Increased susceptibility for white spot lesions by surplus orthodontic etching exceeding bracket base area
|
|
- Randolf Cain
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Increased susceptibility for white spot lesions by surplus orthodontic etching exceeding bracket base area Michael Kn osel, a Mariana Bojes, b Klaus Jung, c and Dirk Ziebolz d G ottingen, Germany Introduction: There is a paucity of information with regard to the susceptibility of iatrogenic white spot lesion formation after inattentive, surplus orthodontic etching with 30% phosphoric acid and the subsequent provision or absence of adequate oral hygiene. Methods: Ninety sound enamel specimens were randomly allocated to 6 trial groups (n 5 15 each) for etching with 30% phosphoric acid for either 15 seconds and standardized daily enamel brushing or no brushing, etching for 30 seconds with daily brushing or no brushing, or nonetched controls with brushing or no brushing. Nutritive acidic assaults were simulated by demineralization cycles 3 times per day for 1 hour with interim storage in artificial saliva. Lesion depths in terms of percentage of fluorescence loss (delta F, delta Q) and lesion extension compared with the baseline were assessed by using quantitative light-induced fluorescence after 2, 7, 14, 21, and 42 days. Etching duration, trial time elapse, and oral hygiene, as well as the significance of factor interactions, were analyzed with 3-way analysis of variance (a 5 5%). Results: The impact of the factors of enamel brushing, trial time elapse, and etching each had a comparably significant effect on lesion progression. The effect of surplus etching on white spot lesion formation was significantly enhanced by the simultaneous absence of enamel brushing and also the progression of trial time. The combination of 30 seconds of surplus etching with inadequate oral hygiene was especially detrimental. Conclusions: Excessive surplus orthodontic etching of the complete labial enamel surface, instead of the bracket bases only, must be avoided to prevent iatrogenic white spot lesions. Etching times not exceeding 15 seconds are favorable. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2012;141:574-82) The use of fixed orthodontic appliances and the conditioning of enamel surfaces by etching with phosphoric acid to achieve microretention for bonding brackets with composite adhesive systems are common components of fixed orthodontic therapy. Although the benefits of contemporary orthodontics are inconceivable without multi-bracket appliances, there is also a downside: poor oral hygiene is known to cause white spot lesions within weeks. 1-6 Preventive strategies reported in the literature have focused on the application of fluoride-releasing varnishes, 7,8 fluoride-releasing From University Medical Center, G ottingen, Germany. a Lecturer; private practice, Hannover, Germany. b Research fellow. c Research assistant, Department of Medical Statistics. d Assistant professor, Dentistry Center, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology. The authors report no commercial, proprietary, or financial interest in the products or companies described in this article. Reprint requests to: Priv.-Doz. Dr. Michael Kn osel, Private Orthodontic Practice, Kirchr oder Street 77, Hannover, Germany; , mknoesel@yahoo.de. Submitted, August 2011; revised and accepted, November /$36.00 Copyright Ó 2012 by the American Association of Orthodontists. doi: /j.ajodo bonding materials, 9,10 chlorhexidine for lowering the level of Mutans streptococci, 11 and high concentrations of fluoride gels, 12 or daily rinsing to prevent enamel demineralization. White spot lesions are not only disturbing esthetically, especially in the anterior teeth, 17 but also are an initial stage of enamel caries, producing outer enamel layers with significantly reduced mineralization 18 that will progress to a stage at which restoration will be needed, if inadequate oral hygiene prevails. 19 Previous experiments on bovine enamel, including extensive etching intervals, suggested that white spot lesions might be triggered iatrogenically under some circumstances: eg, by surplus etching of enamel areas that are subsequently not covered by bracket bases or bonding material, because etching removes parts of the outer enamel layer and results in a rough, retentive surface (Fig 1) This can be especially severe in teeth in which almost the complete facial enamel surface is etched but subsequently incompletely covered by bonding material or sealers. There is a lack of information in the literature regarding the question of whether these areas show increased susceptibility to 574
2 Kn osel et al 575 Fig 1. Schematic outline of the study: white spot lesions can be triggered iatrogenically by accidental surplus etching of enamel areas that are not covered by bracket bases or bonding material, thereby creating a rough, retentive surface structure. Scanning electron microscope photo courtesy of Prof. Thomas Attin, Z urich, Switzerland. Fig 2. Standardized brushing and cleaning of enamel specimen (A) in groups A1-C1 was implemented by commercially available tooth brushes and a brushing machine (B) after Wiegand et al. 27 See text for details. white spot formation and whether demineralization of these possible predilection sites is enhanced by oral hygiene measures, etching duration, and observation time. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of enamel conditioning with 30% phosphoric acid for either 15 or 30 seconds with and without careful enamel brushing (oral hygiene) on the formation of cariogenic white spot lesions in a period of 6 weeks after etching and bonding by using quantitative light-induced fluorescence. The null hypotheses were no significant differences in terms of demineralization depth and lesion extension compared with the baseline between a nonetched control group and (1) phosphoric acid enamel conditioning with either 15 or 30 seconds, and (2) subsequent adequate or inadequate oral hygiene at 2, 7, 14, 21, and 42 days after treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS Enamel specimens were obtained from the labial surfaces of 90 permanent anterior teeth selected by using the exclusion criteria of decay, demineralization, or restorations (Fig 2, A). The teeth were stored in isotonic sodium chloride solution with 0.1% thymol before the trial to prevent desiccation and demineralization. For the trial, the specimens were mounted on acrylic base plates American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics May 2012 Vol 141 Issue 5
3 576 Kn osel et al Cleaning and fine depuration of 90 extracted, human anterior teeth Preparation of enamel specimen and embedding in acrylic base plates Polishing of the enamel specimen surface with water-cooled sandpaper discs to a graining grade of 1200 Baseline QLF measurement Random allocation into 6 trial groups (n=15 each) A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 Etching with Etching with phosphoric phosphoric acid* for acid* for 15 s, 15 s, daily brushing no brushing Etching with Etching with phosphoric phosphoric acid* for acid* for 30 s, 30 s, daily brushing no brushing Non-etched Control group, daily brushing Non-etched control-group, no brushing Remineralization and demineralization cycles (group A-D: 1 cycle/day over 42 days) 1. Demineralization solution: 60 min (ph 4,6; 37 ) 2. Remineralization solution: 120 min (ph 7,0; 37 ) 3x/d groups A1, B1, C1: Brushing after 3rd cycle all groups are stored in remineralization solution over night QLF Measurement: Baseline (t0) and after 2 (t1), 7 (t2),14 (t3), 21 (t4), 42 (t5) cycles Collection of data and statistical analysis * 30% phosphoric acid Fig 3. Flowchart of the trial. (Technovit 4071; Heraeus Kulzer, Wehrheim, Germany) and slightly polished to a graining grade of 1200 (Struers, Erkrath, Germany) for standardization of enamel surfaces in terms of evenness and planeparallel orientation during analysis. The enamel area to be measured had a diameter of 5 mm and was determined and automatically retrieved at the follow-up assessments with system-immanent quantitative lightinduced fluorescence software. Specimens fulfilling the selection criteria were randomly allocated to 6 trial groups (n 5 15 each) for etching with 30% phosphoric acid for either 15 seconds and once a day brushing (A1) or no brushing (A2), or etching for 30 seconds with daily brushing (B1) or no daily brushing (B2), and nontreated controls with brushing (C1) or no brushing (C2) (Fig 3). An objective method used for detecting white spot lesion formation and scoring the progress of enamel demineralization is to measure lesion depth in terms of percentages of fluorescence loss over time compared with the baseline by using quantitative light-induced fluorescence because enamel auto-fluorescence is directly related to the mineral content of the enamel, allowing for repeated, nondestructive, noninvasive measurements A lowered fluorescence (by negative delta F values) indicates progress in demineralization. In this study, demineralization was measured with 3 parameters: lesion depth expressed as a percentage of May 2012 Vol 141 Issue 5 American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
4 Kn osel et al 577 Table I. Ingredients, ph values, and concentration range (%) of the solutions used Product Application Contents Demineralization solution at 37 C 30 ml/specimen 2.0 mmol/l Ca(NO 3 ) 2 3 4H 2 O, 2.0 mmol/l NaH 2 PO 4 3 2H 2 O, mmol/l acetate buffer, 0.02 ppm NaF, ph Remineralization solution at 37 C (Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) Storage solution/between demineralization cycles 1.5 mmol/l Ca(NO 3 ) 2 3 4H 2 O, 0.9 mmol/l NaH 2 PO 4 3 2H 2 O, 150 mmol/l KCL, 0.1 mol/l Trispuffer, 0.03 ppm NaF, ph Artificial saliva (remineralization) solution according to Klimek et al 28 (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) Brushing slurry: artificial saliva vs dentifrice 1:3 Ascorbic acid mmol/l, glucose 0.2 mmol/l, NaCl 9.9 mmol/l, CaCl 2 3 2H 2 O 1.5 mmol/l, NH 4 Cl 3.0 mmol/l, KCL 17.0 mmol/l, NaSCN 2.0 mmol/l, KH 2 PO mmol/l, carbamide 3.3 mmol/l, Na 2 HPO mmol/l, mucine 2.7 g/l, Aqua Destillata 1000 ml fluorescence loss compared with the baseline (delta F), lesion extension expressed as the area of demineralization (mm 2 ), and delta Q values (defined as fluorescence radiance loss integrated over the lesion area [mm 2 $ %]) compared with the baseline assessed by quantitative light-induced fluorescence (Inspektor Research Systems, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) and corresponding quantitative light-induced fluorescence software (version , Inspektor Pro Software, Inspektor Research Systems) at baseline and after 2, 7, 14, 21, and 42 days. The calculation of delta Q values compensated for minor fluctuations in measurement, since they were being leveled by putting fluorescence values in relation to the assessment of the area of demineralization. The accuracy and reproducibility of the quantitative light-induced fluorescence results were ensured by excluding day and ambient light, and by an automatic calibration process implemented before each measurement cycle. The experimental setup is illustrated in Figure 3. All quantitative light-induced fluorescence assessments were performed by 1 operator (M.B.). Nutritive acidic assaults were simulated by demineralization cycles 3 times per day, each lasting 60 minutes, by using a demineralization solution that had previously been demonstrated to be suitable for causing white spot lesions (Table I). 26 Between the demineralization cycles, the enamel specimens were stored in an artificial saliva and remineralization solution for 120 minutes. Therefore, a complete 1-day demineralization-remineralization program consisted of 3 hours of demineralization and 6 hours of remineralization, with subsequent overnight storage in the remineralization solution. Brushing in groups A1 through C1 was carried out each day after completion of all demineralization and remineralization cycles by using a brushing machine with commercially available toothbrushes (Dr. Best Flex Plus Medium; GlaxoSmithKline, B uhl, Germany) at a constant pressure of 2.5 N with a 1:3 slurry of artificial saliva and fluoridated dentifrice (Elmex; GABA, L orrach, Germany) with subsequent water rinsing (Fig 2, B). 27,28 Figure 3 provides the flow chart for the trial and the ingredients, and the mode of application of the demineralization and remineralization solutions is shown in Table I. Statistical analysis The influence of the individual experimental factors oral hygiene with enamel brushing, duration of etching, and trial time as well as the interactions between those factors, on delta F, delta Q, and demineralization area extension values were analyzed both descriptively with mean values and standard deviations, and by using 3-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for longitudinal data. In this mixed model, time was modeled as a repeated-measures factor. In the case of significant interactions between the experimental factors, the data were split and further analyzed by using 2-way ANOVA. The significance level was set to 5%. All analyses were performed with the software R (version 2.12; www. r-project.org). RESULTS For all 3 assessment parameters fluorescence loss, extension of demineralized enamel area, and delta Q there were no changes in the daily brushed, nonetched control group C1. However, omitting daily brushing did have a demineralizing effect on the nonetched controls (Tables II and III; Figs 4-6). The results of the ANOVA for fluorescence (delta F) values (Table II) show that the impact of the factors of enamel brushing, trial time elapse, and etching all have comparably significant influences. Interference between the parameters of etching duration, trial time elapse, and oral hygiene were analyzed by assessing the significance of parameter interactions. With the 2 exceptions of the interactions of brushing vs etching duration and etching duration vs trial time elapse, the interactions were not significant, so that it could be concluded that, for example, most factors (etching duration, trial time elapse, or absence of brushing) are not enhanced by interference with other factors (Table III). Although brushing or not brushing alone had no significant influence on the extension of the American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics May 2012 Vol 141 Issue 5
5 578 Kn osel et al Table II. Mean (6 SD) of delta F and delta Q values and areas of demineralization listed separately for brushing status, duration of etching, and point in time Brushing Duration of etching (s) Time elapsed (days from baseline) Fluorescence (delta F) Area of demineralization (mm 2 ) Delta Q No Yes demineralized area during the 42 days of the trial, there wasan influence when combined with the etching factor (Tables IV and V): further splitting of the ANOVA results by either brushing status or etching duration showed that trial time elapse had a significant effect only on the extension of the area of demineralization for 30 seconds of etching and that etching duration had a significant effect only on the delta Q values for nonbrushed teeth. DISCUSSION Composite adhesive systems used as orthodontic bracket adhesives act by means of enamel microretention. Whereas adequate shear bond strength is necessary for effective fixed orthodontic treatment, 29 a known drawback is causing damage to the enamel during debonding. 30 Our results suggest another downside: enamel sites prepared for enhancement of microretention but not covered by bonding materials or sealers are also likely to increase the retention of dental plaque, thereby triggering or enhancing the susceptibility to Table III. ANOVA results for the effects of brushing, etching, and trial time elapse, and their interactions Effect P (delta F) P (area of demineralization) P (delta Q) Brushing \ Etching duration \0.01 \0.01 \0.01 Trial time elapse \ Brushing 3 etching Brushing 3 time Etching 3 time Brushing 3 etching 3 time white spot lesion formation. Apart from the potential mechanical aspect of plaque adhesion, the iatrogenic damage that appears with surplus etching should be viewed as initial demineralization amplified by exposure to an acidic environment, as is typical for interbracket sites during stages of insufficient oral hygiene. 29 Previous research on the topic of enamel loss or demineralization by etching hints at demineralization May 2012 Vol 141 Issue 5 American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
6 Kn osel et al 579 Fig 4. Temporal course of delta F values for A, nonbrushed and B, brushed teeth. Mean values (6 standard deviations) are shown. Duration of etching: black, 0 seconds; red, 15 seconds; blue, 30 seconds. Fig 5. Temporal course of the area of demineralization for A, nonbrushed and B, brushed teeth. Mean values (6 standard deviations) are shown. Duration of etching: black, 0 seconds; red, 15 seconds; blue, 30 seconds. damage from prolongued etching; however, those results are only within limits comparable with accidental etching during orthodontic bonding procedures, since they were either obtained from etching intervals that are considered much too long for orthodontic purposes (1-5 minutes 20,21 ) or performed with phosphoric acid concentrations that were much too high for orthodontic bonding purposes (up to 50%). 20 Other authors used enamel of bovine instead of human origin but failed to detect demineralization by transverse microradiography after etching with 37% phosphoric acid for 30 seconds. 22 In contrast to those studies, we focused on a typical orthodontic malpractice by accidental surplus etching during bracket bonding. Although the application of fluorides in mouth rinses during fixed orthodontic treatment is a common practice today and has been shown to potentially inhibit lesion development by about 60%, white spot lesions are still a problem for many patients. 1 In a recent study, 73% of orthodontic patients were reported to have developed at least 1 new white spot lesion during treatment. 4 We assume, on the basis of our results, that the problem of white spot lesion development during orthodontic treatment can be reduced by more diligent application of etching gel and shorter intervals of orthodontic etching. As an additional strategy to support the inhibition of enamel demineralization, the application of fluoridereleasing sealants after bonding of brackets is common American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics May 2012 Vol 141 Issue 5
7 580 Kn osel et al Fig 6. Temporal course of delta Q values for A, nonbrushed and B, brushed teeth. Mean values (6 standard deviations) are shown. Duration of etching: black, 0 seconds; red, 15 seconds; blue, 30 seconds. Table IV. Because of the significant interaction between brushing and etching on the extension of the area of demineralization (Table II), ANOVA was split by brushing status, which showed that etching has a significant effect only for nonbrushed teeth Subset Effect P Brushed Etching 0.13 Time 0.04 Etching 3 time 0.01 Nonbrushed Etching \0.01 Time 0.40 Etching 3 time 0.94 practice today 31 and has been shown to be effective in reducing the depth of initial carious or white spot lesions by about 38%. 7 However, the efficacy of sealants also depends on the diligence of their application. In relation to the duration of retention of those with different levels of oral hygiene and more or less abrasion by toothbrushing and interbracket brushing, no valid recommendations can be made currently based on the available evidence, particularly because it is not known how the durability of the sealing agents interferes with previous surplus etching. 32 Even when etched areas are covered by bonding material, the question remains whether there is increased susceptibility to white spot lesion after fading or washing out of the bonding material after several months. It may well be that these areas are reduced in extension and smoothed by toothbrushing abrasion. 33 The effect of inadequate interbracket and enamel hygiene on the velocity of white spot lesion formation, especially during the first weeks of fixed appliance Table V. Because of the significant interaction effect between trial time elapse and etching duration on delta Q values, ANOVA was split by etching status, which showed that time elapse has a significant effect only for 30 seconds of etching Subset Effect P Etching 0 s Trial time elapse 0.13 Etching 15 s Trial time elapse 0.68 Etching 30 s Trial time elapse 0.02 treatment, has been debated at length in the literature. 1,2,5 The clear decrease in mineralization found in our study after 14 to 21 days agrees with previous investigations of the speed of development of white spot lesions. 1,2 The null hypotheses of no significant differences in demineralization in terms of prior phosphoric acid enamel etching and subsequent oral hygiene were both rejected, since the impact of the factors of enamel brushing, trial time elapse, and etching were found to have comparable significant influences. The major finding of this study was that there is also a white spot lesion formation enhancing effect from the duration of etching before orthodontic bracket placement. There was a clearly significant effect on lesion formation and progression (Table IV; Figs 4-6) with etching durations exceeding 15 seconds, especially without adequate enamel brushing. Previous research has indicated that etching durations of 15 seconds are sufficient for adequate shear bond strength for orthodontic purposes. 29 The results of this study provide 1 more rationale for conservative etching durations. May 2012 Vol 141 Issue 5 American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
8 Kn osel et al 581 The rationale for the decision favoring an in-vitro setup was that society considers it unethical to involve human subjects in a trial when it is unknown whether damage might result to intact structures in vivo. Because of the paucity of information in the literature regarding iatrogenic damage from excessive etching with subsequent orthodontic therapy, it was unclear, at the start of the trial, whether the formation of white spot lesions is triggered or accelerated by the application of surplus etching gel. Therefore, we decided to use a standardized in-vitro setup. Although the characteristics of artificial white spot lesions in vitro have proved to be similar to natural lesion formation, white spot lesion formation in vivo is quantitatively deeper. 34 Therefore, the results of this pilot study provide a strong warning against underestimating the effects of surplus orthodontic etching, especially in the case of inadequate oral hygiene, because the enhancing effect of surplus orthodontic etching on white spot lesion formation is likely to be much more pronounced in an in-vivo setting. There were some differences between the groups of nonetching and 15-second etching, hinting at a slightly lower fluorescence in the 15-second group. However, these differences were not significant (Table V) and were ascribed to minor fluctuations in measurements. It was leveled by the assessment of the area of demineralization, which was performed by obtaining delta Q values (Figs 5, A, and 6, A). Excessive surplus orthodontic etching must be avoided to prevent iatrogenically triggered white spot lesions. Etching of almost the complete facial enamel surface instead of the bracket bases alone, without subsequent application of sealers, is considered to be outdated from the perspective of enamel protection. Since it is considered normal that there will often be some small areas of enamel that are not covered by bracket bases, careful application of bonding and sealers is necessary. From the viewpoint of white spot lesion prevention, etching durations of not more than 15 seconds are favorable. Diligent screening of oral hygiene in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances is a necessity, especially during the first weeks of treatment. Further research is required about exfoliation or abrasion of fluoride-releasing sealants and how this interferes with overly etched enamel sites to establish sealant application intervals that should not be reduced to ensure continued protection. Since the results of this pilot study showed an influence of surplus etching and insufficient oral hygiene on the potential in-vitro formation of white spot lesions, further investigations are planned, including premolars and third molars that are to be extracted because of a lack of space, in the context of orthodontic therapy, implementing recently developed in-vivo quantitative light-induced fluorescence devices for the analysis. 35 CONCLUSIONS The following conclusions can be drawn from this study. 1. The factors of surplus orthodontic etching of more than 15 seconds, trial time elapse, and inadequate brushing each had a comparably significant influence on enamel demineralization. 2. The surplus etching effect on demineralization area extension is enhanced by the simultaneous absence of enamel brushing and an increase in trial time. 3. Excessive surplus orthodontic etching must be avoided to prevent iatrogenically triggered white spot lesions. 4. From the perspective of preventing white spot lesions, etching durations of not more than 15 seconds are favorable. REFERENCES 1. Øgaard B, Rolla G, Arends J. Orthodontic appliances and enamel demineralization. Part 1. Lesion development. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1988;94: Melrose CA, Appleton J, Lovius BB. A scanning electron microscopic study of early enamel caries formed in vivo beneath orthodontic bands. Br J Orthod 1996;23: Benson PE, Pender N, Higham SM. An in situ caries model to study demineralization during fixed orthodontics. Clin Orthod Res 1999; 2: Richter AE, Arruda AO, Peters MC, Sohn W. Incidence of caries lesions among patients treated with comprehensive orthodontics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011;139: Tufekci E, Dixon JS, Gunsolley JC, Lindauer SJ. Prevalence of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Angle Orthod 2011;81: Øgaard B, Rolla G, Arends J, ten Cate JM. Orthodontic appliances and enamel demineralization. Part 2. Prevention and treatment of lesions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1988;94: Demito CF, Vivaldi-Rodrigues G, Ramos AL, Bowman SJ. The efficacy of a fluoride varnish in reducing enamel demineralization adjacent to orthodontic brackets: an in vitro study. Orthod Craniofac Res 2004;7: Øgaard B, Larsson E, Henriksson T, Birkhed D, Bishara SE. Effects of combined application of antimicrobial and fluoride varnishes in orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2001;120: Donly KJ, Istre S, Istre T. In vitro enamel remineralization at orthodontic band margins cemented with glass ionomer cement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1995;107: Dubroc GC Jr, Mayo JA, Rankine CA. Reduction of caries and of demineralization around orthodontic brackets: effect of a fluoride-releasing resin in the rat model. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1994;106: Øgaard B, Larsson E, Glans R, Henriksson T, Birkhed D. Antimicrobial effect of a chlorhexidine-thymol varnish (Cervitec) in American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics May 2012 Vol 141 Issue 5
9 582 Kn osel et al orthodontic patients. A prospective, randomized clinical trial. J Orofac Orthop 1997;58: Tezel H, Ergucu Z, Onal B. Effects of topical fluoride agents on artificial enamel lesion formation in vitro. Quintessence Int 2002;33: Geiger AM, Gorelick L, Gwinnett AJ, Benson BJ. Reducing white spot lesions in orthodontic populations with fluoride rinsing. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1992;101: Linton JL. Quantitative measurements of remineralization of incipient caries. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1996;110: Kalha A. Some evidence that fluoride during orthodontic treatment reduces occurrence and severity of white spot lesions. Evid Based Dent 2004;5: Benson PE, Parkin N, Millett DT, Dyer FE, Vine S, Shah A. Fluorides for the prevention of white spots on teeth during fixed brace treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;3:CD Kn osel M, Attin R, Becker K, Attin T. External bleaching effect on the color and luminosity of inactive white-spot lesions after fixed orthodontic appliances. Angle Orthod 2007;77: Palamara J, Phakey PP, Rachinger WA, Orams HJ. Ultrastructure of the intact surface zone of white spot and brown spot carious lesions in human enamel. J Oral Pathol 1986;15: Featherstone JD. The science and practice of caries prevention. J Am Dent Assoc 2000;131: Lehman R, Davidson CL, Duijsters PP. In vitro studies on susceptibility of enamel to caries attack after orthodontic bonding procedures. Am J Orthod 1981;80: Kuhar M, Cevc P, Schara M, Funduk N. Enhanced permeability of acid-etched or ground dental enamel. J Prosthet Dent 1997;77: Benson PE, Higham SM, Pender N. An in vitro assessment using transverse microradiography of the effect on mineral loss of etching enamel for in situ studies. Orthod Craniofac Res 2003;6: Kuhnisch J, Heinrich-Weltzien R. Quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF): a literature review. Int J Comput Dent 2004;7: Pretty IA, Edgar WM, Higham SM. Detection of in vitro demineralization of primary teeth using quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF). Int J Paediatr Dent 2002;12: Gm ur R, Giertsen E, van der Veen MH, de Josselin de Jong E, ten Cate JM, Guggenheim B. In vitro quantitative light-induced fluorescence to measure changes in enamel mineralization. Clin Oral Investig 2006;10: Magalh~aes AC, Moron BM, Comar LP, Wiegand A, Buchalla W, Buzalaf MA. Comparison of cross-sectional hardness and transverse microradiography of artificial carious enamel lesions induced by different demineralizing solutions and gels. Caries Res 2009;43: Wiegand A, Wegehaupt F, Werner C, Attin T. Susceptibility of acid-softened enamel to mechanical wear ultrasonication versus toothbrushing abrasion. Caries Res 2007;41: Klimek J, Hellwig E, Ahrens G. Effect of plaque on fluoride stability in the enamel after amine fluoride application in the artificial mouth. Dtsch Zahn arztl Z 1982;37: Sadowsky PL, Retief DH, Cox PR, Newcombe RG. Effect of etching concentration and duration on the retention of orthodontic brackets: an in vivo study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1990;98: Krell KV, Courey JM, Bishara SE. Orthodontic bracket removal using conventional and ultrasonic debonding techniques, enamel loss and time requirements. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1993;103: Hu W, Featherstone JDB. Prevention of enamel demineralization: an in-vitro study using light-cured filled sealant. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005;128: Deery C. Which sealant system should I use? Evid Based Dent 2007; 8: Wiegand A, K owing L, Attin T. Impact of brushing force on abrasion of acid-softened and sound enamel. Arch Oral Biol 2007;52: Buskes JA, de Josselin de Jong E, Christoffersen J, Arends J. Microradiographic study on the demineralization of thick enamel sections: a constant composition study. Caries Res 1987;21: van der Veen MH, Mattousch T, Boersma JG. Longitudinal development of caries lesions after orthodontic treatment evaluated by quantitative light-induced fluorescence. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2007;131: May 2012 Vol 141 Issue 5 American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
PREVALENCE OF WHITE SPOT LESIONS DURING THE PROCEDURE OF FIXED ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT
Original Article Received : 18 04 15 Review completed : 24 05 15 Accepted : 30 05 15 PREVALENCE OF WHITE SPOT LESIONS DURING THE PROCEDURE OF FIXED ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT Saibel Farishta, * Saurabh Sharma,
More informationLinking Research to Clinical Practice
Prevention of Root Caries Denise M. Bowen, RDH, MS Linking Research to Clinical Practice The purpose of Linking Research to Clinical Practice is to present evidence based information to clinical dental
More information2 during treatment... how to technique. How to handle white spot lesions associated with orthodontic treatment. Issue
Issue 17 2013 How to handle white spot lesions associated with orthodontic treatment. 1 background... It is well recognised that the placement of fixed orthodontic appliances increases a patient s risk
More informationInterview questions and answers:
Interview questions and answers: 1. What is the prevalence of white spot lesions in the scientific literature? A review of the scientific literature indicates that there is a high prevalence of white spot
More informationFluoride Release Rate from an Orthodontic Sealant and Its Clinical Implications
Original Article Fluoride Release Rate from an Orthodontic Sealant and Its Clinical Implications Manal M. Soliman a ; Samir E. Bishara b ; James Wefel c ; Judi Heilman d ; John J. Warren e ABSTRACT The
More informationRemineralization Assessment of Early Childhood Caries using QLF-D: A Randomized Clinical Trial
ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846 ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645 Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(40), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i40/103251, October 2016 Remineralization Assessment of Early Childhood
More informationPrevalence of White Spot Lesions during Orthodontic Treatment
Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2009 Prevalence of White Spot Lesions during Orthodontic Treatment Julian Dixon Virginia Commonwealth University
More informationThe Effects of the Acid Etch and Direct Bonding Technique in Orthodontics on Enamel Surface Topography
J. Dent. Ass. S. Afr. Vol. 31, No 10 pp 509-513 The Effects of the Acid Etch and Direct Bonding Technique in Orthodontics on Enamel Surface Topography P L Sadowsky and D H Retief Department of Orthodontics,
More informationThree-dimensional measurement of enamel loss caused by bonding and debonding of orthodontic brackets. VAN WAES, H, MATTER, T, KREJCI, Ivo.
Article Three-dimensional measurement of enamel loss caused by bonding and debonding of orthodontic brackets VAN WAES, H, MATTER, T, KREJCI, Ivo Abstract A mechanical computerized three-dimensional scanner
More informationProphylaxis-based dental treatment: cavity prophylaxis using enamel-protective bracket attachment
Prophylaxis-based dental treatment: cavity prophylaxis using enamel-protective bracket attachment Author: Thomas Vidahl, Petershagen Orthopaedic jaw treatment that uses brackets and bands puts teeth at
More informationAgenda. DPBRN Study 10 Development of a patient-based provider intervention for early caries. Research Aims. Study Background.
Agenda DPBRN Study 1 Development of a patient-based provider intervention for early caries Research Aims ADA recommendations (CAMBRA) Research Aims 1. Develop a patient handout to improve patient knowledge
More informationOUR EXPERIENCE WITH GRADIA DIRECT IN THE RESTORATION OF ANTERIOR TEETH
ISSN: 1312-773X (Online) Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers) 2006, vol. 12, issue 2 OUR EXPERIENCE WITH GRADIA DIRECT IN THE RESTORATION OF ANTERIOR TEETH Snezhanka Topalova-Pirinska,
More informationAreas of local decalcification of enamel without
ONLINE ONLY Orthodontic treatment-related white spot lesions: A 14-year prospective quantitative follow-up, including bonding material assessment Dmitry Shungin, a Alexandra Ioannidis Olsson, b and Maurits
More informationEnamel demineralization adjacent to orthodontic bands
Scientific Article Demineralization around orthodontic brackets bonded with resin-modified glass ionomer cement and fluoride-releasing resin composite Rebecca M. Wilson DDS Kevin J. Donly DDS, MS Dr. Wilson
More informationCLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS OF FISSURE SEALING OF THE FIRST PERMANENT MOLARS USING MATERIAL HELIOSEAL
Tserakhava, T.N. Clinical effectiveness of fissure sealing of the first permanent molars using material HELIOSEAL / T.N. Tserakhava, N.D. Cherniauskaya // Zbornik radova : 9. Medunarodni kongress stomatologa
More informationA practice-based evaluation of the prevalence and predisposing etiology of white spot lesions
Original Article A practice-based evaluation of the prevalence and predisposing etiology of white spot lesions Matthew D. Brown a ; Phillip M. Campbell b ; Emet D. Schneiderman c ; Peter H. Buschang d
More informationComparitive Evaluation of Enamel Demineralisation using Conventional Light Cure Composite Resin and RMGIC- An Invivo Study
I J Pre Clin Dent Res 2015;2(7):1-9 July-September All rights reserved International Journal of Preventive & Clinical Dental Research Comparitive Evaluation of Enamel Demineralisation using Conventional
More informationIvoclar Vivadent. Professional Care Program. Oral health management A system of solutions
Ivoclar Vivadent Professional Care Program Oral health management A system of solutions Ivoclar Vivadent Oral health management Contents CRT Bacteria Makes bacteria visible CRT Bacteria healthy mouth healthy
More informationOriginal Article INTRODUCTION. Nandikolla Sagarika, Sundaramoorthy Suchindran 1, SC Loganathan, Velayutham Gopikrishna. Abstract
Original Article Prevalence of white spot lesion in a section of Indian population undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment: An in vivo assessment using the visual International Caries Detection and Assessment
More informationCaries lesions on smooth surfaces are commonly
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Effect of fluoridated chewing sticks (Miswaks) on white spot lesions in postorthodontic patients Hosam A. Baeshen, a Peter Lingstr om, b and Dowen Birkhed c G oteborg, Sweden Introduction:
More informationWhite Spot Lesions: A Hygiene Perspective in the Orthodontic Practice. 16 MAY 2016 // hygienetown.com. clinical orthodontics // feature
White Spot Lesions: A Hygiene Perspective in the Orthodontic Practice by Miranda Valenzuela, RDH Miranda Valenzuela, RDH, graduated in 2006 with an associate degree in dental hygiene, and has received
More informationOrthodontic patients can find it difficult to maintain
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Incidence of caries lesions among patients treated with comprehensive orthodontics Amy E. Richter, a Airton O. Arruda, b Mathilde C. Peters, c and Woosung Sohn d Buffalo, NY, and Ann Arbor,
More informationWe are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists. International authors and editors
We are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 3,350 108,000 1.7 M Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our
More informationCaries outcomes after orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances: do lingual brackets make a difference?
Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 298 303 Printed in Singapore. All rights reserved Caries outcomes after orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances: do lingual brackets make a difference? van der Veen MH, Attin
More informationEffectiveness of an Essential Oil Mouthrinse in Improving Oral Health in Orthodontic Patients
Original Article Effectiveness of an Essential Oil Mouthrinse in Improving Oral Health in Orthodontic Patients Eser Tufekci a ; Zachary A. Casagrande b ; Steven J. Lindauer c ; Chad E. Fowler d ; Kelly
More informationInfluence of topical fluoride application on mechanical properties of orthodontic bonding materials under ph cycling
Original Article Influence of topical fluoride application on mechanical properties of orthodontic bonding materials under ph cycling Tatiana Kelly da Silva Fidalgo a ; Matheus Melo Pithon b ; Rogerio
More informationPOTENTIAL IATROGENIC EFFECTS ON ENAMEL TREATED WITH A LIGHT CURED FLOURIDE RELEASING FILLED RESIN HENRY G. GRIGGS, JR.
POTENTIAL IATROGENIC EFFECTS ON ENAMEL TREATED WITH A LIGHT CURED FLOURIDE RELEASING FILLED RESIN by HENRY G. GRIGGS, JR. ANDRE FERREIRA, COMMITTEE CHAIR JOHN O. BURGESS P. LIONEL SADOWSKY FIROZ RAHEMTULLA
More informationLinking Research to Clinical Practice
Linking Research to Clinical Practice Non Fluoride Caries Preventive Agents Denise M. Bowen, RDH, MS The purpose of Linking Research to Clinical Practice is to present evidence based information to clinical
More informationJODE ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION /jp-journals
A Arvindkumar et al ORIGINAL ARTICLE 10.5005/jp-journals-10047-0025 Caries-preventive Efficacy of Resin Infiltrant, Casein Phosphopeptide-amorphous Calcium Phosphate, and Nanohydroxyapatite using Confocal
More informationADHESIVE RECONSTRUCTION IN HELP OF THE ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT
ISSN: 1312-773X (Online) Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers) 2006, vol. 12, issue 2 ADHESIVE RECONSTRUCTION IN HELP OF THE ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT Snezhanka Topalova-Pirinska 1, R. Pirinska
More informationExamination and Treatment Protocols for Dental Caries and Inflammatory Periodontal Disease
Examination and Treatment Protocols for Dental Caries and Inflammatory Periodontal Disease Dental Caries The current understanding of the caries process supports the shift in caries management from a restorative-only
More informationIs there any clinical evidence?
Current treatment objectives Anticariogenic capacity of restorative materials in paediatric dentistry: in vitro evidence vs. clinical efficiency Prof. Lisa Papagianoulis Restoration with minimal intervention
More informationEffects of sealant and self-etching primer on enamel decalcification. Part II: An in-vivo study
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Effects of sealant and self-etching primer on enamel decalcification. Part II: An in-vivo study Matthew A. Ghiz, a Peter Ngan, b Elizabeth Kao, c Chris Martin, d and Erdogan Gunel e Florence,
More informationORIGINAL RESEARCH. Sandhya CA Shyam Lohakare, Pushpa Vinay Hazarey ABSTRACT
ORIGINAL RESEARCH Comparison of shear bond strength of no mix-composite resin, self cure resin reinforced glass ionomer cement and light cure resin reinforced glass ionomer cement: an in-vitro study Sandhya
More informationDifferent Stains, Different Treatment
Different Stains, Different Treatment Samah Omar DDS, MSD Pediatric Dentistry Department Loma Linda University somar@llu.edu Treatment Options Bleaching Resin Infiltration Microabrasion Tooth colored
More informationPDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen
PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/71282
More informationSCIENTIFIC. Effects of various acids on the buccal surface of human permanent teeth: a study using scanning electron microscopy*
PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY/Copyright 1979 by The American Academy o! Pedodontics/VoL 1, No. 3/Printed in U.S.A. SCIENTIFIC Effects of various acids on the buccal surface of human permanent teeth: a study using
More informationThe Future of Dentistry Now in Your Hands Changes everything you know about traditional Composites, Glass Ionomers and RMGIs
The Future of Dentistry Now in Your Hands Changes everything you know about traditional Composites, Glass Ionomers and RMGIs PULPDENT BioACTIVE Products for ProACTIVE Dentistry Advances in dental materials
More informationChapter 14 Outline. Chapter 14: Hygiene-Related Oral Disorders. Dental Caries. Dental Caries. Prevention. Hygiene-Related Oral Disorders
Chapter 14 Outline Chapter 14: Hygiene-Related Oral Disorders Hygiene-Related Oral Disorders Dental caries Prevention Gingivitis Prevention Tooth hypersensitivity Pathophysiology Treatment 2 Hygiene-Related
More informationBioCoat Featuring SmartCap Technology
R R Breakthrough! BioCoat Featuring SmartCap Technology The only bioactive pit and fissure sealant that provides relentless protection through daily release of fluoride, calcium and phosphate ions. Bioactive
More informationPractice Impact Questionnaire
Practice Impact Questionnaire Your practitioner identifier is: XXXXXXXX It is very important that ONLY YOU complete this questionnaire because your responses will be compared to responses that you provided
More informationZurich Open Repository and Archive
University of Zurich Zurich Open Repository and Archive Winterthurerstr. 190 CH-8057 Zurich http://www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2010 Remineralization of initial carious lesions in deciduous enamel after application
More informationVivaStyle. Serious Whitening. A bright smile connects
VivaStyle Serious Whitening A bright smile connects VivaStyle A comprehensive system for esthetic dentistry Naturally white teeth a desire frequently voiced by patients. In order to meet the expectations
More informationPREDICTING IMPROVEMENT OF POST-ORTHODONTIC WHITE SPOT LESIONS
PREDICTING IMPROVEMENT OF POST-ORTHODONTIC WHITE SPOT LESIONS SUSAN KIM A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN DENTISTRY UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
More informationContinually Fluoride Releasing Aesthetic Dental Restorative Material
Continually Fluoride Releasing Aesthetic Dental Restorative Material Research is our best product Image provided by Dr. Sushil Koirala BEAUTIFIL II More than just filling BEAUTIFIL II stands out for its
More informationv Review of how FLUORIDE works v What is FLUOROSIS v 2001 CDC Fluoride Guidelines v 2006 ADA Topical Fluoride Recommendation
CAPD / ACDP 2016 SATURDAY MORNING 1. Caries Risk Assessment 2. Fluoride Issues 3. Managing Eruption Fluoride 2016 --- A Decade of Changes v Review of how FLUORIDE works v What is FLUOROSIS v 2001 CDC Fluoride
More informationBioCoat Featuring SmartCap Technology
new! BioCoat Featuring SmartCap Technology Premier s new bioactive pit and fissure sealant provides relentless protection, outstanding adhesion and extended fluoride release. Bioactive Release - Uptake
More informationGC Tooth Mousse Plus for Orthodontics. Helps keep you smiling. Made from milk
GC Tooth Mousse Plus for Orthodontics Helps keep you smiling Made from milk Prevention Daily application of GC Tooth Mousse Plus with RECALDENT (CPP-ACP) throughout the full course of orthodontic treatment
More informationThe Fluoride Recharging Capability of Orthodontic Materials: an in-vitro study
Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2012 The Fluoride Recharging Capability of Orthodontic Materials: an in-vitro study Christine Farah Virginia
More informationquantitative light-induced fluorescence study. Caries research, 45(2), https://doi.org/ /
Enamel demineralization and remineralization under plaque fluid-like conditions a QLF study F Lippert a, A Butler b, R J M Lynch b a Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Oral Health Research
More informationANALYSIS OF FLUORIDE RELEASED FROM GIC AND RMGIC IN SALIVA AND DENTINO-ENAMEL SUBSTANCE
ANALYSIS OF FLUORIDE RELEASED FROM GIC AND RMGIC IN SALIVA AND DENTINO-ENAMEL SUBSTANCE Endang Suprastiwi Departement of Conservative Dentistry Faculty of Dentistry University of Indonesia Esuprastiwi@yahoo.co.id
More informationAn in vitro comparison of quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital and spectrophotometer on monitoring artificial white spot lesions
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy (2015) 12, 378 384 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pdpdt An in vitro comparison of quantitative
More informationEffect of Three Different Remineralizing Agents on White Spot Lesions; AnIn Vitro Comparative Study
Original Article Effect of Three Different Remineralizing Agents on White Spot Lesions; AnIn Vitro Comparative Study S. Tahmasbi 1, M. Adhami 2, A. Valian 3, R. Hamedi 4. 1 Assistant Professor, Department
More informationGet in front of the 8 ball with the new Fuji VIII GP. The first auto-cure, resin reinforced glass ionomer restorative
Get in front of the 8 ball with the new Fuji VIII GP The first auto-cure, resin reinforced glass ionomer restorative 8 reasons to choose Fuji VIII GP Auto-cure, resin reinforced glass ionomer restorative
More informationFluoride varnishes play an important role in the prevention of dental caries, promoting
www.scielo.br/jaos TiF 4 and NaF varnishes in vitro Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru-SP, Brazil. Prof. Dr. Ana Carolina Magalhães - Department
More informationAssessing Caries Removal by Undergraduate Dental Students Using Quantitative Light- Induced Fluorescence
Assessing Caries Removal by Undergraduate Dental Students Using Quantitative Light- Induced Fluorescence Adejumoke A. Adeyemi, Ph.D.; Fadi D. Jarad, Ph.D.; Gleb N. Komarov, Ph.D.; Neil Pender, Ph.D.; Susan
More informationOliNano Seal Professional prophylaxis for long-term protection
Professional prophylaxis for long-term protection NEW The patented formula of silicone polymer NANO Technology General information Dental health is one of the main factors to maintain overall health, and
More informationEQUIA. Self-Adhesive, Bulk Fill, Rapid Restorative System
EQUIA EQUIA Fil EQUIA Coat + Self-Adhesive, Bulk Fill, Rapid Restorative System From the World Leader in Glass Ionomer Technology - A Complete Glass Ionomer Based Bulk Fill Rapid Restorative System Class
More informationDH220 Dental Materials
DH220 Dental Materials Lecture #5 Prof. Lamanna RDH, MS Restorative Dentistry: Glass Ionomer Bird & Robinson p.740-741 I. Use Liner Base Luting agent Restorative material: Class III, V, & eroded/abraded
More informationA Comparative Study between Bond Strength of Rebonded and Recycled Orthodontic Brackets
1 A Comparative Study between Bond Strength of Rebonded and Recycled Orthodontic Brackets ABSTRACT F. Heravi DDS MS*, R. Naseh DDS MS** Introduction: A large number of orthodontists prefer to rebond the
More informationEvaluation of etched enamel using quantitative light-induced fluorescence
Oral Biology Research, 2018; March 31, 42(1):10-15 Copyright c 2018, Oral Biology Research Institute DOI: 10.21851/obr.42.01.201803.10 Original Article ORAL BIOLOGY RESEARCH Evaluation of etched enamel
More informationInnovative Dental Therapies for the Aging Population
Innovative Dental Therapies for the Aging Population By Daniel H Ward DDS 1080 Polaris Pkwy Ste 130 Columbus OH 43240 614-430-8990 dward@columbus.rr.com US Population is Aging 1970-28 million>60 14% of
More informationPelagia Research Library. Comparison of microleakage in bonded amalgam restrorations using different adhesive materials: An invitro study
Available online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2011, 1 (2):92-96 ISSN: 2248 9215 Comparison of microleakage in bonded amalgam restrorations using different
More informationRecommendation for a non-animal alternative to rat caries testing
Position Article Recommendation for a non-animal alternative to rat caries testing JOHN D.B. FEATHERSTONE, MSC, PHD, GEORGE K. STOOKEY, PHD, MICHAEL A. KAMINSKI, PHD & ROBERT V. FALLER, BS ABSTRACT: Purpose:
More informationThe Fluoride Recharging Capability of an Orthodontic Primer: an in vitro study
Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2014 The Fluoride Recharging Capability of an Orthodontic Primer: an in vitro study Samuel Allen Virginia
More informationImmediate versus Delayed Force Application after Orthodontic Bonding; An In Vitro Study
Journal of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Original Article Immediate versus Delayed Force Application after Orthodontic Bonding; An In Vitro Study M. Basafa 1, F. Farzanegan 2 1 Professor,
More informationBond strengths between composite resin and auto cure glass ionomer cement using the co-cure technique
SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE Australian Dental Journal 2006;51:(2):175-179 Bond strengths between composite resin and auto cure glass ionomer cement using the co-cure technique GM Knight,* JM McIntyre,* Mulyani*
More informationDental caries prevention. Preventive programs for children 5DM
Dental caries prevention Preventive programs for children 5DM Definition of Terms Preventive dentistry: usage of all the means to achieve and maintain the optimal oral health prevention of dental caries,
More informationThis is a repository copy of Fluorides for the prevention of white spots on teeth during fixed brace treatment..
This is a repository copy of Fluorides for the prevention of white spots on teeth during fixed brace treatment.. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/76144/ Article:
More informationApplication of two fluorescence methods for detection and quantification of smooth surface carious lesions. Abdulaziz Saad Aljehani
From the Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Institute of Odontology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Application of two fluorescence methods for detection and quantification of smooth
More informationFRANK OSEI-BONSU UGDS/KBTH
FRANK OSEI-BONSU UGDS/KBTH Definition Introduction G. V. Black s concept of Restoration New classification of Caries Principles & Concept of MID Conclusion An approach to the management of dental caries
More informationThe power of four: Aesthetic treatment in the anterior area.
3M SM Health Care Academy The power of four: Aesthetic treatment in the anterior area. Drs Ajay Juneja and Lamberto Villani, Dubai, United Arab Emirates In aesthetic dentistry, the recommendation that
More informationEffects of orthodontic treatment with a fixed appliance on the caries experience of patients with high and low risk of caries
Journal of Dental Sciences (2011) 6, 195e199 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.e-jds.com ORIGINAL ARTICLE Effects of orthodontic treatment with a fixed appliance on the caries
More informationCOMPARISON BETWEEN MOLAR BANDS, BONDABLE TUBES AND BONDABLE TUBES WITH FLOWABLE COMPOSITE
COMPARISON BETWEEN MOLAR BANDS, BONDABLE TUBES AND BONDABLE TUBES WITH FLOWABLE COMPOSITE Azrul Hafiz AA*, Diana MZ, Fitri Octavianti A,Syiral M, Ainuddin Yushar Y, Zurairah I Islamic Science University
More informationEFFECT OF ACIDULATED PHOSPHATE FLUORIDE GEL ON THE PREVENTION OF WHITE SPOT LESIONS IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ACTIVE ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT.
EFFECT OF ACIDULATED PHOSPHATE FLUORIDE GEL ON THE PREVENTION OF WHITE SPOT LESIONS IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ACTIVE ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT A Thesis by CORNEIL KIMBERLY HUTTO FRETTY Submitted to the Office
More informationInfluence of Bioactive Materials on Whitened Human Enamel Surface in vitro study
Influence of Bioactive Materials on Whitened Human Enamel Surface Influence of Bioactive Materials on Whitened Human Enamel Surface in vitro study Pinheiro HB, Cardoso PEC, Universidade de São Paulo, São
More informationBonding to molars the effect of etch time (an in vitro study)
European Journal of Orthodontics 20 (1998) 195 199 1998 European Orthodontic Society Bonding to molars the effect of etch time (an in vitro study) Chris D. Johnston*, Donald J. Burden*, David L. Hussey**
More informationOriginal Article. Naif A. Almosa a ; Ted Lundgren b ; Abdullah M. Aldrees c ; Dowen Birkhed d ; Heidrun Kjellberg e
Original Article Diagnosing the severity of buccal caries lesions in governmental and private orthodontic patients at debonding, using the ICDAS-II and the DIAGNOdent Pen Naif A. Almosa a ; Ted Lundgren
More informationEffect of experimental xylitol and fluoride-containing dentifrices on enamel erosion with or without abrasion in vitro
163 Journal of Oral Science, Vol. 53, No. 2, 163-168, 2011 Original Effect of experimental xylitol and fluoride-containing dentifrices on enamel erosion with or without abrasion in vitro Isabela D. Rochel
More informationJIOS ABSTRACT. Received on: 7/9/13 Accepted after Revision: 21/9/13
JIOS Clinical Evaluation of Enamel Demineralization during Orthodontic Treatment: An in vivo 10.5005/jp-journals-10021-1251 Study using GC Tooth Mousse Plus Original Research Clinical Evaluation of Enamel
More informationTake-Home Whitening. in vitro study. Benefits of ACP TAKE-HOME WHITENING
Fluoride and Potassium Nitrate-Fluoride Whitening Agents: in vitro Caries Study Fluoride and Potassium Nitrate-Fluoride Whitening Agents: in vitro Caries Study in vitro study Hicks J and Flaitz C. Effects
More informationRoot Surface Protection Simple. Effective. Important.
GC Fuji VII / Fuji VII EP Root Surface Protection Simple. Effective. Important. Brush up your painting skills and help your patients Q&A Prof. Laurie Walsh University of Queensland lifestyle factors (frequency
More informationFluor Protector S. The protective fluoride varnish. Superior protection against dental caries and erosion
Fluor Protector S The protective fluoride varnish Superior protection against dental caries and erosion Fluor Protector S The strong fluoride varnish In order to stay healthy and look good, teeth need
More informationGeneral dentists in private practice place numerous
PROACTIVE INTERVENTION DENTISTRY Incorporating Glass Ionomers into Everyday Dental Practice Todd Snyder, DDS, FAACD, FIADFE Introduction General dentists in private practice place numerous direct tooth
More informationriva helping you help your patients
riva helping you help your patients what is a glass ionomer? how will a dentist benefit from using glass ionomers? how will a patient benefit from their glass ionomer? Glass ionomer is the generic name
More informationCAries Management By Risk Assessment"(CAMBRA) - a must in preventive dentistry
CAries Management By Risk Assessment"(CAMBRA) - a must in preventive dentistry Nanda Kishor KM* *MDS, Reader, Department of Conservative and Endodontics Pacific Dental College, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
More informationManagement of Inadequate Margins and Gingival Recession Presenting as Tooth Sensitivity
Management of Inadequate Margins and Gingival Recession Presenting as Tooth Sensitivity Nicolas Elian, DDS Private Practice Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey David Geon U Kim, DDS, MS Faculty and Research Coordinator
More informationDeposition of fluoride on enamel surfaces released from varnishes is limited to vicinity of fluoridation site
Clin Oral Invest (2007) 11:83 88 DOI 10.1007/s00784-006-0080-1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Deposition of fluoride on enamel surfaces released from varnishes is limited to vicinity of fluoridation site T. Attin &
More informationEVALUATION OF COLOR CHANGE IN WHITE SPOT LESIONS OF ENAMEL FLUOROSIS USING A RESIN INFILTRATE
EVALUATION OF COLOR CHANGE IN WHITE SPOT LESIONS OF ENAMEL FLUOROSIS USING A RESIN INFILTRATE Monisha Singhal PG STUDENT DEPARTMENT OF PEDODONTICS & PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY CHANDRA DENTAL COLLEGE & HOSPITAL
More informationOrthodontic In Vivo Bond Strength: Comparison with In Vitro Results
Original Article Orthodontic In Vivo Bond Strength: Comparison with In Vitro Results Kevin L. Pickett, DMD, MS a ; P. Lionel Sadowsky, DMD, BDS, Dip Ortho, M Dent b ; Alex Jacobson, DMD, MDS, MS, PhD c
More informationRestorative treatment The history of dental caries management consisted of many restorations placed as well as many teeth removed and prosthetic
Restorative treatment The history of dental caries management consisted of many restorations placed as well as many teeth removed and prosthetic replacements provided. Paradigm shift towards a medical
More informationDental erosion: In vitro model of wine assessor s erosion
ADRF REPORT Australian Dental Journal 21;46:(4):263-268 Dental erosion: In vitro model of wine assessor s erosion Tong Bee Mok,* J McIntyre,* D Hunt* Abstract Background: Wine makers and assessors frequently
More informationComparative Evaluation of Two Remineralizing Agents on Enamel around Orthodontic /jp-journals
JIOS Comparative Evaluation of Two Remineralizing Agents on Enamel around Orthodontic 10.5005/jp-journals-10021-1267 Brackets: An in vitro Study Original article Comparative Evaluation of Two Remineralizing
More informationMDJ Evaluation the effect of eugenol containing temporary Vol.:9 No.:2 2012
MDJ Evaluation the effect of eugenol containing temporary fillings on shear bond strength of composite restoration Dr. Farid G. Numan B.D.S., M.Sc Abstract The purpose of this in-vitro study was to evaluate
More informationTHE INFLUENCE OF BASELINE HARDNESS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ON ENAMEL DEMINERALIZATION AND SUBSEQUENT REMINERALIZATION.
THE INFLUENCE OF BASELINE HARDNESS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ON ENAMEL DEMINERALIZATION AND SUBSEQUENT REMINERALIZATION by Rana Alkattan Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the School of Dentistry in partial
More informationAN 8 MONTH CLINICAL TRIAL OF BOND FAILUES WITH FOUR DIFFERENT TYPES OF ORTHODONTIC ADHESIVES
AN 8 MONTH CLINICAL TRIAL OF BOND FAILUES WITH FOUR DIFFERENT TYPES OF ORTHODONTIC ADHESIVES G. Basaran 1, T. Özer 1, O. Hamamci 2 Dicle University, Orthodontics Department of Faculty Dentistry, Diyarbakır,
More informationstabilisation and surface protection
Guiding the way to caries stabilisation and surface protection Fissure sealing MI restorations Pulp capping Hypersensitivity Protection Caries stabilisation Fuji Triage from GC. Temporary restorations
More information1 24% 25 49% 50 74% 75 99% Every time or 100% 2. Do you assess caries risk for individual patients in any way? Yes
1. When you examine patients to determine if they have a primary caries lesion, on what percent of these patients do you use airdrying to help diagnose the lesion? Never or 0% (skip to question 3) 1 24%
More informationInterproximal Enamel Reduction in Orthodontic Treatment: A Review
Review Article Journal of Applied Dental and Medical Sciences NLM ID: 101671413 ISSN:2454-2288 Volume 1 Issue 3 October-December 2015 Interproximal Enamel Reduction in Orthodontic Treatment: A Review Abhishek
More informationOriginal Research. Shear bond strength of new self etching primer (RSEP) Sorake A et al
Journal of International Oral Health 2015; 7(7):17-21 Received: 17 th January 2015 Accepted: 10 th April 2015 Conflicts of Interest: None Source of Support: Nil Original Research Comparison of Shear Bond
More information