6.6 HORMONES & REPRODUCTION

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1 6.6 HORMONES & REPRODUCTION

2 Endocrine system Produces and releases hormones Hormones travel in the blood to target tissues Long distance communication between cells Endocrine Glands Blood stream Hormone Target Tissue

3 Homeostasis Ability of the body to maintain stable internal conditions regardless of external conditions Hypothalamus monitors the following: Blood ph Carbon dioxide concentration Blood glucose concentration Body temperature Water balance

4 Negative Feedback Loop When a change in the body is detected, the body elicits are response to being the altered level back to where it was before the change.

5 Thermoregulation Maintaining body temperature at 98.6 degrees Regulated by hypothalamus and thyroid

6 Thermoregulation chart Cooling Mechanisms Sweat glands release sweat for evaporative cooling Arterioles leading to the skin s surface dilate and bring more blood to the surface for cooling The body spreads out (wide arms and legs) to increase the surface are for cooling Muscle cells relax and prevent shivering that would further heat the body Warming Mechanisms Sweat glands do not release sweat in order to limit evaporative cooling Arterioles leading to the skin s surface constrict and keep blood in the body s core tow warm vital organs The body pulls inwards (arms and legs very close to the body) to decrease surface area and retain heat Muscle cells contract to induce shivering to produce heat to warm the body

7 Blood glucose levels Must be maintained within a narrow range Regulated by the hypothalamus Regulated by two antagonistic hormones by produced by the pancreas (pancreatic islet cells) Alpha cells produce glucagon (increase glucose levels) Beta cells produce insulin (decrease glucose levels)

8 Blood Glucose Regulation Rise in Blood Glucose Levels Insulin is released from beta cells Liver cells store glucose as glycogen, removing glucose from the bloodstream Drop in Blood Glucose Levels Glucagon is released from alpha cells Liver cells break down stored glycogen into glucose and release the glucose into the bloodstream Cells take up glucose from the bloodstream (capillaries) Cells take up very little glucose from the bloodstream (capillaries) Blood sugar levels fall to homeostatic levels Blood glucose levels rise to homeostatic levels

9 Type I and Type II Diabetes Disease where you are unable to control glucose levels Type I Islet cells lose their ability to produce insulin Possible causes Autoimmune response, viral infection or genetics Type II Results when cellular receptors for insulin fail to respond to the hormone Causes Obesity or possibly genetics Can be reversed by diet and exercise

10 Type I and Type II Diabetes Type I Diabetes Onset Sudden Gradual Type II Diabetes Prevalence Less common More common Age of onset Mostly in young children Usually in adults but due to childhood obesity becoming more common in children Insulin levels Insulin needs Treatment No insulin production or very low levels Must have insulin injections for survival Insulin injections/diet changes Normal insulin or altered (higher or lower) levels Vary with individual Weight loss with diet and exercise may use insulin injections

11 Applications of Hormone Use Can be used to treat or detect disorders of the endocrine system

12 Hormone applications Hormone Source Mode of action Application Insulin Beta cells of the pancreas Lowers blood glucose levels Thyroxin Thyroid gland Increases metabolic processes and thermoregulation Leptin Adipose tissue Acts on the hypothalamus inhibiting appetite Melatonin Pineal gland Circadian rhythms (sleep cycles) Used to treat type I diabetes Used as replacement therapy for patients with reduced thyroid function Used to help diagnose causes of obesity by testing levels of leptin in obese individuals Used to treat jet lag

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