7. Sharp perception or vision 8. The process of transferring genetic material from one cell to another by a plasmid or bacteriophage

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1 1. A particular shade of a given color 2. How many wave peaks pass a certain point per given time 3. Process in which the sense organs' receptor cells are stimulated and relay initial information to higher brain centers for further processing. 4. Comprised of the axons of retinal ganglion cells, this carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. 5. Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness 6. Cone-shaped visual receptor cells; located in retina; works best in bright light; responsible for viewing color; greatest density in the fovea 7. Sharp perception or vision 8. The process of transferring genetic material from one cell to another by a plasmid or bacteriophage 9. The sense or act of hearing 10. Located in the periphery of the retina, these are sensory receptors for vision that work best in reduced illumination, and only allow perception of achromatic colors, low sensitivity to detail and are not involved in color vision. 11. Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object 12. the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

2 1. pitch 2. top-down processing 3. accommodation 4. signal detection theory 5. iris 6. nearsightedness 7. sensory adaptation 8. parallel processing 9. feature detectors 10. blind spot 11. middle ear 12. gate-control theory a. A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening. b. Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement c. Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations. d. Air-filled cavity in temporal bone separated from air outside the head by tympanic membrane e. The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there f. Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation g. Adapting one's current understandings to incorporate new information. h. A condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects because distant objects focus in front of the retina i. The spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. j. A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background noise k. Processing multiple types of information at the same time l. A tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency.

3 1. Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea a. conduction hearing loss b. nearsightedness c. kinesthesis d. sensor neural hearing loss The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. a. kinesthesis b. difference threshold c. frequency theory d. absolute threshold Principle that, to be perceived as different; two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage(rather than a constant amount). a. wavelength b. inner ear c. Weber's law d. iris In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch. a. frequency b. frequency theory c. gate-control theory d. place theory Horizontal distance between the crests or between the troughs of two adjacent waves a. lens b. frequency c. wavelength d. fovea

4 Focuses light onto retina a. cones b. lens c. rods d. iris In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated a. frequency theory b. kinesthesis c. place theory d. perception the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color. a. frequency theory b. Young-Helmholtz Theory c. place theory d. gate-control theory The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste a. sensation b. feature detectors c. sensory adaptation d. sensory interaction The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. a. middle ear b. iris c. inner ear d. intensity

5 A hole in the center of the iris of the eye that allows light to enter the eyeball. The diameter of pupil is controlled by the iris in response to the brightness of the light. a. iris b. pupil c. pitch d. hue the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts a. place theory b. intensity c. inner ear d. kinesthesis 1. perception A person's cognitive (mental) interpretation of events. 2. farsightedness A condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects because distant objects focus in front of the retina 3. subliminal A hole in the center of the iris of the eye that allows light to enter the eyeball. The diameter of pupil is controlled by the iris in response to the brightness of the light. 4. cochlea A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses 5. bottom-up processing Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.

6 6. retina Focuses light onto retina 7. absolute threshold The lowest level of stimulation that a person can detect 8. fovea "Point of central focus". Spot on the back of the retina that has more cones that anywhere else. Helps us see fine detail 9. intensity Sharp perception or vision 10. opponent-process theory In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch. 11. psychophysics the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

7 Written Questions 1. Hue 2. Frequency 3. Sensation 4. Optic Nerve 5. Sensorineural Hearing Loss 6. Cones 7. Acuity 8. Transduction 9. Auduition 10. Rods 11. Color Constancy 12. Vestibular Sense Matching Questions 1. l 2. c 3. g 4. j 5. a 6. h 7. f 8. k 9. b 10. e 11. d 12. i Multiple Choice Questions 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. c 6. b 7. c 8. b 9. d 10. c 11. b 12. d / Questions