Index. K Keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT), 11, 12

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1 Index A Allodynia, 139 Amalgam, 98 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), Anastomoses, Anesthesia, 138 Antiresorptive-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw (ARONJ), 155 diagnostic criteria, patients clinical care conservative and surgical treatment, histological analysis, bone margins, 162 lower right maxillectomy, 161, 162 ND:YAG laser stimulation, 163 resection margin, 162 sctx levels, 163 patients follow-up, 163 Apex resection abrasion, 90 apicoectomy, 90 bevel, canal aberrations and anomalies, 90 crown-to-root ratio, 92 missed canals and anatomy, 93, 97 ARONJ. See Antiresorptive-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw (ARONJ) Attached gingiva, 62, Axonotmesis, 138 B Barrier membranes basement membrane, 179 blood clot and granulation tissue formation, 180 buccal and lingual bone plates, 180 contamination, 181 epithelial cells, 179 fibroblasts, osteoblasts, 180 surgical bone crypt, 179 Basement membrane, 179 Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) characteristics, 154 clinical presentation and staging, 157, 158 diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, etiopathology, 157 management, ONJ staging system, patients clinical care ( see Antiresorptive-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw (ARONJ)) prevention, 158 risk factors, Bleeding acquired coagulation abnormalities heparin, warfarin, 120 anatomical considerations, 121 ecchymosis, 118 flap design, 123 hematoma, 118 hemostasis, 119 inherited coagulation disorders hemophilia, 120 VWD, local anesthesia, local considerations, 121 mandible, maxilla, 122 osteotomy and root-end management, platelet disorders, 119 technical and therapeutic control cotton pellets, electrocauterization, 124 ligation, 124 topical hemostatic agents, Bone destruction, 30 Bone grafts, Bone mineral density (BMD), 84 Bone wax, 124 BRONJ. See Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) C CBCT. See Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) Cellulitis, 21 Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG), Chronic hyperplastic sinusitis (CHS), 104 I. Tsesis (ed.), Complications in Endodontic Surgery, DOI / , Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

2 190 Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), 104 Clinical reasoning process, Zebra hunt anatomical structures and variations, 9 10 bone tumors and diseases, diagnosis error, 7 non-endodontic-related pathology, 14 odontogenic cysts, odontogenic tumors, PAGs/PACs, 9 periapical inflammatory lesion, 14 traumatic bone cyst, VRF, 8 9 Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), 26, 77, 108, , 160 Cotton pellets, E EBA. See Ethoxybenzoic acid (EBA) Ecchymosis, 118 Electrocauterization, 124 Endodontic microsurgery (EMS) success rates, 40, 45 technical differences and implications, 44 Endodontic surgery outcomes assessment bone loss, 41 complete healing, 40, 42 incomplete healing, 40, 41 postoperative diagnoses, success/failure, 40 survival/nonsurvival, 40 uncertain healing, 40, 41 unsatisfactory healing, 40, 42 vs. nonsurgical endodontic treatment, 39 posttreatment etiology extraradicular etiologies, 43 intraradicular infection, technical differences and implications, 44 variations high-power magnification affect, 46 long-term success rates, 45 periodontal involvement, 47 resurgery, root-end filling materials, TES vs. EMS, 40, 45 wound healing, Esthetic complications microsurgical techniques hand support and control, instrument grips, 76 principles, 75 surgical magnification, 75 periodontal considerations attached gingiva, black triangle, maxillary central incisors, 74 col, 74 epithelial and connective tissues, 73 papilla filled embrasure, 74 periodontal parameters, 74 pretreament presentation, 75 tissue management blunt retractors, 79 CBCT, 77 compromised blood supply, 78 flap design, flap elevation, gingival biotype, 78 intrasulcular releasing incisions, 77 mucoperiosteal flaps, 78 periapical radiographs, 77 vertical releasing incisions, Ethoxybenzoic acid (EBA), Evidence-based approach bacteria prevention, 1 biopsy, 1 operative microscope (OM), 2 patient-related complications, 2, 3 practitioner-related complications, 2 3 prevention, identification, and management, 3 5 procedural error, 2 root canal system, 1 traditional surgical endodontic treatment, 2 F Ferric sulfate, Fibro-osseous lesions, 13 Flap, 61 Flap-related complications etiology and risk factors attachment loss, 63 flap necrosis, 64 flap tearing, 64 gingival biotype effects, gingival recession, healing by first intention, 63 healing by second intention, 63 periodontal diseases, scar, 63, 64 soft tissue dehiscence, 64 normal periodontal structure gingiva, oral mucosa, 62 supracrestal connective tissue attachment, 63 prevention and management flap design, 67 flap elevation general precautions, 68 flap repositioning, 69 flap suture, intra-sulcular flap, 67 papilla preservation techniques, 68, 69 semilunar flap, 68 submarginal flap, 67, 68 surgical incision, Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia (FCOD), 13 Free gingiva, 62 Index

3 Index 191 G General dental practitioner (GDP). See Medicolegal consideration, GDP Gingival papilla, 63 Gingival sulcus, 63 Glass-ionomer cements, 98 Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) barrier membranes basement membrane, 179 blood clot and granulation tissue formation, 180 buccal and lingual bone plates, 180 contamination, 181 epithelial cells, 179 fibroblasts, osteoblasts, 180 surgical bone crypt, 179 bone grafts, clinical conditions, 182 defect and bone wound healing, open-flap debridement, 183 periodontal regenerative therapy, prevention and management, 183 retreatment success, scar tissue, 183 H Haversian canals, 123 Hematoma, 57 Hemophilia, 120 Hemorrhage. See Bleeding Hemostasis, 174 Heparin, Hyperalgesia, 139 Hyperesthesia, 139 Hypoalgesia, 139 I Infectious post-surgical inflammation (IPSI), 130 Inherited coagulation disorders hemophilia, 120 VWD, Intermediate restorative material (IRM), 47 Intra-sulcular flap, 67 Ischemic osteonecrosis, 153 K Keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT), 11, 12 L Lateral periodontal cyst (LPC), 10 Lateral radicular cyst (LRC), 9 Local anesthesia (LA) bleeding epinephrine, 122 reactive hyperemia, vasoconstrictor, 122 definition of anesthesia, 53 regional complications bleeding and hematoma, 57 inflammation, 57 insufficient anesthesia, 57, 58 middle ear problems, 56 needle breakage, nerve injury, ophthalmic manifestations, 56 postoperative soft-tissue injury, trismus, systemic complications reasons for, 54 systemic and allergic reactions, 54 toxicity, 55 vasoconstrictors, 54, 55 M Mandibular anesthesia, 56 Mandibular lingual salivary gland depression, 10 Maxillary local anesthesia, 56 Maxillary sinus anatomy and physiology alveolar nerves, 103 ciliated cells, 102 dimensions, 101 non-ciliated cells, 102 ostium, 102, 103 paranasal sinus function, 104 Schneiderian membrane, 102 serous and mucinous glands, 102 sinus cavity, sphenopalatine nerve, 103 management bacteria displacement, 109 membrane perforation, meticulous technique, 109 multipurpose magnification device, P-PRP, 109, 113 Schneiderian membrane, 109 Spongostan, 109 surgical procedure, morphological features, upper maxillary roots bacterial and fungal species, 104 clinical examination, 106 CRS with NP, 104 EAS, 106 microorganisms, 104 mucociliary cleansing system, 105 nasal discharge, 106 ostium obstruction, 105 periapical periodontitis, 104, 105 signs and symptoms, 106 sinusitis classification, therapeutic decision making,

4 192 Index Maxillary sinus ( cont.) OAC, 107 radiographic classification, 107 RMS, 108 root-end management, 108 3D radiographic techniques, Medicolegal consideration, GDP apical box preparation, complained tooth case studies, patient-doctor communication, 171 general endodontics, Israel and Italy, 168 malpractice claim areas, 170 frequency, 170 hypotheses, malpractice data, 167, 168 Nordic model complaint system, insurance system, 169 Turkey and Iran, 168 USA, 168 Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), 46 47, 98 Mucogingival junction, N Nasal polyposis (NP), 104 National dental complaint board (NDCB), 169 Nerve injury classification, diagnosis algorithm, 144, 145 clinical evaluation methods, 146, 147 clinical sensory testing, 146 complementary objective sensory tests, 146 mechanoceptive testing, 146 neurosensory impairment, 144, 146 nociceptive testing, 146 persistent pain, 144 trigeminal evoked potentials (TEP) test, 146 etiology, 139 intraoperative preventive measures, management, medicolegal aspects, 139 postoperative preventive measures, 144 preoperative preventive measures altered sensation, 140 IAN, 141, 142 mental foramen (MF), 142 PA radiography, 140 practitioners skills, risk factors, Neuropraxia, 138 Neurotmesis, 138 Neurotoxicity, 56 Noninfectious postsurgical inflammation (NIPSI), 130 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 132 O Operative microscope (OM), 2 Oroantral communication (OAC), 107, 108 Osteomyelitis, 157 Osteonecrosis, 157 Osteoradionecrosis, 154 P Pain and swelling definitions and sequel, 130 IPSI, 130 management analgesics, cryotherapy, 133 low-power laser, 133 wound closure and drains, NIPSI, 130 prevention corticosteroids, 132 NSAIDs, 132 oral dexamethasone, 132 PBI, 132 pre-emptive analgesia, 131 risk factors local anesthesia, 131 patient's age and gender, 131 personal habits, 131 root-end filling, 131 surgical technique, tissue damage, 129 Papilla-base incision (PBI), 132 Paresthesia, Periapical abscess drain apical abscess, 21 cellulitis, 21 drainage through root canal, 22 through surgical incision, 22 ubi pus and ibi evacua, 21 osteoclasts, 21 pulpal and periapical pathology, Periapical cemental dysplasia (PCD), 13 Periapical curettage, 84, 86 Periapical cysts (PACs), 9, 30 Periapical granulomas (PAGs), 9 Periapical index (PAI), Periapical osseous healing, 61 Periapical osteotomy adjacent teeth damage, 84, 85 conservative vs. large osteotomy, 82 lesion location, 82 periapical wound healing, 81 thermal osteonecrosis, drilling BMD, 84 cooling, 83 emphysema, heat-induced cortical bone necrosis, 83 micro damage, 84

5 Index 193 osteocytic degeneration, 83 ultrasonic osteotomy, 84 Periapical (PA) radiography, 140 Periapical wound healing, 81 Platelet disorders, 119 Pocket cysts, 30 Pre-emptive analgesia, 131 Pulp sensitivity testing, 9 Pure platelet-rich plasma (P-PRP), 109, 113 R Radiologic maxillary sinusitis (RMS), 108 Regional complications, local anesthesia bleeding and hematoma, 57 inflammation, 57 insufficient anesthesia, 57, 58 middle ear problems, 56 needle breakage, nerve injury, ophthalmic manifestations, 56 postoperative soft-tissue injury, trismus, Retrograde cavity preparation retrograde obturation amalgam, 98 biocompatibility, cavity wetting, 96 composite resin, 99 excessive bleeding, 96 glass-ionomer cements, 98 hydrophobic characteristics, 96 inadequate placement and compaction, magnification devices, MTA, 98 radiopaque sealing material, 96, 99 three-dimensional filling, 94, 96 ZOE cements, 98 tridimensional filling and sealing Black class-i cavity, 93 inadequate instrumentation/visualization, 94, 96 tip fracture, 94, 95 ultrasonic cavities, 94 ultrasonic diamond-coated tips preparation, 94 Root-end management apex resection abrasion, 90 apicoectomy, 90 bevel, canal aberrations and anomalies, 90 crown-to-root ratio, 92 missed canals and anatomy, 93, 97 retrograde cavity preparation ( see Retrograde cavity preparation) Root-filled root canal treatment accessibility, apical periodontitis, 27 bone destruction size, 30 failed treatment clinical decisions, 27 prevalence, vs. successful treatment, future restorative requirements, 33 informed consent about risks, 29 about treatment, authorized, 30 components, 28 on costs, 29 and manipulation, medical ethical debate, 28 verbal and non-verbal expressions, 28 medical considerations, patient values, permanent root filling, 24 previous treatment quality, 31 special equipment availability, surgical/nonsurgical retreatment, 30 Root-filled tooth palpation pain, 20 vertical fracture, 20 S Semilunar flap, 68 Serum C-terminal telopeptide (sctx) levels, 163 Soft tissue complications. See Flap-related complications Special attention bleeding risk, immune system deficiencies, 36 infection spreading risk, 35 Stafne bone defect, 10 Submarginal flap, 67, 68 Surgical site infection, 129 definition, 134 prevention and management, 135 risk factors, 134 Sympathomimetic-amine vasoconstrictors, 125 Systemic complications, local anesthesia reasons for, 54 systemic and allergic reactions, 54 toxicity, 55 vasoconstrictors, 54, 55 T TES. See Traditional endodontic surgery (TES) Thermal osteonecrosis, drilling BMD, 84 cooling, 83 emphysema, heat-induced cortical bone necrosis, 83 micro damage, 84 osteocytic degeneration, 83 ultrasonic osteotomy, 84

6 194 Index Traditional endodontic surgery (TES) success rates, 40, 45 technical differences and implications, 44 Trismus, True cysts, 30 U Ultrasonic osteotomy, 84 Untreated root canal treatment continuous weeping, orthograde access, V Volkmann's canals, 123 Von Willebrand disease (VWD), W Warfarin, 120 Z Zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) cements, 98

Surgical Endodontics. Year 5 DDS - November Dr. Ahmad El-Ma aita

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