CHAPTER 7:3 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
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2 CHAPTER 7:3 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM I. OBJECTIVES A. Label a diagram of a cross section of the skin B. Differentiate between the two types of skin glands C. Identify six functions of the skin D. Provide the correct names for three abnormal colors of the skin and identify the cause of each abnormal color E. Describe at least four skin eruptions F. Describe at least four diseases of the integumentary system
3 What covers the outside of the human body? Even though it is called the skin, it is really a body system called the integumentary system.
4 A. INTRODUCTION 1. Skin has been called a membrane because it covers the body 2. Also called an organ because it contains several kinds of tissues 3. Most studies called it a system because it has organs and other parts that work together for a particular function 4. On average adult, skin covers over 3,000 square inches of surface area and accounts for about 15 percent of total body weight
5 B. LAYERS OF THE SKIN (SHOW FIGURE 7-9) 1. Epidermis a. Outermost layer of skin b. Made of five to six smaller layers c. Two main layers (1) Stratum corneum: outermost layer where cells constantly shed (2) Stratum germinativum: provides cells to replace cells in strata corneum d. Contains no blood vessels or nerve cells
6 2. Dermis a. Also called dorium or true skin b. Has framework of elastic connective tissue c. Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, involuntary muscle, sweat and oil glands, and hair follicles d. Top of the dermis is covered with papillae (1) Fit into ridges on the stratum germinativum of the epidermis (2) Ridges form lines or striations on the skin (3) Pattern of ridges is unique for each individual aa. Pattern is used for fingerprints and footprints bb. Form a method of identification
7 3. Subcutaneous fascia or hypodermis a. Innermost layer of skin b. Made of elastic and fibrous connective tissue and adipose (fatty) tissue c. Connects skin to underlying muscles
8 C. GLANDS OF SKIN (SHOW FIGURE 7-10) 1. Sudoriferous glands a. Sweat glands b. Coiled tubes that extend through dermis c. Open on surface of the skin at an opening called a pore d. Eliminate sweat or perspiration that contains water, salts, and some body wastes e. Sweat contains body wastes (1) Basically odorless (2) When sweat interacts with bacteria on skin, body odor occurs f. Process of perspiration removes excess water from body and cools body as sweat evaporates into the air
9 2. Sebaceous glands a. Oil glands b. Usually open onto a hair follicle c. Produce oil called sebum (1) Keeps hair from becoming dry and brittle (2) Slightly acidic, so it acts as an antibacterial and antifungal secretion to help prevent infections d. Blackhead or pimple occurs when oil gland becomes plugged with dirt and oil
10 D. OTHER PARTS OF INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 1. Hair a. Consists of a root that grows in a hollow tube called a follicle and of a hair shaft b. Helps protect the body c. Covers all body surfaces except the palms of the hands and soles of the feet d. Alopecia or baldness (1) Permanent loss of hair on the scalp (2) Genetic condition (3) Common in men but can occur in women
11 2. Nails a. Protect the fingers and toes from injury b. Made of dead keratinized epidermal epithelial cells, which are packed closely together to form a thick, dense surface c. Cells formed in nail bed d. Cells will regrow if lost if nail bed is not damaged
12 E. FUNCTIONS OF INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 1. Protection a. Barrier for sun s ultraviolet rays b. Protects against invasion of pathogens or germs c. Holds moisture in and prevents deeper tissues from drying out 2. Sensory perception a. Nerves present in skin b. Respond to pain, pressure, temperature (heat and cold), and touch sensations
13 3. Regulation of body temperature a. Blood vessels in skin help body retain or lose heat b. Dilate: blood vessels get larger and allow excess heat to escape through the skin c. Constrict: blood vessels get smaller and retain heat d. Sudoriferous glands also help cool body through evaporation of perspiration 4. Storage a. Skin has tissues for temporary storage of fat, glucose (sugar), water, vitamins, and salts b. Stores adipose tissue in the subcutaneous fascia, which is a source of energy
14 5. Absorption a. Certain substances are absorbed through skin b. Examples: medications for motion sickness and heart and nicotine patches to help a person stop smoking (1) Transdermal medications (2) Sticky patches placed on the skin
15 6. Excretion a. Helps body eliminate salt, a minute amount of waste, and excess water b. Done through perspiration or sweat 7. Production a. Skin helps in production of vitamin D b. Uses ultraviolet rays from the sun to form an initial molecule of vitamin D that matures in the liver
16 F. SKIN COLOR 1. Pigmentation a. Skin color is inherited and determined by pigments in epidermis b. Melanin (1) Brownish-black pigment (2) Produced in the epidermis by specialized cells called melanocytes aa. Everyone has same number of melanocytes bb. Genes present in each racial group determine amount of melanin produced
17 (3) Leads to a black, brown, or yellow skin tint depending on racial origin and amount of melanin present (4) Ultraviolet light activates melanocytes to produce more melanin to protect and tan the skin (5) Small concentrated areas of melanin pigment form freckles c. Carotene (1) Yellowish-red pigment (2) Also helps determine skin color
18 2. Albino a. Absence of color pigments b. Skin has a pinkish tint c. Hair is pale yellow or white d. Eyes are red in color and very sensitive to light
19 3. ABNORMAL COLORS a. Erythema (1) Reddish color (2) Caused by burns or a congestion of blood in vessels b. Jaundice (1) Yellowish discoloration (2) Can indicate presence of bile in blood as a result of liver or gallbladder disease (3) Also seen in certain diseases that involve destruction of red blood cells
20 c. Cyanosis (1) Bluish discoloration (2) Caused by insufficient oxygen (3) Associated with heart, lung and circulatory diseases d. Gray or brown discoloration: chronic poisonings
21 G. SKIN ERUPTIONS 1. Macules (macular rash) a. Flat spots on the skin b. Example: freckles 2. Papules (papular rash) a. Firm raised areas b. Seen in pimples and stages of chicken pox and syphilis 3. Vesicles a. Blisters or sacs full of fluid b. Seen in some stages of chicken pox
22 4. Pustules a. Sacs filled with pus b. Examples include acne or pimples 5. Crusts a. Areas of dried pus and blood b. Commonly called scabs
23 6. Wheals a. Itchy elevated areas with an irregular shape b. Seen in hives and insect bites 7. Ulcer a. Deep loss of skin surface that may extend into the dermis b. May cause periodic bleeding and formation of scars
24 H. DISEASES AND ABNORMAL CONDITIONS 1. Acne vulgaris a. Inflammation of sebaceous glands b. Etiology unknown (1) Usually occurs at adolescence (2) Hormonal changes and increased sebum are probably underlying causes c. Symptoms (1) Papules, pustules, and blackheads (2) Hair follicle becomes blocked with dirt, cosmetics, excess oil, and/or bacteria
25 d. Treatment (1) Frequent thorough washing of skin (2) Avoid creams and heavy makeup (3) Antibiotics or vitamin A ointments (4) Ultraviolet light treatments
26 2. Athlete s foot a. Contagious fungal infection usually on feet b. Symptoms: skin itches, blisters, and cracks into open sores c. Treatment (1) Antifungal medication (2) Keep area clean and dry
27 3. Cancer a. Occurs in different forms (1) Basal cell carcinoma (2) Squamous cell carcinoma (3) Malignant melanoma
28 b. Basal cell carcinoma (1) Cancer of basal cells in epidermis of the skin (2) Grows slowly and does not usually spread (3) Lesions can be pink to yellow-white in color (4) Lesions are usually smooth with a depressed center and an elevated, irregular shaped border
29 c. Squamous cell carcinoma (1) Affects thin cells of epithelium but can spread quickly to other areas of the body (2) Lesions start as small, firm, red flat sores that later scale and crust (3) Sores that do not heal are frequently squamous cell carcinomas
30 d. Melanoma (1) Develops in melanocytes of epidermis (2) Most dangerous type of skin cancer (3) Lesions can be brown, black, pink, or multicolored (4) Lesions are usually flat or raised slightly, asymmetrical in shape, and irregular or notched on the edges
31 e. Frequently skin cancer develops from mole or nevus that changes in color, shape, size, or texture f. Bleeding or itching of mole can also indicate cancer
32 g. Causes (1) Exposure to the sun (2) Prolonged use of tanning beds (3) Irritating chemicals (4) Radiation h. Treatment (1) Surgical removal (2) Radiation therapy (3) Chemotherapy
33 4. Dermatitis a. Inflammation of the skin b. Caused by any substance that irritates the skin c. Frequently caused by allergic reaction to detergents, cosmetics, pollen, or certain foods d. Contact dermatitis is caused by contact with poison ivy, poison sumac, or poison oak e. Symptoms: dry skin, erythema or redness, itching, edema, macular-papular rashes, scaling f. Treatment (1) Eliminate cause especially if allergens (2) Anti-inflammatory ointments (3) Antihistamines and steroids
34 5. Eczema a. Noncontagious inflammatory skin disorder b. Caused by reaction to allergen or irritant: diet, cosmetics, soaps, medications, and/ or emotional stress c. Symptoms: dryness, erythema, edema, itching, vesicles, crusts, and scaling d. Treatment: remove irritant and apply corticosteroids
35 6. Impetigo a. Highly contagious skin infection b. Etiology: streptococci or staphylococci infection c. Symptoms: dryness, erythema, oozing vesicles, pustules, formation of yellow crust d. Treatment (1) Wash lesions with soap and water and keep dry (2) Topical and oral antibiotics
36 7. Psoriasis a. Chronic, noncontagious, inherited skin disease b. Characterized by periods of exacerbations (symptoms present) and remission (symptoms decrease or disappear) c. Cause is unknown, but there may be a hereditary link d. Stress, cold weather, sunlight, pregnancy, and endocrine changes tend to cause exacerbation of the disease e. Symptoms: red thick areas covered with white or silver scales
37 f. Treatment (1) No cure chronic condition (2) Coal tar or cortisone ointments (3) Ultraviolet light (4) Removal of scales
38 8. Ringworm (tineas) a. Highly contagious fungus infection of skin or scalp b. Symptoms: flat or raised circular area with clear central area surrounded by an itchy, scaly, or crusty outer ring c. Treatment: oral and topical antifungal medications
39 9. Verrucae or warts a. Viral infection of the skin b. Plantar warts usually occur at pressure points on sole of foot c. Form rough, hard, elevated, rounded surface on skin d. Some disappear spontaneously e. Others removed with electricity, liquid nitrogen, acid, chemicals, or laser
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