TE RA PI JA ME TA BO LIČ KOG SIN DRO MA

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1 44 MEDICINSKI GLASNIK / str Mi loš Žar ko vić TE RA PI JA ME TA BO LIČ KOG SIN DRO MA Sažetak: Za uspešnu terapiju metaboličkog sindroma neophodna je redukcija telesne težine, kontrola krvnog pritiska i dislipidemije, uz terapiju insulinske rezistencije i prevenciju nastanka dijabetesa tip 2. Osim toga, fi zička aktivnost predstavlja neophodan deo lečenja ovog sindroma. Redukcija telesne težine zavisi od količi ne ener gi je ko ja je une ta, ali ne i od sastava dijete. Da bi se poboljšali efekti reduktivne dijete, koriste se farmakološka i hirurška terapija. U terapiji gojaznosti koriste se orlistat, sibutramin i rimonabant. Na dugotrajnoj terapiji prosečan gubitak telesne težine je 2.9 kg na orlistatu, 4.2 kg na sibutraminu i 4.7 kg na rimonabantu. Cilj terapije povišenog krvnog pritiska jeste da on ne bude ve ći od 130/80 mghg. Lekovi prvog reda su ACE inhibitori i antagonisti angiotenzinskih receptora, dok su lekovi drugog izbora blokeri kalcijumskih kanala i beta-blokeri sa vazodilatatornom aktivnošću (karvedilol i nebivolol). Ostale beta-blokere i tiazidne diuretike treba izbegavati, jer povećavaju insulinsku rezistenciju i rizik nastanka dijabetesa, naročito ako se daju u kombinaciji. Osnovni cilj terapije dislipidemije u metaboličkom sindromu je smanjenje LDL-holesterola. Statini su lekovi prvog iz bo ra, dok je ulo ga fibrata manje značajna. Niacin je veoma efikasan u korekciji dislipidemije, ali pogoršava glikoregulaciju. Omega-3 masne kiseline smanjuju hepatičnu sekreciju trigliceridima bogatih lipoproteina. Metformin i tiazolidindioni su efikasni u prevenciji dijabetesa, ali manje nego promena načina života. Aerobna fi zička aktivnost značajno poboljšava insulinsku senzitivnost, a osobe koje su fi zički aktivne imaju manji kardiovaskularni mortalitet od osoba koje to nisu. Ključne reči: Metabolički sindrom, gojaznost, arterijska hipertenzija, dislipidemija, lečenje Abstract: Therapy of the metabolic syndrome consists of reduction in body weight, blood pressure and dyslipidemia control, insulin resistance therapy and diabetes type 2 prevention. Physical activity is a necessary * Miloš Žarković, Medicinski fakultet, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Institut za endokrinologiju, KCS, Beograd;

2 TE RA PI JA ME TA BO LIČ KOG SIN DRO MA 45 part of the tre at ment. Re duc tion of body we ight de pends on the energy in ta ke, but not the food com po si tion. In the tre at ment of obe sity or li stat, sibutramine and rimonabant are used. During the long-term therapy, avera ge we ight loss was 2.9 kg with or li stat, 4.2 with si bu tra mi ne and 4.7 kg with ri mo na bant. The goal of the blood pres su re the rapy is 130/80 mghg. First-line drugs are ACE inhibitors and angiotenzine receptor blockers, while second-line drugs are calcium channel blockers and beta-blockers with vazodilatatory activity (carvedilol and nebivolol). Other beta-blockers and thiazide diuretics should be avoided, because of the insulin resistance induction and the increase in the risk of developing diabetes. The main goal of dysli pi de mia the rapy is to re du ce LDL cho le ste rol. Sta tins are the drugs of cho i ce, whi le fi bra tes are less sig ni ficant. Niacin is very effective, but it is associated with deterioration in glycoregulation. Omega-3 fatty acids reduce hepatic secretion of triglycerides rich lipoproteins. Metformin and tiazolidindione are effective in preventing diabetes, but less than the lifestyle change. Aerobic physical activity signi ficantly improves the insulin sensitivity, and physically active subjects have a lower cardiovascular mortality than people who are not. Key words: Metabolic syndrome, obesity, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, therapy Metabolički sindrom čini konstelacija faktora koji predstavljaju rizik za nastanak kardiovaskularnih bolesti i dijabetesa tip 2. Ti faktori su povišen krvni pritisak, dislipidemija, hiperglikemija i centralna gojaznost (1). S obzirom na to kakva je kompleksna priroda metaboličkog sindroma, za uspešnu terapiju neophodan je multidisciplinarni pristup lečenju, koji obuhvata sve komponente metaboličkog sindroma. Redukcija telesne težine Osnova terapije metaboličkog sindroma jeste promena načina života. Redukcija telesne težine je i dalje prva linija terapije (2). Sacks i saradnici su pokazali da redukcija telesne težine zavisi od količi ne ener gi je ko ja je une ta, ali ne i od sa sta va di je te (da li dominira redukcija masti ili ugljenih hidrata). Gubitak telesne težine je oko 6 kg to kom pr vih šest me se ci, što je oko 7% te le sne te ži ne. Me đutim, kasnije dolazi do porasta težine te je gubitak posle 12 meseci oko 3.5 kg. Posle 24 meseca reduktivne dijete prosečan gu bi tak te le sne te ži ne je oko 4 kg, a sa mo 15% uspe va da re du ku je te le snu te ži nu za vi še od 10% po četne (3). Nažalost, dugoročni rezultati redukcije telesne težine nisu ohrabrujući. Intenzivna terapija dijetama sa niskim i veoma niskim kalorijskim unosom dovodi do gubitka 15 do 25% početne telesne težine tokom 3 do 6 me se ci. Po sle 12 me se ci gu bi tak te le sne te ži ne je 8 do 9%, po sle 3 go di ne 7%, a posle 4 godine 5% (4). Uprkos tome, i ovaj minimalan gubitak telesne težine ima povoljne metaboličke efekte (5).

3 46 MEDICINSKI GLASNIK / str Da bi se poboljšali efekti reduktivne dijete, koriste se farmakološka i hirurška terapija. Trenutno se u terapiji gojaznosti najviše koriste orlistat i sibutramin. Orlistat inhibira lipazu u gastrointestinalnom traktu, što smanjuje apsorpciju masti. Orlistat zna čajno doprinosi gubitku telesne težine, te je posle 4 godine terapije gubitak težine na or li sta tu bio 6.9% u po re đe nju sa 4.1% na pla ce bu (6). Osnov ni ne že lje ni efekt orlistata je posledica njegovog mehanizma delovanja i manifestuje se gastrointestinalnim tegobama. Sibutramin sprečava preuzimanje serotonina i noradrenalina (reuptake inhibitor) što povećava osećaj sitosti. Osim toga, sibutramin dozno zavisno povećava metaboličku potrošnju (7). Sibutramin značajno povećava gubitak težine. Meta-analiza dugotrajne (1 do 4 godine) terapije gojaznosti je pokazala prosečan gubi tak te le sne te ži ne od 2.9 kg (95% CI 2.5 kg do 3.2 kg) na or li sta tu, 4.2 kg (3.6 kg do 4.7 kg) na si bu tra mi nu, i 4.7 kg (4.1 kg do 5.3 kg) na ri mo na ban tu (8). Me đutim, sibutramin povećava krvni pritisak i srča nu fre kven cu i ima zna čajne interakcije sa nekim lekovima (9). Rimonabant je antagonista kanabinoid receptora tip 1. Deluje na CNS, ali i na adipocite (7). Najvažniji neželjeni efekti su psihijatrijski, a zabeležena su i samoubistva tokom terapije ovim lekom (9). Nesumnjivo je najuspešnija hirurška terapija gojaznosti. Gubitak telesne težine se održava. Deset godina posle operativnog zahvata redukcija viška telesne težine je 50 do 80%, a re mi si ja di ja be te sa tip 2 se do ga đa u 80% obolelih (10). Barijatrijska hi rur gi ja je bez bed na, a mor ta li tet u SAD je od 0.1 do 1.1% u za vi sno sti od vr ste operacije. Učestalost akutnih hirurških komplikacija je 5 do 10% (11). Povišen krvni pritisak Povišen krvni pritisak u okviru metaboličkog sindroma korelira sa oštećenjem miokarda, bubrega i krvnih sudova. Cilj terapije je da krvni pritisak ne bude veći od 130/80 mghg. Lekovi prvog reda su ACE inhibitori i antagonisti angiotenzinskih receptora (ARB), dok su lekovi drugog izbora blokeri kalcijumskih kanala i beta-blokeri sa vazodilatatornom aktivnošću (karvedilol i nebivolol) (2). Ostale beta blokere i tiazidne diuretike treba izbegavati, jer povećavaju insulinsku rezistenciju i rizik nastanka dijabetesa, naročito ako se daju u kombinaciji (12). Dislipidemija Osnovni cilj terapije dislipidemije u metaboličkom sindromu jeste smanjenje LDL-holesterola. Statini su lekovi prvog izbora, jer je dokazano da značajno smanjuju učestalost kardiovaskularnih insulta (13). Osim toga statini imaju pleotropno (višestruko) delovanje. Statini utiču na hro ničnu inflamaciju, što se ogleda u smanjenju koncentracije CRP. Osim toga, statini imaju povoljan uticaj na endotelnu disfunkciju, i smanjuju koncentraciju dimethylarginina, endogenog inhibitora NO sintaze (14).

4 TE RA PI JA ME TA BO LIČ KOG SIN DRO MA 47 Ulo ga fi bra ta u te ra pi ji di sli pi de mi je u me ta bo lič kom sin dro mu je ma nje značaj na. Fi bra ti ni su ima li zna ča jan uti caj na uče sta lost kar di o va sku lar nih in sul ta u FI ELD stu di ji (15). Me đu tim, ana li za pod gru pa je po ka za la zna ča jan uti caj fi bra ta kod oso ba sa iz ra že nom di sli pi de mi jom ili hi per ten zi jom, na ro či to kod oso ba ko je ni su ima le kar di o va sku lar ni in sult (16). Osim to ga, pri me na fe no fi bra ta u di ja be te su tip 2 sma nju je uče sta lost la ser ske fo to ko a gu la ci je (17). Ni a cin, na ro či to u kom bi na ci ji sa sta ti ni ma, ve o ma je efi ka san u ko rek ci ji disli pi de mi je. On po ve ća va kon cen tra ci ju HDL ho le ste ro la, sma nju je kon cen tra ci ju LDL-ho le ste ro la i zna čaj no sma nju je uče sta lost kar di o va sku lar nih in sul ta (18). Nia cin, ta ko đe, efi ka sno sma nju je i hi per tri gli ce ri de mi ju. Me đu tim, ni a cin po gor ša va gli ko re gu la ci ju, te ni je lek pr vog iz bo ra u me ta bo lič kom sin dro mu (12). Ome ga-3 ma sne ki se li ne sma nju ju he pa tič nu se kre ci ju tri gli ce ri di ma bo ga tih li po pro te i na, i ima ju adi tiv ni efe kat na ni vo tri gli ce ri da, ka da se ko ri ste sa sta ti nima (19). Te ra pi ja in su lin ske re zi sten ci je i pre ven ci ja di ja be te sa In su lin ska re zi sten ci ja je je dan od osnov nih uzro ka me ta bo lič kog sin dro ma. Sto ga je le če nje in su lin ske re zi sten ci je lo gi čan pri stup te ra pi ji me ta bo lič kog sindro ma. U pre ven ci ji di ja be te sa naj e fi ka sni ja me ra je mo di fi ka ci ja na či na ži vo ta. Re dukci ja te le sne te ži ne i po ve ća nje fi zič ke ak tiv no sti ve o ma efi ka sno spre ča va na sta nak di ja be te sa, a po treb no je in ter ve ni sa ti kod se dam oso ba da bi se spre čio na sta nak še ćer ne bo le sti kod jed ne. Met for min je ta ko đe efi ka san u pre ven ci ji di ja be te sa, ali ma nje ne go pro me na na či na ži vo ta. U ovom slu ča ju po treb no je le či ti 14 oso ba da bi se kod jed ne spre čio di ja be tes (20). Ka sni je me ta-ana li ze su ovo po tvr di le, i po ka za le da pri me na met for mi na do vo di do sma nje nja te ži ne, po bolj ša nja li pid nog pro fi la i in su lin ske sen zi tiv no sti (21). Ti a zo li din di o ni su ta ko đe efi ka sni. DRE AM stu di ja je po ka za la da kod oso ba sa po re me ća jem to le ran ci je glu ko ze 25% raz vi je di ja be tes. Ako se za poč ne te ra pi ja ro si gli ta zo nom sa mo se kod 10.6% oso ba raz vi je di ja be tes (22). Fi zič ka ak tiv nost Aerob na fi zič ka ak tiv nost zna čaj no po bolj ša va in su lin sku sen zi tiv nost, i u odsu stvu pro me na te le sne te ži ne, te le snog sa sta va i mar ke ra in fla ma ci je (23). Aerob na fi zič ka ak tiv nost sma nju je uče sta lost me ta bo lič kog sin dro ma i to u li ne ar noj za visno sti sa ste pe nom ak tiv no sti (24). Sto ga, oso be ko je su fi zič ki ak tiv ne ima ju ma nji kar di o va sku lar ni mor ta li tet od oso ba ko je to ni su (25).

5 48 MEDICINSKI GLASNIK / str Novi pristupi terapiji Resveratol je supstanca koju sintetišu biljke, i koja se nalazi u vinu. Resveratol ima povoljno delovanje na homeostazu glukoze i ima kardioprotektivna svojstva. Osim toga, novija istraživanja pokazuju da resveratol smanjuje unos hrane (26). Ovo bi moglo da objasni korelaciju između umerene potrošnje vina i manjeg morbiditeta i mortaliteta od koronarne bolesti. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase tip 1 (11β-HSD1) je en zim ko ji učestvuje u regulaciji metabolizma i aktivnosti glukokortikoida u perifernim tkivima. On katalizuje konverziju neaktivnog kortizola u aktivni kortizol. Brojne studije na životinjama su pokazale da inhibitori 11β-HSD1 mogu da služe u terapiji metaboličkog sindroma. Istraživanja na ljudima su pokazala da ovi lekovi poboljšavaju lipidni profil, glikemiju, perifernu i hepatičnu insulinsku senzitivnost, kao i da se dobro podnose (27). Brojni drugi pristupi u farmakološkom lečenju metabolič kog sin dro ma su u razvoju: antagonisti kanabinoidnih receptora, selektivni agonisti 5-hydroxytryptamine receptora podtip 2c (5-HT 2C), MC4 receptorski agonisti, NPY antagonisti, selektivni β3 receptorski agonisti, inhibitori lipaza i mnogi drugi (7). Dalja istraživanja će pokazati koji će od ovih pri stu pa da ti kli nički upotrebljive lekove. Metabolički sindrom je posledica brojnih kompleksnih procesa, i značajan je uzrok morbiditeta i mortaliteta. Najefikasniji pristupi terapiji zahtevaju promenu stila ži vo ta, što ni je uvek mo gu će izvesti. Brojni farmakološki i hirurški pristupi su razvije ni za te ra pi ju, i oni omo gu ćavaju značajnu redukciju morbiditeta i mortaliteta, kao i poboljšanje kvaliteta života osoba obolelih od metaboličkog sindroma. Literatura 1. Al ber ti KG, Ec kel RH, Grundy SM, Zim met PZ, Cle e man JI, Do na to KA et al. Har monizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood In sti tu te; Ame ri can He art As so ci a tion; World He art Fe de ra tion; In ter na ti o nal Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circula tion 2009; 120(16): Re don J, Cif ko va R, La u rent S, Nil sson P, Nar ki e wicz K, Er di ne S et al. The me ta bolic syndrome in hypertension: European society of hypertension position statement. J Hyper tens 2008; 26(10): Sacks FM, Bray GA, Ca rey VJ, Smith SR, Ryan DH, An ton SD et al. Com pa ri son of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. N Engl J Med 2009; 360(9): Tsai AG, Wadden TA. Systematic review: an evaluation of major commercial weight loss pro grams in the Uni ted Sta tes. Ann In tern Med 2005; 142(1):56 66.

6 TE RA PI JA ME TA BO LIČ KOG SIN DRO MA Pur nell JQ. Obe sity: Ca lo ri es or con tent: what is the best we ight-loss di et? Nat Rev Endocrinol 2009; 5(8): Tor ger son JS, Ha up tman J, Bol drin MN, Sjo strom L. XE Ni cal in the pre ven tion of di a- be tes in obe se su bjects (XEN DOS) study: a ran do mi zed study of or li stat as an adjunct to li festyle chan ges for the pre ven tion of type 2 di a be tes in obe se pa ti ents. Di a be tes Ca re 2004; 27(1): Chakrabarti R. Pharmacotherapy of obesity: emerging drugs and targets. Expert Opin Ther Tar gets 2009; 13(2): Ruc ker D, Pad wal R, Li SK, Cu ri o ni C, Lau DC. Long term phar ma cot he rapy for obe sity and over we ight: up da ted me ta-analysis. BMJ 2007; 335(7631): Bray GA. Lifestyle and pharmacological approaches to weight loss: effi cacy and sa fety. J Clin En doc ri nol Me tab 2008; 93(11 Suppl 1):S81 S Leff DR, He ath D. Sur gery for obe sity in adult hood. BMJ 2009; 339:b Pories WJ. Bariatric surgery: risks and rewards. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93(11 Suppl 1):S89 S Bla ha MJ, Ban sal S, Ro uf R, Gol den SH, Blu ment hal RS, De filippis AP. A practical AB- CDE ap pro ach to the me ta bo lic syndro me. Mayo Clin Proc 2008; 83(8): Eda va lath M, Rees A. Therapy and clinical trials: metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk management. Curr Opin Lipidol 2008; 19(4): Ott C, Schmi e der RE. The ro le of sta tins in the tre at ment of the me ta bo lic syndro me. Cu rr Hyper tens Rep 2009; 11(2): Ke ech A, Si mes RJ, Bar ter P, Best J, Scott R, Ta ski nen MR et al. Ef fects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9,795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FI ELD study): ran do mi sed con trol led trial. Lan cet 2005; 366(9500): Scott R, O Brien R, Ful cher G, Pardy C, D Em den M, Tse D et al. Ef fects of fe no fibrate treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in 9,795 individuals with type 2 diabetes and various components of the metabolic syndrome: the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study. Diabetes Care 2009; 32(3): Ke ech AC, Mitchell P, Sum ma nen PA, O Day J, Da vis TM, Mof fitt MS et al. Ef fect of fe no fibrate on the need for laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy (FIELD study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007; 370(9600): Taylor AJ, Vil li nes TC, Sta nek EJ, De vi ne PJ, Grif fen L, Mil ler M et al. Ex ten ded-release Niacin or Ezetimibe and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: Chan DC, Watts GF, Bar rett PH, Be i lin LJ, Red gra ve TG, Mo ri TA. Re gu la tory ef fects of HMG CoA reductase inhibitor and fish oils on apo li po pro tein B-100 ki ne tics in in sulin-resistant obese male subjects with dyslipidemia. Diabetes 2002; 51(8): Know ler WC, Bar rett-con nor E, Fow ler SE, Ham man RF, Lac hin JM, Wal ker EA et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002; 346(6): Sal pe ter SR, Buc kley NS, Kahn JA, Sal pe ter EE. Me ta-analysis: met for min tre at ment in per sons at risk for di a be tes mel li tus. Am J Med 2008; 121(2):

7 50 MEDICINSKI GLASNIK / str DREAM (Diabetes REduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication) Trial In ve sti ga tors, Ger stein HC, Yusuf S, Bosch J, Po gue J, She ri dan P et al. Ef fect of rosiglitazone on the frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006; 368(9541): Nassis GP, Papantakou K, Skenderi K, Triandafillopoulou M, Kavouras SA, Yannakoulia M et al. Aerobic exercise training improves insulin sensitivity without changes in body we ight, body fat, adi po nec tin, and in flammatory markers in overweight and obese girls. Metabolism 2005; 54(11): LaMonte MJ, Barlow CE, Jurca R, Kampert JB, Church TS, Blair SN. Cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome: a prospective study of men and wo men. Cir cu la tion 2005; 112(4): Lee CD, Blair SN, Jackson AS. Cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69(3): Sadruddin S, Arora R. Resveratrol: biologic and therapeutic implications. J Cardiometab Syndr 2009; 4(2): Boyle CD, Kowalski TJ. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors: a revi ew of re cent pa tents. Ex pert Opin Ther Pat 2009; 19(6):

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