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1 Biology 1 of 36

2 38 3 The Excretory System 2 of 36

3 Functions of the Excretory System 1.Function: process which eliminates metabolic wastes 3 of 36

4 Functions of the Excretory System (The skin excretes excess water and salts in the form of sweat. The lungs excrete carbon dioxide. The kidneys also play a major role in excretion). 4 of 36

5 Functions of the Excretory System What are the functions of the kidneys? 5 of 36

6 Functions of the Excretory System 2.The kidneys: remove waste products from the blood. maintain blood ph. regulate the water content of the blood (and, therefore, blood volume.) (The kidneys are located on either side of the spinal column near the lower back.) 6 of 36

7 3. ureter: (A tube ) * leaves each kidney * carrying urine to urinary bladder. 4. urinary bladder: * saclike organ where urine is stored 7 of 36

8 Structure of the Kidneys Kidney Nephron 8 of 36

9 (Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery. The kidney removes urea, excess water, and other waste products and passes them to the ureter. The clean, filtered blood leaves the kidney through the renal vein and returns to circulation.) 9 of 36

10 Kidney Structure (kidney has 2 regions: inner part is renal medulla. The outer part is called the renal cortex.) 10 of 36

11 Cortex Medulla Renal artery Renal vein Ureter To the bladder 11 of 36

12 5. nephrons: functional units of the kidney (Nephrons are located in the renal cortex, except for their loops of Henle, which descend into the renal medulla.) 12 of 36

13 Bowman s capsule 38 3 The Excretory System Capillaries Glomerulus Vein Collecting duct Artery Loop of Henle To the ureter 13 of 36

14 Capillaries (Each nephron has its own blood supply: an arteriole a venule a network of capillaries connecting them) Vein Artery Collecting duct To the ureter 14 of 36

15 Capillaries (Each nephron releases fluids to a collecting duct, which leads to the ureter.) Vein Artery Collecting duct To the ureter 15 of 36

16 How is blood filtered? 16 of 36

17 6. As blood enters a nephron through the arteriole impurities are filtered out and emptied into the collecting duct. purified blood exits the nephron through the venule. 17 of 36

18 (The mechanism of blood purification involves two distinct processes: filtration and reabsorption.) 18 of 36

19 (Filtration Passing a liquid or gas through a filter to remove wastes is called filtration. The filtration of blood mainly takes place in the glomerulus. The glomerulus is a small network of capillaries encased in the top of the nephron by a hollow, cup-shaped structure called Bowman's capsule.) 19 of 36

20 7. Filtration: * Materials filtered from the blood include water, urea, glucose, salts, amino acids, and some vitamins. (Plasma proteins, cells, and platelets remain in the blood because they are too large to pass through the capillary walls.) 20 of 36

21 8. Reabsorption *Most of the material removed diffuses back into blood. *Almost 99% of the water is reabsorbed. *urine remains 21 of 36

22 (Almost 99% of the water that enters Bowman s capsule is reabsorbed into the blood. When the filtrate drains in the collecting ducts, most water and nutrients have been reabsorbed into the blood.) 22 of 36

23 (Remaining material, called urine, is emptied into a collecting duct. Urine is primarily concentrated in the loop of Henle. The loop of Henle is a section of the nephron tubule in which water is conserved and the volume of urine minimized.) 23 of 36

24 (As the kidney works, purified blood is returned to circulation while urine is collected in the urinary bladder. Urine is stored here until it is released from the body through a tube called the urethra.) 24 of 36

25 Control of Kidney Function 9. Control of Kidney Function a. mostly controlled by regulatory hormones which are released in response to composition of blood. 25 of 36

26 Control of Kidney Function (When you drink a liquid, it is absorbed into the blood through the digestive system. As a result, the concentration of water in the blood increases. As the amount of water in the blood increases, the rate of water reabsorption in the kidneys decreases. Less water is returned to the blood, and excess water is sent to the urinary bladder to be excreted as urine.) 26 of 36

27 Control of Kidney Function (When the kidneys detect an increase in salt, they respond by returning less salt to the blood by reabsorption. The excess salt the kidneys retain is excreted in urine, thus maintaining the composition of the blood.) 27 of 36

28 Homeostasis by Machine (Homeostasis by Machine Humans have two kidneys, but can survive with only one. If both kidneys are damaged by disease or injury, there are two options: a kidney transplant kidney dialysis 28 of 36

29 Homeostasis by Machine Kidney dialysis works as follows: Blood is removed by a tube and pumped through special tubing that acts like nephrons. Tiny pores in the tubing allow salts and small molecules to pass through. Wastes diffuse out of the blood into the fluid-filled chamber, allowing purified blood to be returned to the body. ) 29 of 36

30 Homeostasis by Machine Kidney Dialysis Vein Artery Blood pump Blood in tubing flows through dialysis fluid Shunt Used dialysis fluid Air detector Dialysis machine Fresh dialysis fluid Compressed air 30 of 36

31 38 3 Continue to: - or - Click to Launch: 31 of 36

32 38 3 A dialysis machine performs the function of which structure in the excretory system? a. nephron b. ureter c. urethra d. glomerulus 32 of 36

33 38 3 In the human body, the kidneys play an important role in a. producing digestive enzymes. b. circulating the blood. c. destroying old red blood cells. d. maintaining homeostasis. 33 of 36

34 38 3 In the nephron, most filtration occurs in the a. renal tubule. b. capillaries. c. glomerulus. d. loop of Henle. 34 of 36

35 38 3 Urine leaves the body through the a. loop of Henle. b. glomerulus. c. urethra. d. bladder. 35 of 36

36 38 3 Materials filtered out of the blood include all of the following EXCEPT: a. water. b. urea. c. amino acids. d. plasma proteins. 36 of 36

37 END OF SECTION

Structures of the Excretory System include: ü Skin ü Lung ü Liver ü Kidneys ü Ureter ü Urinary Bladder ü Urethra

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