Introduction to Neural Prosthesis

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1 Introduction to Neural Prosthesis Sung June Kim 1

2 Neural Prosthesis A device that connects directly with the nervous system to replace or supplement sensory or motor function. A device that improves the quality of life of a neurologically impaired individual so much that he/she is willing to put up with the surgery, gadgetry, etc. 2

3 Successful Areas of Neural Prosthesis (Bionic Ear) Hearing: Cochlear Implant Vision: Retinal Implant Parkinson s Disease: DBS (Deep Brain Stimulation) 3

4 Why these three? Success in Cochlear Implant The other two were inspired by its (the CI s) success. The Cochlear and Retinal implants are sensory prosthetics, using electrical stimulation of neurons. The DBS deals with motion disability yet uses CI like neuronal stimulation. 4

The electrode array was still electrically connected to the target neurons.

5 Why was CI so successful? Spatially isolated space was available for the electrode array. The electrode array was still electrically connected to the target neurons. Timely development of the transistor based microelectronics technologies that made the electronics small (wearable, implantable) but powerful. 5

6 What are needed in NP? (1) External unit is needed if there is a signal to process. Speech is the signal to process in Cochlear Implant Image is the signal to process in Retinal Implant There is no external signal to process in DBS. External Unit 6

7 Speech Processor, An example of External Unit www. bionicear.com, 7

8 What are needed in NP? (2) Internal Unit (Implantable Unit) This unit generates electrical signals, and apply them to the array of electrodes that stimulate target neurons. External Unit Internal Unit 8

9 Example of the Internal Unit 10 mm 9 Nurobiosys Corp., Korea

10 What are needed in NP? (3) Communication (Connection) between the two. If the connection is wired, it is called percutaneous connection, Percutaneous connection is simplest, best with signal to noise ratio, but there is risk for infection. External Unit Internal Unit 10

11 What are needed in NP? (4) Thus modern NP uses wireless communication (telemetry). The telemetry requires extra circuit to transmit and receive signals from the external unit to the internal one. There are forward telemetry and reverse telemetry. External Unit Internal Unit 11

12 System example: Cochlear Implant 1 Sound Signal Microphone External Coil 3 Data & Power Transmission Internal Coil 4 Signal Demodulation Implantable Current Stimulator 6 Auditory Cortex 2 RF Modulation 5 Stimulation Pulse train Inserted Electrode array Wearable Speech Processor 12

13 Problems addressed Cell loss is the common problem. Cells that act as transducers (sensors) for hearing and vision Hair cells in cochlea in hearing impairment Photoreceptor cells in retina for vision impairment Cells that are essential in controlled movement: Substantia Nigra cells in Parkinson s disease 13

14 Possible solutions Stem cells: IPSC (Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells) are the typical approach However, these are not proven safe for clinical applications yet. Currently Neural Prosthesis is the only working solution: An array of electrodes are inserted to electrically stimulate surviving neighbor neuron cells to substitute or replace the lost functions. 14

15 Neural prosthetic Milestones 1934: Electronic hearing aid developed 1952: Hodgkin- Huxley theory of action potential 1957: 1 st cochlear implant developed 1961: 1 st motor prosthesis for foot drop in hemiplegics 1958: Internal pacemaker developed : organized clinical trials of the 1 st wearable cochlear implant begin 1977: Bone-anchored hearing aid made available in Europe 1979: 1 st auditory brainstem implant : Invention of transistor 1956 Nobel Prize of Physics awarded to Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain 1961: Silicon chips first appear (TI, J. Kilby) 1971: Microprocessor invented (Intel, 4004) 1959: MOSFET invented (BL, D.Khang) 1963: CMOS invented (Fairchild, Wanlass) Engineering/Computer Milestones Finn, Warren E., and Peter G. LoPresti, eds. Handbook of neuroprosthetic methods. CRC Press, : VLSI developed(modular design by Mead and Conway) 15

16 Neural prosthetic Milestones 1980: 1 st successful 1-channel cochlear implant in a child 1981: Peripheral nerve bridge implanted into spinal cord of rat : FES allows paraplegics to stand 1988: MIT-Harvard, Johns Hopkins begin research on epiretinal implant 1995: - Human trials of visual cortex prosthesis - German group begin Subretinal implant 1996: Optic nerve prosthesis development begins in Belgium 1997: FDA approval of DBS on thalamus for Parkinson s Disease 2000: - FDA authorizes Optobionics to begin human trials of Artificial Silicon Retina (ASR) - FDA approval of 1 st middle-ear implant - FAD approval of auditory brainstem implant : IBM PC, STM invented 1980: silicon microelectrode for extracellular recording begun 1985: MS Windows developed 1989: Intel 486 processor 1998: Google 2000: Deep Brain Stimulation (ACTIVA) develped to treat Parkinson s disease Engineering/Computer Milestones Finn, Warren E., and Peter G. LoPresti, eds. Handbook of neuroprosthetic methods. CRC Press,

17 Neural prosthetic Milestones 2004: Humanimplanted BCI : 16-channel retinal prosthesis Argus I developed 2005: Optogenetic system for mammalian neuron : 1500 channel subretinal photodiode array by German group 2007: clinical trials of 60-channel Argus II begin 2013: FDA approval of Secondsight Argus II epiretinal prosthesis : completion of the Human Genome Project 2008: iphone 3G 2010: iphone : iphone : iphone : 1 st dual-core processor (IBM) 2004: Facebook launched 2006: 1 st Tesla allelectric vehicle Engineering/Computer Milestones 17

18 Our envinronment We are certainly a Biomedical Engineer Biomedical engineer is who challenges many problem in the modern heath care system. Biomedical engineer is who challenges many problem in the modern heath care system. To be more specific, we could be called a Neural Engineer. Some people might say we study Artificial Organs (Devices for replacement or augmentation of bodily functions) We can join professor societies such as IEEE EMBS (Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society). They hold annual meeting called EMBC (Engineering in Medicine and Biology Conference). BMES (Biomedical Engineering Society) is another major biomedical engineering society. 18

IEEE EMBS IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology society The IEEE is the largest international professional organization in the world and accommodates 37 different societies

The EMBS represents the foremost international organization serving the need of more than 8000 biomedical engineering members around the world.

19 IEEE EMBS IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology society The IEEE is the largest international professional organization in the world and accommodates 37 different societies and councils under its umbrella structure. The EMBS represents the foremost international organization serving the need of more than 8000 biomedical engineering members around the world. publications: Transaction on Biomedical Engineering(TBME: a monthly journal) Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems Transaction on Rehabilitation Engineering Transaction of Information Technology in Biomedicine(two quarterly journals)) IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology magazine(a bimonthly magazine) 19

20 Conferences and Meetings we can travel to Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers(IEEE) Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society(EMBS) Conference IEEE EMBS Neural Engineering Conference Biomedical Engineering Society(BMES) Meeting Neural Interfaces Conference Biomedical Circuits and Systems(BioCAS) Conference Conference on Implantable Auditory Prostheses(CIAP) European Symposium on Paediatric Cochlear Implantation(ESPCI) Asia Pacific Symposium on Cochlear Implant and Related Sciences(APSCI) American Cochlear Implant Alliance CI Symposium The Eye and The Chip Meeting Annual Meetings of Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) International Neuromodulation Society(INS) World Congress Society for Neuroscience(SFN) Conference World Society for Stereotactic Functional Neurosurgery(WSSFN) International Federation for Medical & Biological Engineering(IFMBE) 20

21 Journals we can publish our research in Includes, but not limited to, Journal of Neural Engineering Journal of Neuroscience Methods Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing Biomedical Instrumentation and Technology Journal of Clinical Engineering Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine Neural Computation Science Nature Small Optics Express Otology and Neurotology Journal of Neuromodulation Sensors and Materials Sensors & Actuators Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine ACS Nano Biosensors and Bioelectronics Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science Clinical & Experimental Otorhinolaryngol Optics Letters Biotechnology and Bioengineering Neuromodulation Nanotechnolgy Optics Communications NeuroImage Invest Ophthalmol Vision Science Tissue Engineering Bioelectromagnetics Sensors Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology Biochimica et Biophysica Acta Medical Engineering & Physics And more. 21

22 Related Youtube videos Hearing CI wm CI simulations Q A day of a CI user k 22

Introduction to Neural Prosthesis

Introduction to Neural Prosthesis Sung June Kim Neural Prosthetic Engineering 1 Neural Prosthesis A device that connects directly with the nervous system to replace or supplement sensory or motor function.