Contents. Chapter 1: Introduction to Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry...1. Chapter 2: Growth and Development...4
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1 Chapter 1: Introduction to Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry...1 Pedodontics...1 Aims and objectives...1 Scope...2 Chapter 2: Growth and Development...4 Importance of study of growth and development in pedodontics...4 Nature of growth and development...5 Growth spurts...5 Basic concepts in growth...11 Mechanism of bone growth...14 Theories of growth of craniofacial region...16 Factors affecting growth and development...23 Postnatal growth of cranial vault and cranial base...24 Postnatal growth of nasomaxillary complex...26 Postnatal growth of mandible...29 Methods of growth measurements...31 Facial growth trends...33 Reflexes present in infants and its significance...34 Developmental milestones in children...40 Physiology and its significance in growing children...45 Chapter 3: Development of Occlusion...52 Nolla s stages of teeth development and its significance...52 Tooth movements during tooth eruption...53 Mechanism of tooth eruption...55 Theories of tooth eruption...55 Factors affecting tooth eruption...57 Development of occlusion from birth to adolescence...59 Molar relationship from primary dentition to permanent dentition stage...68 Characteristics of normal occlusion in mixed and permanent stages...69 Dimensional changes in the dental arch during growth...71 Chapter 4: Dental Anatomy, Morphology and Histology...75 Development of teeth and its associated structures...75 Dental anomalies that occur at different stages of tooth development...85 Deciduous teeth and its functions Dental formulae...85 Eruption of tooth...86
2 xiv Manual of Pediatric Dentistry Teething problems and their management...86 Morphological characteristics of primary teeth...87 Differences between primary and permanent teeth...90 Exfoliation...90 Pattern and mechanism of deciduous tooth shedding...90 Nerve supply for the oral cavity...97 Vessels associated with the oral cavity...98 Characteristics and importance of young permanent teeth Importance of first permanent molar Chapter 5: Dental Radiology Related to Pedodontics Radiography History of dental radiography Radiographic examination Selection criteria in radiographic examination Indications for exposing radiographs Guidelines for prescribing dental radiographs Uses of intraoral X-rays X-ray films Sedation for imaging procedures Intraoral and extraoral radiographs Commonly used radiographic techniques Bitewing radiographs Object localization radiography Significance of panoramic radiographs Cephalometrics Extraoral radiographs Principles of radiation protection Errors and difficulties in radiographic procedures and its management Precautions to be followed in radiographic procedures Radiobiological effects of X-ray exposure Recent imaging techniques and its advantages Chapter 6: Oral Surgical Procedures in Children Anatomic and physiologic concerns and general considerations in sedating a pedodontic patient Drugs commonly used in sedation Routes of administration and sedation techniques Mild/preoperative sedation/anxiolytics General anesthesia in children Management of psychological effects of hospitalization Conscious sedation Nitrous oxide-oxygen mixture sedation Dissociative sedation Local anesthesia and local anesthetic agents Topical anesthetics Conventional injection techniques in maxillary and mandibular dentition Jet injection WAND delivery system Armamentarium for basic oral surgical procedures and sterilization techniques Indications and contraindications of tooth extraction...152
3 xv Tooth extraction procedure Postextraction instructions Management of oral soft-tissue injuries Selection of suturing materials Principles of surgical incision and flap design Soft-tissue surgical procedures Minor oral surgical procedures in children/dentoalveolar surgery Anatomical considerations for maxillofacial injuries Patterns of pediatric facial fracture injury and methods of management Acquired temporomandibular disorders and its management Chapter 7: Dental Caries Historical background Classification and theories of caries formation Chemoparasitic theory Histopathological changes in dental caries Pathogenesis and factors influencing caries formation Keyes triad/caries tetralogy Role of microbes in caries formation Window of infectivity, Stephan s curve and critical ph level Influence of fissure morphology in caries formation Caries pattern in primary, young permanent and permanent teeth Arrested caries Affected and infected dentin Childhood caries Baby bottle tooth syndrome and RIECDD Rampant caries Prevention schedule for high-risk caries group Rampant caries and nursing bottle caries Pre-eruptive caries Incipient caries Root caries Role of diet in dental caries Sucrose the arch criminal Diet analysis/diet chart and dietary counseling Caries detection methods and recent views Risk assessment and dentist s role in caries control program Caries activity tests Cariostat Cariogram Chapter 8: Gingival and Periodontal Diseases in Children Features of normal periodontium Changes observed in periodontium during eruption of tooth Classification of periodontal diseases and conditions Common gingival lesions Common microbes in oral cavity Microflora composition in young children and its role in plaque formation Eruption gingivitis in children Acute gingival diseases in children Chronic marginal gingivitis...233
4 xvi Manual of Pediatric Dentistry Chronic non-specific gingivitis Localized gingival recession Gingival diseases modified by systemic factors Aggressive periodontitis and its management Classification of periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome/precocious periodontosis Abnormal frenal attachment and its management Periodontal screening and recording (PSR) Extrinsic stains and its management in children Prevention of gingival and periodontal diseases Methods of plaque control Chapter 9: Child Psychology Child psychology and its importance Different schools of psychology Theories of child psychology Three levels of awareness and structural model of personality according to Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud theory of psychological development from birth through adolescence Erikson s theory of psychosocial development Cognitive developmental theory Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Observational learning theory Maslow s theory of psychological development Mahler s theory of personality development Psycho-orthodontic theory of motivation Classification of child development Oral theory of sears Benjamin theory (1960) Emotion, its characteristics and significance Parental attitudes that affect child behavior Chapter 10: Behavior Management Classification of child according to behavior pattern Factors that influence child behavior Types of cry Pedodontic treatment triangle Functional enquiry Behavior shaping Techniques used for management of dental behavior Implosion therapy Coping Word substitutes used for communicating with children Physical assessment and its significance Relation of emotional maturation to the dental situation Intelligence quotient (IQ) assessment and its significance Pharmacological methods of behavior management...304
5 xvii Anatomic and physiologic concerns and general considerations in sedating Drugs commonly used in sedation Routes of administration and sedation techniques Preoperative sedation/anxiolytics Conscious sedation Nitrous oxide-oxygen mixture sedation Dissociative sedation Chapter 11: Pediatric Operative Dentistry Principles/guidelines in pediatric restorative dentistry Instrumentation in pediatric restorative dentistry Various isolation techniques Types of clamps Morphology and histology influencing cavity preparation Conventional cavity preparation in primary and permanent tooth Basic principles in cavity preparation of primary teeth Class 1 cavity preparation for incipient lesions and pit and fissures Matrices and wedges Class 2 cavity preparation in primary tooth and its modifications Tunnel preparation Class 2 cavity preparation for amalgam and esthetic materials Failure of amalgam restorations Management of primary molar with multiple carious lesions Restoration of primary anterior teeth Sandwich technique Prophylactic odontotomy Enamel microabrasion Kinetic cavity preparation/air abrasion technique Lamination techniques in restoration Chemomechanical caries removal Alternative restorative treatment/atraumatic restorative treatment Chapter 12: Pediatric Endodontics Primary pulp and its anatomic considerations and differences from permanent pulp tissue Pulpal reactions to dental caries and during operative procedures Classification and causes of pulpal pathology Reversible and irreversible pulpitis Principles/goals of pulp therapy Factors influencing pulp therapy Pulp vitality tests and its recent advancements Pulpal treatments Importance of size of exposure and hemorrhage in deciding treatment Pulp capping Pulp capping agents Treatment of deep carious lesions Indirect pulp capping Vital pulp therapy techniques...400
6 xviii Manual of Pediatric Dentistry Direct and indirect pulp capping Pulpotomy Various techniques in pulpotomy Failures after vital pulp therapy Requirements of root canal filling materials Obturation technique used in primary teeth Non-vital pulp therapy Pulpectomy Open apex and its management in young permanent tooth Apexification vs apexogenesis Bleaching of non-vital discolored teeth in children Chapter 13: Traumatic Injuries in Children Dental traumatology Etiology and predisposing factors for traumatic injuries Significance of diagnosing and treating traumatic injuries Clinical changes and sequelae of trauma Classification of traumatic injuries Examination of traumatized teeth Principles in treating dental traumatic injuries Clinical features and management of teeth displacement injuries Avulsion and its management Emergency treatment and temporary restoration of fractured teeth without pulpal exposure Management of crown fractures Root fracture and its management Autotransplantation Soft-tissue injuries, its management and prevention Oral burns causes and management Sports injuries and its preventive management Chapter 14: Preventive and Interceptive Orthodontics Section-A: Preventive Orthodontics Various preventive orthodontic procedures Rationale and principles of preventive orthodontics Preventive procedures without appliances Classification of space maintainers Planning space maintenance Prerequisites of an ideal space maintainer Indications and contraindications of space maintainer Removable space maintainers Types of fixed space maintainers Various space maintenance procedures according to different conditions or teeth areas Mouth guard/mouth protector/gum shield Section-B: Interceptive Orthodontics Various interceptive orthodontic procedures Occlusal equilibration/occlusal grinding...478
7 xix Incipient malocclusions Management of anterior crossbite in primary and mixed dentition Management of posterior crossbite in primary and mixed dentition Problems related to eruption of teeth and its management Mixed dentition analyses Muscle exercises Space regainers/active space maintainers Serial extraction Management of deleterious habits Comprehensive orthodontics for the developing occlusion Chapter 15: Oral Habits Classification of habits Various deleterious oral habits Thumb sucking Tongue thrusting and its management Lip habits Classification of mouth breathers Mouth breathing habits Masochistic habits/self-mutilation habits Bruxism Secondary habits Chapter 16: Dental Care of Children with Special Needs Classification of handicapped children Oral hygiene measures in handicapped child Management of children with special needs Behavior management in handicapped children Management of visually impaired child Management of child with hearing incompetence Dental considerations and management of child with learning disabilities Management of children with cerebral palsy Intellectual disability and its dental management Dental management of autism spectrum disorder Management of child with trisomy Tourette s syndrome characteristic features and management Classification of bleeding disorders Periodontal therapy Restorative procedures Pulpal therapy Oral surgery Orthodontic treatment Dental management in viral hepatitis, sickle cell anemia, epilepsy Oral manifestations of AIDS and its dental management Childhood leukemias and its dental management Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation/graft-versus-host disease Renal failure and its management Management of child with cardiovascular disease Various methods of treatment for children with medically compromised conditions...571
8 xx Manual of Pediatric Dentistry Chapter 17: Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities in Children Principles of genetic and developmental traits, and types of gene expression Influence of genetic factors on major craniofacial, oral and dental conditions Classification of congenital abnormalities and its management Developmental anomalies in craniofacial growth Characteristic craniofacial/dental features that help in diagnosis Etiology, clinical features and management of child with trisomy Classification of cleft lip and cleft palate, and its management Management of dental anomalies Natal and neonatal teeth and its management Ectopic eruption and its management Developmental anomalies in size of teeth and its management Developmental anomalies in shape of teeth and its management Developmental disturbances relating to number of teeth and its management Developmental disturbances in relation to structure of teeth Amelogenesis imperfecta and its dental management Early exfoliation of teeth Pre-eruptive coronal resorption/pre-eruptive caries Intrinsic discoloration of teeth and its management Tetracycline discoloration Developmental anomalies of tongue and its management Abnormal labial frenum and its management Chapter 18: Dental Emergencies in Pediatric Dental Practice Duties and responsibilities of a dentist during medical emergencies Critical steps in preparation of emergency Fundamental steps in emergency management Treatment protocols in pediatric emergency Emergency drugs and equipment Basic life support Emergency situations in pediatric dental practice Management of unconsciousness/fainting/syncope Management of respiratory difficulty Management of altered consciousness/hyper and hypoglycemic states Management of seizures Management of drug-related emergencies/allergy/anaphylaxis/drug toxicity Management of bleeding Management of chest pain Management of cardiac arrest Chapter 19: Dental Materials Used in Pediatric Dentistry Armamentarium Classification of dental materials Pit and fissure sealants Classification of glass ionomer cements Classification of dental composites Composition, setting reaction, recommendations, advantages and disadvantages of dental composites Dentin bonding agents Mechanism of dentin bonding...656
9 xxi Acid-etch technique Tooth-colored restoratives/direct restoratives Dental amalgam Stainless steel crowns Factors affecting the choice of restorative materials Different restorative materials Dental ceramics Cavity liners and bases Zinc polycarboxylate cement Root canal obturating materials in primary tooth Root canal irrigants Materials used for pulpotomy and pulpectomy Pulp capping agents Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Smart materials Semi-permanent restorations Chapter 20: Preventive Dentistry Different levels of prevention Balanced diet and biological factors responsible for oral health Healthy dietary patterns and its importance Pediatric malnutrition and food insecurity Nutritional considerations from infancy through adolescence Plaque and its formation Methods of plaque control Sugar substitutes Role of xylitol in caries prevention Plaque control measures in special children Pit and fissure sealants Home care oral hygiene instructions Caries vaccine/modern trends in preventive dentistry Chapter 21: Dental Health Education and School Dental Health Programs Dental public health Principles and approaches of dental health education School health program Indices commonly used in children DMFT and DMFS index Chapter 22: Fluorides Historical background Fluoride and its pharmacokinetics in body tissues Biomechanism of fluoride as an anticariogenic agent Communal water fluoridation/community water fluoridation Dietary fluoride supplements Topical fluorides Role of topical fluorides in prevention of caries Indications and recommended use of professionally applied topical fluorides Professionally applied topical fluoride agents Topical and systemic fluorides...751
10 xxii Manual of Pediatric Dentistry Fluoride toxicity and its management Defluoridation Defluoridation techniques in India Chapter 23: Case History Recording, Examination and Treatment Planning Significance of case history recording Clinical examination Treatment planning Chapter 24: Setting up of Pedodontic Clinic Setting up and management of dental clinic Modifications of dental clinic for special children Infection control in pediatric dental care Chapter 25: Pediatric Oral Medicine Eruption cyst/eruption hematoma Eruption sequestrum Palatal and alveolar cysts of newborn/epstein s pearls, Bohn s nodules and dental lamina cysts Alveolar abscess and its management Periapical and periodontal abscess Cellulitis Commonly involved space infections in children Ludwig s angina Focal sepsis Common types of ulcers Clinical features and management of recurrent aphthous ulcer Recurrent aphthous ulcer Bacterial infections affecting oral mucosa Clinical features and management of syphilis Common viral infections Clinical features and management of HSV/PHG/recurrent herpes labialis Common fungal infections in children Antifungal agents Oral manifestation of systemic diseases Acrodynia Diseases that cause early exfoliation of teeth Reasons for intrinsic pigmentation of teeth Discoloration in tetracycline therapy Developmental disorders of buccal mucosa and its management Various developmental anomalies of tongue Ankyloglossia and its management Developmental disorders of floor of the mouth Cleidocranial dysostosis Chapter 26: Drugs Used in Pediatric Dentistry Influence of biological maturation in pediatric pharmacology Factors affecting drug dosage in children Drug dosage calculation...807
11 xxiii Guidelines in writing a prescription Classification of antimicrobials Antibiotic resistance and complications of antibiotic therapy Guidelines on use of antibiotic therapy Commonly prescribed analgesics and antibiotics in pedodontics Drugs that interact with antibiotics and its effects Contraindicated drugs Infective endocarditis prophylaxis Immunization schedule Antiseptic mouth rinses Premedications used in surgical procedures Anesthetic agents topical, local and general Agents used in conscious sedation Chapter 27: Prosthodontic Considerations for Pediatric Patients Tooth loss in children and its consequences Types of prosthodontic restorations Factors affecting prosthodontic replacement Prosthetic restoration of malformed/discolored/fractured teeth Principles of tooth preparation Guidelines in complete denture fabrication Management of ectodermal dysplasia Removable partial denture Adult and pediatric removable partial denture Immediate dentures Overdentures Fixed partial dentures Implants in growing children and its concerns Intraoral maxillary obturator Management of ectodermal dysplasia Prosthetic options for treating disorders related to teeth number Chapter 28: Child Abuse and Neglect Child abuse Battered child syndrome Shaken baby syndrome Importance of teeth in medical jurisprudence Bite marks in dentistry Levels of prevention and role of pedodontist in child abuse Index...869
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