (recap) Loudness Overview. Sinusoids through ear. Facts about Loudness

Hearing Lectures. Acoustics of Speech and Hearing. Subjective/Objective (recap) Loudness Overview. Sinusoids through ear. Facts about Loudness Hearing Lectures coustics of Speech and Hearing Week 2-8 Hearing 1: Perception of Intensity 1. Loudness of sinusoids mainly (see Web tutorial for more) 2. Pitch of sinusoids mainly (see Web tutorial for

More information

Chapter 1: Introduction to digital audio

Chapter 1: Introduction to digital audio Chapter 1: Introduction to digital audio Applications: audio players (e.g. MP3), DVD-audio, digital audio broadcast, music synthesizer, digital amplifier and equalizer, 3D sound synthesis 1 Properties

More information

Ear Exam and Hearing Tests

Ear Exam and Hearing Tests Ear Exam and Hearing Tests Test Overview A thorough evaluation of a person's hearing requires an ear exam and hearing tests. In children, normal hearing is important for language to develop correctly.

More information

Sound Waves. Sound waves can only travel through matter. The energy carried by a sound wave is transferred by the collisions between the

Sound Waves. Sound waves can only travel through matter. The energy carried by a sound wave is transferred by the collisions between the Sound Waves Making Sound Waves How does the motion of a drummer s drumsticks produce sound waves? The impact of the sticks on the head of a drum causes the drum head to vibrate. These vibrations transfer

More information