What two body systems work together to carry Out regulation?

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2 What is regulation? -The process by which organisms maintain, control, and coordinate their internal environment with a constantly changing external environment -It is all of the activities that help to maintain an organism s What two body systems work together to carry Out regulation?

3 What is Negative Feedback (Feedback Inhibition)? -Process by which the product of a system shuts Down a system or limits its operation Provide two examples of Negative Feedback in the Human body.

4 Label what is happening in the diagram below: Cycle Begins again System triggered System Limited/ Shut down System Output Homeostasis achieved Negative Feedback is the body s way of

5 How does the nervous system maintain homeostasis? Nerve Control (Action/Reaction) Label and Define the structures of the neuron: Nerve cell that transmits impulses Dendrites (1) Terminal Branches (5) Axon (2) Synapse (3) Myelin Sheath Cell body (Cyton) (4)

6 1. Dendrites- detect stimulus 2. Axon- Connects cyton to terminal branches 3. Synapse- gap between neurons 4. Cyton (Cell body)- Holds nucleus and organelles 5. Terminal Branches- release neurotransmitters to carry Impulse across synapse Myelin Sheath- fatty covering that protects axon Stimulus- change that causes a response Response-Reaction to a stimulus Receptor-Organs that receive stimuli Effector- Muscle or gland that carries out response

7 Neurotransmitter- chemical that allows impulses to jump over a synapse A bundle of neurons that transmit impulses Over long distances at high rates of speed Receive stimuli from the environment and transmit this information to the CNS for interpretation. Relay nerve impulses between sensory and motor neurons. Found in CNS Transmit impulses from the CNS to the Effectors (muscles and glands) where an appropriate response is initiated.

8 An electrochemical charge that transmits Information (a message) Sensory Neuron Interneuron Motor Neuron

9 Reflex Act: Describe the pathway of the reflex act and explain what happens at each step for the following example. Ex: You accidentally step on a tack. Explain how the reflex act will help you to lift your foot up. In your answer be sure to include: The Stimulus- The Tack The receptor- Skin on Foot Pathway of impulse- Sensory, interneuron, motor The Effector- Muscle in leg The Response- Lift foot up

10 Responsible for all involuntary actions. Breating, Heartrate, Blood Sugar Level Largest Part. Controls thinking, memory, Judgement, intelligence, learning and all conscious voluntary actions Coordinates muscular activities and Balance. Fine motor skills Center for reflex actions. Coordinates All activities between brain and body Structures.

11 -Consists of nerves regulating automatic (INVOLUNTARY) functions (actions of glands and involuntary muscles) -consists of nerves that control the VOLUNTARY muscles of the skeleton

12 How does the endocrine system maintain homeostasis? Chemical Control (hormones) How do cells communicate? Through using hormones and cell receptors What is a hormone? How does it travel? A chemical messenger that travels through the Bloodstream What is a cell receptor? Where are they found? -Proteins on the surface of cells that enable cell-to-cell communication. They work based on their shape and they are SPECIFIC.

13 Explain how a hormone knows if has found its target cell. The shape of the hormone will fit into the receptor Like enzymes, hormones are

14 If a person has a high blood sugar level, what chemical Will lower the level of glucose in the blood? What two hormones does the pancreas secrete? What Does each do? Insulin lowers blood sugar level Glucagon increases blood sugar level What happens to a persons blood sugar level after they Eat a meal? Why? It increases due to the added glucose in the body from Sugars and starches. (Carbs)

15 Identify TWO body systems involved in maintaining the Glucose level in the blood and tell how each system is Involved. By releasing insulin and glucagon to Regulate the level By transporting hormones around The body By breaking down carbohydrates to Increase glucose levels

16 Which organ does each of the following hormones Directly affect and how does it affect it? Organ it affects: Ovary(female)/Testes (male) How: In females, the ovary is stimulated To release estrogen In males, the testes are stimulated to Release testosterone Gland it affects: Thyroid How: Stimulates it to release thyroxin Organ it affects: Heart How: Makes it beat faster

17 What process is represented by the diagram below? In the diagram below, label the following: Receptor Hormone

18 1. BOTH maintain HOMEOSTASIS 2. Both secrete chemicals Hormones=Endocrine System Neurotransmitters=Nervous System 1-Nervous system responds FASTER and effects Last a short period of time -Endocrine System takes a LONGER time to Respond and effects last longer 2.Nervous System=Nerve Control Endocrine System=Chemical Control

19 Explain how each life function below maintains homeostasis: Excretion- The process in which metabolic wastes are removed Digestion- Process of breaking down food into a usable form Transport- The process of delivering materials Throughout an organism Respiration- The process in which oxygen and glucose Combine to make ATP Nutrition- The process in which materials are taken In and broken down into a usable form