INTERQUAL PROCEDURES CRITERIA BIBLIOGRAPHY: OPHTHALMOLOGY

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1 INTERQUAL PROCEDURES CRITERIA BIBLIOGRAPHY: OPHTHALMOLOGY BIB-1

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3 InterQual PROCEDURES Criteria: OPHTHALMOLOGY McKesson Clinical Evidence Classification References cited in the clinical content are classified according to the type of evidence presented. The class ratings, I through V, are intended to provide a classification of the evidence but are not necessarily hierarchical. Classifications appear in parentheses at the end of each reference. References followed by an (NC) are not classified; examples include pre-published research or information from government, manufacturer, laboratory, or patient education websites. Classification Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V Type of Evidence Meta-analysis or systematic review Well-designed controlled clinical trial or experimental study Well-designed observational or epidemiologic study Evidence-based guideline Expert opinion, panel consensus, literature review, text or reference book, descriptive study, case report, or case series Class I A meta-analysis is an analysis of the results from multiple trials. A systematic review is a qualitative means of summarizing multiple trials on the same intervention. Class I studies can show a statistically significant difference in support of an intervention when smaller studies could not. A meta-analysis or systematic review that finds insufficient evidence to support or refute an intervention (due to a lack of properly designed trials) is inconclusive. A potential weakness of Class I studies is that they may only assess published studies. Since studies demonstrating significant differences are more likely to be published than those that do not, publication bias is of concern. Class II A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental study design in which subjects are randomly assigned to an intervention or a control group. An RCT is the gold standard for testing cause and effect relationships. Intention-to-treat analysis should be performed to account for missing data points. Class III Observational or epidemiologic studies can suggest an association between events or findings. These associations cannot be used to establish causality. Cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies are all used to identify possible risk factors. Cross-sectional studies are also used to determine the prevalence of a condition. Cohort studies are used to study incidence, the natural history of a condition, prognosis after a specific exposure, and associated harms. Nonrandomized controlled trials are sometimes used when randomization is impossible or unethical. Class IV Evidence-based guidelines are systematically developed recommendations for clinical practice. Evidence-based guidelines identify the methodology used to gather the evidence on which the recommendations are based. Usually, a grading system for both the quality of the evidence and the strength of the recommendations is provided. Guidelines that are evidence-based may also contain consensus recommendations in areas where evidence is lacking, but these recommendations are clearly identified and appropriately graded. Class V Class V references may be the best information in the absence of other evidence. Expert opinion, panel consensus, literature reviews, and descriptive studies (case reports or case series) are subject to significant bias. A case series with comparison to historical controls can be plagued with missing data, and data extraction inconsistencies are common. The use of historical controls does not address how the diagnosis of disease or its treatment has evolved over time with newer technologies or medication. Text book information may be out of date by the time the book is BIB-3

4 BIB-4 InterQual PROCEDURES Criteria: OPHTHALMOLOGY published. Comparative Effectiveness Research (CER) "Comparative effectiveness research is the conduct and synthesis of research comparing the benefits and harms of different interventions and strategies to prevent, diagnose, treat and monitor health conditions in 'real world' settings." (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Report to the President and the Congress on Comparative Effectiveness Research; Available from: [cited Apr ]) Bibliography Abraham et al. The new epidemiology of cataract. Ophthalmol Clin North Am (4): (V) Alexander et al. Scleral buckling combined with vitrectomy for the management of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment associated with inferior retinal breaks. Eye 2006 (III) American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred Practice Pattern: Age-Related Macular Degeneration: American Academy of Ophthalmology; (IV) American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred Practice Pattern: Cataract in the Adult Eye: American Academy of Ophthalmology; (IV) American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred Practice Pattern: Diabetic Retinopathy: American Academy of Ophthalmology; (IV) American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred Practice Pattern: Posterior Vitreous Detachment, Retinal Breaks, and Lattice Degeneration: American Academy of Ophthalmology; (IV) American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred Practice Pattern: Primary Angle Closure: American Academy of Ophthalmology; (IV) American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred Practice Pattern: Primary Open Angle Glaucoma Suspect: American Academy of Ophthalmology; (IV) American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred Practice Pattern: Primary Open Angle Glaucoma: American Academy of Ophthalmology; (IV) Boboridis and Bunce. Interventions for involutional lower lid entropion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002(1):CD (V) Borboli and Colby. Mechanisms of disease: Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy. Ophthalmol Clin North Am (1): (V) Brady et al. The diagnosis and management of orbital blowout fractures: update Am J Emerg Med (2): (III) Distelhorst and Hughes. Open-angle glaucoma. Am Fam Physician (9): (V) Elgohary and Dowler. Incidence and risk factors of Nd:YAG capsulotomy after phacoemulsification in non-diabetic and diabetic patients. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol (6): (V) Eliasoph. Current techniques of entropion and ectropion correction. Otolaryngol Clin North Am (5): (V) Gariano and Kim. Evaluation and management of suspected retinal detachment. Am Fam Physician (7): (V) Goldberg et al. Complications of frontal sinusitis and their management. Otolaryngol Clin North Am (1): (V) Gordon et al. Baseline factors predictive of incident penetrating keratoplasty in keratoconus. Am J Ophthalmol (6): (III) Greven et al. Intraocular foreign bodies: management, prognostic factors, and visual outcomes. Ophthalmology (3): Lee et al. Evaluation and management of Graves' orbitopathy. Otolaryngol Clin North Am (5): , vi. (V) Lim. Photodynamic therapy for choroidal neovascular disease: photosensitizers and clinical trials. Ophthalmol Clin North Am (4): , vii. (V) Macular Photocoagulation Study Group. "Subfoveal Neovascular Lesions in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Guidelines for Evaluation and Treatment in the Macular Photocoagulation Study." Archives of Ophthalmology, 1991, 109: Macular Photocoagulation Study Group. "Visual Outcome After Laser Photocoagulation for Subfoveal Choroidal Neovascularization Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration." Archives of Ophthalmology, 1994, 112: Meacock et al. Steroid prophylaxis in eyes with uveitis undergoing phacoemulsification. Br J Ophthalmol (9): (II)

5 InterQual PROCEDURES Criteria: OPHTHALMOLOGY Merbs. Management of a blind painful eye. Ophthalmol Clin North Am (2): (V) Mian et al. Regulation of eye banking and uses of ocular tissue for transplantation. Clin Lab Med (3): (V) Mills and Meyer. Acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Otolaryngol Clin North Am (5): , vii. (V) Mills et al. Strabismus surgery for adults: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology (6): (IV) Pasternak and Irish. Ophthalmological infections in primary care. Clin Fam Pract (1): (V) Pieramici. Vitreoretinal trauma. Ophthalmol Clin North Am (2): , vii. (V) Seaberg et al. Permanent postoperative vision loss associated with expansion of intraocular gas in the presence of a nitrous oxide-containing anesthetic. Anesthesiology (5): (V) Singh and Lewis. Innovations in eye surgery. Clin Geriatr Med (3): (V) Smiddy, W.E. and H.W. Flynn. "Vitrectomy in the Management of Diabetic Retinopathy." Surv Ophthalmol, 1999, 43(6): Tennant et al. Management of submacular hemorrhage. Ophthalmol Clin North Am (4): , vi. (V) Thakker and Rubin. Mechanisms of acquired blepharoptosis. Ophthalmol Clin North Am (1): (V) Tuft et al. Risk factors for retinal detachment after cataract surgery: a case-control study. Ophthalmology (4): (IV) Wickham et al. Vitrectomy and gas for inferior break retinal detachments: are the results comparable to vitrectomy, gas, and scleral buckle? Br J Ophthalmol (11): (III) Wipf and Paauw. Ophthalmologic emergencies in the patient with diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am (4): Woog and Sindwani. Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy and conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy. Otolaryngol Clin North Am (5): , vii. (V) Wu and Schiff. Sarcoidosis. Am Fam Physician (2): (V) Yanoff et al. Ophthalmology, 2nd edn. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; (V) BIB-5

Change Healthcare Clinical Evidence Classification

InterQual Specialty Referral Criteria: Eye Disorders Bibliography Change Healthcare Clinical Evidence Classification References cited in the clinical content are classified according to the type of evidence