Adrenal Glands. Adrenal Glands. Adrenal Glands. Adrenal Glands. Adrenal Glands 4/12/2016. Controlled by both nerves and hormones.

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1 Glands 70 Figure 10.14a gland Glands cortex Mineralocorticoids Gonadocorticoids Glucocorticoids medulla Epinephrine Norepinephrine (b) A section through the adrenal gland reveals two regions, the outer adrenal cortex and the inner adrenal medulla. These regions secrete different hormones. Glands Controlled by both nerves and hormones Medulla Controlled by nerves from the hypothalamus Controlled by ACTH (a hormone) secreted by the anterior pituitary gland Figure 10.14b 73 Medulla Glands Epinephrine Increases blood pressure Increases heart rate Increases blood glucose levels Glands 2 types of hormones secreted Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids

2 Glands - Glands - Mineralocorticoids Example: Aldosterone Mineral homeostasis Water balance Aldosterone Promotes renal absorption of Na + and renal excretion of K + Increased blood pressure Target Kidneys Glands - Glands - Glucocorticoids Example: Cortisol Influences carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism Suppress the immune system Cortisol Effects glucose homeostasis Act on the liver to promote the conversion of fat and protein into intermediate substances available to the s cells Inhibit the inflammatory response Aids in allowing us to survive stress Target All over the Review Questions What effect does the presence of epinephrine have on blood pressure? Which hormone effects the adrenal cortex? Name the complex carbohydrate that is stored in humans. Where is the complex carbohydrate stored in the? What gland secretes cortisol? 80 Bali Ubud_Bali.html 81 2

3 Common bile duct (from gallbladder and liver) Pancreatic duct Duodenum (first part of small intestine) Stomach Secreted from the pancreatic islets Islets of Langerhans Regulate blood glucose levels through two hormones Glucagon Insulin (a) Structure of the pancreas and associated ducts. Exocrine cells of the pancreas secrete digestive enzymes into the pancreatic duct, which unites with the common bile duct before entering the small intestine. Figure 10.17a 83 Gland Hormones Glucagon Raises blood glucose (BG) levels Stimulates breakdown of glycogen to glucose Stimulates formation of glucose from lactic acid Target Liver Figure 10.17b 85 Insulin Lowers BG Stimulates transport of glucose into muscle cells, white blood cells and connective tissue cells Inhibits breakdown of glycogen to glucose Prevents conversion of amino and fatty acids into glucose Stimulates formation of triglycerides from glucose Figure (2 of 2) 87 3

4 Pancreatic Disorders Diabetes Mellitus Lack of insulin (Type 1) Inability of cells to respond to insulin as they should (Type 2) Figure (1 of 2) 89 Review Questions Galapagos What type of diabetes is caused by the lack of insulin? What does glucagon do to the blood glucose level? Gonads Ovaries & Testes Gonads - Testes Controlled by hypothalamus and the pituitary gland Testes Testosterone Ovaries Progesterone Estrogen Testosterone Stimulates growth of male reproductive organs Male secondary sex characteristics Larynx & vocal cords to enlarge Muscular strength of males

5 Gonads - Ovaries Anabolic Steroids Estrogen & Progesterone Stimulates growth of female reproductive organs Secondary sex characteristics Egg maturation Regulates ovarian and uterine cycles Side Effects Increase in odor Baldness Acne Breast enlargement (men) Kidney disease Decrease testicular size Low sperm count Impotence High cholesterol High BP Heart damage Liver dysfunction Liver cancer Stunted growth Personality changes Pineal Gland Pineal gland Cerebrum Hypothalamus Pineal Gland Skull Secretes Melatonin Involved in daily sleep-wake cycle Regulates sexual development May play a role in SAD gland Figure Review Question Which endocrine gland is the most involved in the immune response? medulla Thymus Ovaries Erythropoietin Kidneys Stimulates bone marrow to produce more red blood cells (RBCs) Renin Stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone Increases BP

6 ADH Oxytocin Hypothalamicreleasing hormone Hypothalamicinhibiting hormones 100 Hypothalamus Hypothalamus Posterior Posterior Hypothalamus Hypothalamus Hypothalamus Hypothalamus Kidney Uterus Mammary Glands Anterior Anterior 101 TSH Anterior Anterior Thyroid ACTH Anterior Anterior FSH Anterior Anterior Ovaries, Testes LH Anterior Anterior Ovaries, Testes Prolactin Anterior Anterior GH Anterior Anterior Mammary Glands Bones, Muscle and Cartilage Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Calcitonin Thyroid Thyroid Bones, Kidneys Epinephrine Aldosterone Cortisol medulla medulla Kidney Muscle, Adipose, Immune Insulin Glucagon Liver, muscle, WBC, connective tissue, adipose Liver, muscle, adipose Testosterone Testes (other tissues) Testes (other tissues) Estrogen Ovaries Ovaries Progesterone Ovaries Ovaries

7 Melatonin Pineal Gland Pineal Gland Erythropoietin Kidneys Kidneys Renin Kidneys Kidneys Bone Marrow PTH Parathyroid Gland Parathyroid Gland Bones, Kidneys, Intestine Thymosin Thymus Thymus T cells Thymopoietin Thymus Thymus T Cells Leptin Adipose Adipose Hypothalamus Prostaglandins Important Concepts Important Concepts What is the function of the endocrine system? What are the similarities and differences between neurotransmitters and hormones? What are the 2 types of hormones? How do they work? How do they effect the target cells? Know the differences and examples of each type of hormone Where are ALL the hormones produced and released from? What are the functions of the hormones? What is the target of the hormones? Know all the disorders discussed Cause, Effect, Treatments Know location and names of the endocrine glands, be able to label a drawing with the glands Important Concepts Important Concepts How does the hypothalamus control the pituitary? What is the function of the hypothalamus? How are the adrenal glands controlled? What are the 2 parts of the adrenal glands? How is each controlled? Which hormones are released from which part? Know the side effects of cortisol How are calcium levels in the blood regulated? What hormones and glands regulate it? How are BG levels regulated? What hormones and glands regulate it? Know the causes of the 2 types of diabetes

8 Hypothalamic Thyroid Axis Hypothalamic Axis s.com/hormone-regulation/ Hypothalamic Gonadal Axis The End eon.co.uk/index.php/what -is-the-hypothalamopituitary-axis