Chapter 26. Hormones and the Endocrine System. Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko

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1 Chapter 26 Hormones and the Endocrine System PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko

2 Introduction: Gender Benders Endocrine disruptors Environmental pollutants Interfere with the action of hormones Some are estrogen mimics in the environment that may produce Demasculinized male alligators Bass with male and female characteristics Decrease in size and functioning of polar bear genitalia Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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6 THE NATURE OF CHEMICAL REGULATION Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

7 26.1 Chemical signals coordinate body functions Hormones Chemical signals Usually carried in the blood Cause specific changes in target cells Secreted by Endocrine glands Neurosecretory cells Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

8 Secretory vesicles Blood vessel Target cell Endocrine cell Hormone molecules

9 Blood vessel Neurosecretory cell Target cell Hormone molecules

10 26.1 Chemical signals coordinate body functions The endocrine system Consists of all hormone-secreting cells Works with nervous system to regulate body activities Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

11 26.1 Chemical signals coordinate body functions The nervous system also Communicates Regulates Uses electrical signals via nerve cells Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

12 26.1 Chemical signals coordinate body functions Comparing the endocrine and nervous systems Nervous system reacts faster Endocrine system responses last longer Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

13 Nerve cell Nerve signals Neurotransmitter molecules Nerve cell

14 26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms Hormone signaling involves three key events Reception Signal Transduction Response Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

15 26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms Amino-acid-derived hormones Are water-soluble Include proteins, peptides, and amines Bind to plasma-membrane receptors on target cells Initiate a signal transduction pathway Animation: Water-Soluble Hormone Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

16 Water-soluble hormone (epinephrine) 1 Receptor protein Target cell Plasma membrane

17 Water-soluble hormone (epinephrine) 1 Receptor protein Target cell 2 Plasma membrane Relay molecules Signal transduction pathway

18 Water-soluble hormone (epinephrine) 1 Receptor protein Target cell 2 Plasma membrane Relay molecules Signal transduction pathway 3 Glycogen Glucose Cellular response (in this example, glycogen breakdown)

19 26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms Steroid hormones Nonpolar lipids made from cholesterol Can diffuse through plasma membranes Bind to a receptor protein in the cytoplasm or nucleus Hormone-receptor complex carries out the transduction of the hormonal signal Animation: Lipid-Soluble Hormone Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

20 Lipid-soluble hormone (testosterone) 1 Target cell Nucleus

21 Lipid-soluble hormone (testosterone) 1 Target cell 2 Receptor protein Nucleus

22 Lipid-soluble hormone (testosterone) 1 Target cell 2 Receptor protein DNA Nucleus 3 Hormonereceptor complex

23 Lipid-soluble hormone (testosterone) 1 Target cell 2 Receptor protein DNA Nucleus 3 Hormonereceptor complex 4 mrna Transcription New protein Cellular response: activation of a gene and synthesis of new protein

24 THE VERTEBRATE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

25 26.3 Overview: The vertebrate endocrine system consists of more than a dozen major glands The vertebrate endocrine system Consists of more than a dozen glands Secretes more than 50 hormones Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

26 26.3 Overview: The vertebrate endocrine system consists of more than a dozen major glands Glands Some are specialized for hormone secretion only Some also do other jobs Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

27 Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Thymus Adrenal glands (atop kidneys) Pancreas Hypothalamus Pineal gland Pituitary gland Ovary (female) Testes (male)

28 26.3 Overview: The vertebrate endocrine system consists of more than a dozen major glands Hormones Some have a very narrow range of targets and effects Some have numerous effects on many kinds of target cells Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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32 26.4 The hypothalamus, which is closely tied to the pituitary, connects the nervous and endocrine systems The hypothalamus Blurs the distinction between endocrine and nervous systems Receives input from nerves about body conditions Responds by sending out appropriate nervous or endocrine signals Uses the pituitary gland to exert master control over the endocrine system Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

33 26.4 The hypothalamus, which is closely tied to the pituitary, connects the nervous and endocrine systems The pituitary gland consists of two parts Posterior pituitary Composed of nervous tissue Stores and secretes oxytocin and ADH Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

34 Brain Hypothalamus Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary (Bone)

35 Hypothalamus Hormone Neurosecretory cell Posterior pituitary Blood vessel Anterior pituitary Oxytocin ADH Uterine muscles Mammary glands Kidney tubules

36 26.4 The hypothalamus, which is closely tied to the pituitary, connects the nervous and endocrine systems Anterior pituitary Synthesizes and secretes hormones that control the activity of other glands Is controlled by the hypothalamus Releasing hormones stimulate the anterior pituitary Inhibiting hormones inhibit the anterior pituitary Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

37 Neurosecretory cell Blood vessel Releasing hormones from hypothalamus Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary Pituitary hormones TSH ACTH FSH Prolactin and (PRL) LH Growth hormone (GH) Endorphins Thyroid Adrenal cortex Testes or ovaries Mammary glands (in mammals) Entire body Pain receptors in the brain

38 Hypothalamus Inhibition TRH Anterior pituitary Inhibition TSH Thyroid Thyroxine

39 HORMONES AND HOMEOSTASIS Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

40 26.5 The thyroid regulates development and metabolism Thyroid gland hormones Thyroxine (T 4 ) and triiodothyronine (T 3 ) Regulate Metabolism Development Negative feedback Maintain homeostatic levels of T 4 and T 3 in the blood Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

41 Hypothalamus No inhibition Anterior pituitary Thyroid TRH TSH No inhibition No iodine Insufficient T 4 and T 3 produced Thyroid grows to form goiter

42 26.5 The thyroid regulates development and metabolism Thyroid imbalance can cause disease Hyperthyroidism Too much T 4 and T 3 in the blood Leads to high blood pressure, loss of weight, overheating, and irritability Produces Graves disease Hypothyroidism Too little T 4 and T 3 in the blood Leads to low blood pressure, overweight, often cold, lethargy Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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44 26.6 Hormones from the thyroid and parathyroids maintain calcium homeostasis Blood calcium level is regulated by a tightly balanced antagonism between Calcitonin from the thyroid Parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

45 7 Calcitonin 8 Thyroid gland releases calcitonin 6 Stimulus: Rising blood Ca 2+ level (imbalance) Ca 2+ level Homeostasis: Normal blood calcium level (about 10 mg/100 ml) Ca 2+ level Stimulates Ca 2+ deposition in bones 9 Reduces Ca 2+ uptake in kidneys Blood Ca 2+ falls Stimulus: Falling blood Ca 2+ level (imbalance) 1 Blood Ca 2+ rises 5 Stimulates Ca 2+ release from bones 3 PTH Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) 2 Parathyroid gland Increases Ca 2+ uptake in intestines Active vitamin D 4 Increases Ca 2+ uptake in kidneys

46 Ca 2+ level Homeostasis: Normal blood calcium level (about 10 mg/100 ml) Ca 2+ level Stimulus: Falling blood Ca 2+ level (imbalance) 1 Blood Ca 2+ rises 5 Stimulates Ca 2+ release from bones 3 PTH Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) 2 Parathyroid gland Increases Ca 2+ uptake in intestines Active vitamin D 4 Increases Ca 2+ uptake in kidneys

47 7 Calcitonin 8 Thyroid gland releases calcitonin 6 Stimulus: Rising blood Ca 2+ level (imbalance) Ca 2+ level Homeostasis: Normal blood calcium level (about 10 mg/100 ml) Stimulates Ca 2+ deposition in bones 9 Reduces Ca 2+ uptake in kidneys Blood Ca 2+ falls Ca 2+ level

48 26.7 Pancreatic hormones regulate blood glucose levels The pancreas secretes two hormones that control blood glucose Insulin signals cells to use and store glucose Glucagon causes cells to release stored glucose into the blood Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

49 Insulin 3 Body cells take up more glucose 2 1 Beta cells of pancreas stimulated to release insulin into the blood High blood glucose level Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen 4 Blood glucose level declines to a set point; stimulus for insulin release diminishes Stimulus: Rising blood glucose level (e.g., after eating a carbohydrate-rich meal) Glucose level Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 ml) Glucose level Stimulus: Declining blood glucose level (e.g., after skipping a meal) 5 Low blood glucose level Blood glucose level rises to set point; stimulus for glucagon release diminishes 8 Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose to the blood 7 Glucagon 6 Alpha cells of pancreas stimulated to release glucagon into the blood

50 Insulin 3 Body cells take up more glucose 2 Beta cells of pancreas stimulated to release insulin into the blood 1 High blood glucose level Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen Blood glucose level declines to a set point; stimulus for insulin release diminishes 4 Stimulus: Rising blood glucose level (e.g., after eating a carbohydrate-rich meal) Glucose level Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 ml) Glucose level

51 Glucose level Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 ml) Glucose level Stimulus: Declining blood glucose level (e.g., after skipping a meal) Blood glucose level rises to set point; stimulus for glucagon release diminishes 8 Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose to the blood 7 Glucagon 6 Alpha cells of pancreas stimulated to release glucagon into the blood 5 Low blood glucose level

52 26.8 CONNECTION: Diabetes is a common endocrine disorder Diabetes mellitus Results from A lack of insulin or A failure of cells to respond to it Affects about 21 million Americans Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

53 26.8 CONNECTION: Diabetes is a common endocrine disorder Two common types of diabetes mellitus Type 1 (insulin-dependent) Autoimmune disease Insulin-producing cells destroyed Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) Deficiency of insulin More commonly, reduced response to insulin More than 90% of diabetics are type 2 Associated with being overweight and underactive Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

54 Blood glucose (mg/100 ml) Diabetic Normal Hours after glucose ingestion

55 26.9 The adrenal glands mobilize responses to stress Hormones from the adrenal glands help maintain homeostasis when the body is stressed Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

56 26.9 The adrenal glands mobilize responses to stress Nerve signals from the hypothalamus stimulate the adrenal medulla to secrete Epinephrine Norepinephrine These hormones quickly trigger the fight-or-flight responses Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

57 26.9 The adrenal glands mobilize responses to stress Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary causes the adrenal cortex to secrete Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids These hormones Boost blood pressure Boost energy in response to long-term stress Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

58 Kidney Adrenal gland Adrenal medulla Adrenal cortex Nerve signals 1 3 Stress Hypothalamus Releasing hormone Spinal cord (cross section) Nerve cell 4 Anterior pituitary Blood vessel Nerve cell ACTH 2 Adrenal medulla ACTH 5 Adrenal cortex Epinephrine and norepinephrine Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids Short-term stress response 1. Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Increased breathing rate 4. Increased metabolic rate 5. Change in blood-flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive and kidney activity Long-term stress response Mineralocorticoids 1. Retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys 2. Increased blood volume and blood pressure Glucocorticoids 1. Proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose 2. Immune system may be suppressed

59 Adrenal gland Adrenal medulla Kidney Adrenal cortex Stress Nerve signals 1 3 Hypothalamus Releasing hormone Spinal cord (cross section) Nerve cell 4 Anterior pituitary Blood vessel Nerve cell ACTH 2 Adrenal medulla ACTH 5 Adrenal cortex Epinephrine and norepinephrine Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids Short-term stress response Long-term stress response

60 Short-term stress response 1. Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Increased breathing rate 4. Increased metabolic rate 5. Change in blood-flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive and kidney activity

61 Long-term stress response Mineralocorticoids 1. Retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys 2. Increased blood volume and blood pressure Glucocorticoids 1. Proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose 2. Immune system may be suppressed

62 26.10 The gonads secrete sex hormones Steroid sex hormones Include estrogens, progestins, and androgens Produced by the gonads in response to signals from Hypothalamus Pituitary Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

63 26.10 The gonads secrete sex hormones Estrogens and progestins Stimulate the development of female characteristics Maintain the female reproductive system Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

64 26.10 The gonads secrete sex hormones Androgens Such as testosterone Trigger the development of male characteristics Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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66 26.11 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: A single hormone can perform a variety of functions in different animals Prolactin in humans Stimulates mammary glands to grow and produce milk during late pregnancy Suckling by a newborn stimulates further release of prolactin High prolactin during nursing inhibits ovulation Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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68 26.11 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: A single hormone can perform a variety of functions in different animals Prolactin Nonhuman mammals stimulates nest building Birds regulates fat metabolism and reproduction Amphibians movement to water Fish migration between salt and fresh water Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

69 Watersoluble hormone Receptor protein Lipidsoluble hormone Receptor protein Signal transduction pathway DNA Hormonereceptor complex mrna Cellular response New protein

70 Brain Hypothalamus: Master control center of the endocrine system Posterior pituitary: Composed of nervous tissue; stores and secretes hormones made by hypothalamus Anterior pituitary: Composed of endocrine tissue; controlled by hypothalamus; produces and secretes its own hormones

71 1. thyroxine 2. epinephrine 3. androgens 4. insulin 5. melatonin 6. FSH 7. PTH 8. ADH Pineal gland Testes Parathyroid gland Adrenal medulla Hypothalamus Pancreas Anterior pituitary Thyroid gland a. lowers blood glucose b. stimulates ovaries c. triggers fight-or-flight d. promotes male traits e. regulates metabolism f. related to daily rhythm g. raises blood calcium levels h. boosts water retention

72 You should now be able to 1. Explain how endocrine disruptors are causing environmental problems 2. Compare the mechanisms and functions of the endocrine and nervous systems 3. Distinguish between the two major classes of vertebrate hormones 4. Describe the different types and functions of vertebrate endocrine organs Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

73 You should now be able to 5. Describe the interrelationships between the hypothalamus and pituitary glands 6. Describe the functions of the thyroid and parathyroid glands 7. Explain how insulin and glucagon manage blood glucose levels 8. Describe the causes and symptoms of types 1 and 2 diabetes Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

74 You should now be able to 9. Compare the functions of the adrenal gland hormones 10. Describe the three major types of sex hormones and their functions 11. Describe the diverse functions of prolactin in vertebrate groups Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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