1. (1 pt) At the equilibrium potential of an ion, what two things are equal? Electrical potential (voltage) and chemical potential (concentration)
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1 MIDERM REVIEW QUESIONS: IO 3411 (hese are questions from 3 of the previous years midterms) 1. (1 pt) t the equilibrium potential of an ion, what two things are equal? Electrical potential (voltage) and chemical potential (concentration) 2. (1 pt) Name a ligand-gated channel where E rev of the channel is equal to E Cl-. G receptor 3. (1 pt) neuron embodies three elements of an electronic device. hey are: attery (provides own power for action potential) ; Computer (integrates inputs); and Wire (transmits information) 4. (3 pts) mutation of a potassium channel which causes a loss-of-function might have which effect? nswer true or false. 1. more positive cell resting potential 2. Change in action potential threshold. 3. Increase in action potential duration. 4. Decrease in refractory period 5. Increase in neurotransmitter release. 6. Increase in axon length constant. 5. (2 pts) Name two mechanisms for stopping the action of neurotransmitters. Degredation and reuptake 6. (4 pts) Name four properties of single channels which can be revealed by the single channel patch clamp technique: 1. mean open time 2. conductance 3. selectivity (ie permeable to which ions) 4. gating properties (ie voltage or ligand gating) also: inactivation properties
2 7. (10 pts) One answer per blank. I Neurotransmitter degradation. 300 vesicles G Reuptake blocker Pain H Mechanism of synaptic integration E MEPP J Metabotropic, small molecule EPSP at neuromuscular junction D pamin Sensory receptor potential C Resting potential. Energy transduction C. I Na = I K D. K + channel blocker E. 10,000 molecules. Substance P G. Prozac H. Spatial summation I. cetylcholinesterase J. Dopamine 8. (8 pts) ill in the blanks with the letter of the ES answer (one answer per blank). D Sodium channel inactivation G Length constant or D Myelin Voltage-dependent gating E Passive voltage change H Sodium potassium Pase C Voltage-dependent potassium channels I Ion selectivity filter. llows sequential release of energy in adjacent axon membrane. pumps out sodium to repolarize the action potential C. Determines the shape and duration of action potentials D. Conserves energy in propagation E. Sensory receptor activation. Increases the length constant G. Depends on passive properties H. Maintains the bulk concentrations of internal ions I. Spatial summation
3 9. (9 pts) ill in the blanks with the letter of the ES answer (one answer per blank) C Ion with the highest bulk concentration inside the cell Ion with the lowest bulk concentration inside the cell Cation with the highest bulk concentration outsides the cell wo ions where both electrical and chemical forces push inward (at rest) C D wo ions where electrical and chemical forces push in opposite directions (at rest) C D wo ions where there E equil is near the resting potential a. Na + b. Ca 2+ c. K + d. Cl (10 pts) nswer true or false (+1 pt each answer, but -1/2 pt for each incorrect answer) Sensory neurons with slowly adapting receptors project to the somatosensory cortex, while those with rapidly adapting receptors project to the motor cortex. Sensory neurons project to somatosensory cortex, motor cortex sends projections to muscles. he process of binding involves the convergence of synchronized activity from all over the brain in a central pathway to the amygdala. mygdala is not involved in the binding problem. Neurotransmitter release can be evoked either by direct injection of calcium into the presynaptic terminal, or by direct depolarization of the presynaptic terminal in the absence of calcium. Calcium is necessary for neurotransmitter release. he family of genes encoding potassium channels in the mammalian or C. elegans genome is much larger than the family of genes encoding either calcium or sodium channels. he NMD receptor conducts glutamate and calcium ions equally well. Glutamate is a ligand and is not conducted through channels, but does bind to NMD receptors. he cellular basis of learning involves use-dependent changes in synaptic efficiency. Voltage-dependent Na + channels are essential for active propagation. Calcium can substitute for Na in active propagation.
4 he sequential release of energy in an important concept in passive propagation. Sequential energy release is important in active propagation. Electrical synaptic transmission always evokes an action potential in the post synaptic cell, but is difficult to modulate. n P is not always evoked in a postsynaptic cell. Distinct channel types often differ with respect to their conductance, mean open time, inactivation properties and selectivity. 12. (10 pts) Some answers are used more than once (here are 10 correct answers; -1 for each answer over 10.) CD E D C E a. point furthest from E Cl b. point closest to E Ca c. the driving force on K + is greatest d. the electrical gradient for Ca 2+ is inward e. the potassium current is larger than the sodium current f. the sodium current is greater than the potassium current g. point furthest from the reversal potential for ch-activated channels h. point closest to the reversal potential for Glu-activated channels 0 mv E C D One point each question/ Circle one correct answer ONLY for each questions 13. During the undershoot of the action potential a. ll sodium channels are in the inactivated conformation b. he action potential threshold is unchanged from the resting membrane conditions
5 c. he potassium current is initially higher than the sodium current, then the sodium current becomes higher than the potassium current until equilibrium is reached d. he sodium/potassium Pase repolarizes the membrane e. he membrane potential approaches E Ca 14. Which of the following is unimportant in established the membrane resting potential? a. he bulk concentrations of all ions which are permeable b. he equilibrium potential of all permeable ions c. he intracellular concentration of potassium ions d. Membrane leak channels e. he sodium-potassium Pase f. he bulk concentrations of all ions which are not permeable 15. Using patch clamp technique: a. Different channels can be distinguished according to their single channel conductance b. Different channels can be distinguished according to their mean open time c. Different channels can be distinguished according to their inactivation properties d. Different channels can be distinguished according to their reversal potentials e. Different channels can be distinguished according to their gating properties f. ll of the above 16. he condition of Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis is a genetic disease which resembles Hyperkalemia, a condition where the bulk concentration of extra cellular potassium is too high. Genetic defects in several ion channels might cause a similar condition by mimicking the effects of hyperkalemia. Which of the following might be true: hink: an increase in extracellular potassium causes the membrane potential to become more positive. a. he membrane resting potential in affected cells is too positive b. he condition could result from a gain-of-function mutation in sodium channels which could cause some of them to open at resting potentials. Such a mutation would be dominant c. similar condition could result from a mutation that partially block leak (K + selective) channels. Such a mutation would be dominant d. ll of the above e. a & b f. a & c
6 17. Some forms of Long Q syndrome are dominant-negative because: a. Mutant potassium channel subunits form heteromultimers with wild-type subunits and these heteromultimers are non functional. b. he mutant potassium channel gene suppresses the genetic expression of the cardiac sodium channel c. he mutation in the potassium channel gene is recessive. d. he mutant potassium channel shortens the duration of the cardiac action potential e. None of the above 18. nswer true or false. (1 pt each) Every element of circuitry in the brain is its own battery Ion selectivity in a voltage-gated potassium channel is achieved by part of the channel structure which mimics part of the hydration shell of the potassium ion Sodium and chloride ions have a very stable relationship in the salt shaker (because of the strength of their mutual electrical attraction), but when dropped in water, their stable relationship is ruined because the attention of so many polar suitors (water molecules). Voltage-gating of the sodium channel is essential for the sequential release of energy in the propagation of the action potential. Voltage-gating involves a positively charged membrane segment (the S4 region), which is similar in all voltage-gated channels (both sodium, calcium and potassium channels). In general, ligand gated channels tend to more highly ion selective than voltage-gated channels. Ligand gated channels are less selective (glu: K & Na, ch: K & Na) Saltatory conduction refers to the fact that in a myelinated axon the signal jumps passively between nodes. Short term learning and memory seem to require protein synthesis. facilitation is a form of learning that does not require protein synthesis Processing in the brain is mostly serial. Mostly parallel Most sensory receptors cause passive depolarizations. requency coding is common in sensory neurons. ctive propagation requires passive propagation. Passive propagation requires active propagation.
7 19. ill in each blank with,, or C. Synaptic transmission:. ionotropic,. metabotropic, C. electrical C C 1. ligand binds to channel 2. more difficult to control 3. slowest 4. amplifying system 5. seven transmembrane receptor protein 6. G 7. gap junctions 8. direct neurotransmitter binding to channel 9. substance P 10. neurotransmitter encoded by gene 20. wo factors important in transferring short-term memory into long term memory are : protein synthesis and synaptogenesis. 21. he term reversal potential refers to a channel. (single word answer). 22. he term equilibrium potential refers to a ion. (single word answer) 23. a) Which four answers are applicable to the diagram? C ; H ; D ; I. acilitation. Presynaptic facilitation C. ction potential D. Spatial summation C E. Electrical synaptic transmission. Long term potentiation G. IPSP H. EPSP I. Passive potential b) If the potential recorded at were inhibitory, which four answers would be applicable? G ; D ; H ; I
8 24. (8 pts) ill in the table with the letter of the correct concentration of bulk solution for mammalian neurons. Some answers are used more than once. nswers are best approximations; units are mm. a. 143 b. 5 c d. 110 e. 2 INSIDE OUSIDE Na + b a Cl - b d, a Ca 2+ c e K + a b 25. (10 pts) rue or alse. 1. Myelin serves two major roles: 1) lowering membrane resistance to increase the length constant and 2) raising membrane capacitance to conserve energy. Myelin increases R m and decreases C m 2. Resistors in series add so that the total resistance is equal to the additive sum of all resistors. 3. Capacitors in series add so that the total resistance is equal to the additive sum of all capacitors. C series =1/(1/C1 + 1/C2). 4. Spatial summation applies only to EPSPs, not IPSPs. 5. he brain is wired mostly in series; parallel circuits are only occasionally encountered. 6. Each element of circuitry (neuron) in the brain is its own battery. 7. Each element of circuitry in the brain is a computer. 8. Synapses connecting neurons with other neurons most commonly produce allor-none responses. n action potential in a presynaptic neuron does not guarantee an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. In the NMJ, an P in the presynaptic neuron almost guarantees a muscle contraction (in normal physiological conditions). 9. he reversal potential for a G receptor channel is the same as the equilibrium potential for chloride. 10. he bulk concentration of calcium ion remains constant in the presynaptic terminal, even during intense synaptic activity. Ca can increase, which can lead to the release of neuropeptides. 11. he driving force on a sodium ion is zero at the potassium equilibrium potential. D on Na is high at E k. D on K is 0 at E k. 12. Myelinated neurons conduct an action potential at the speed of light. Slower than speed of light. 13. Passive propagation is conducted at the approximate velocity of a fast pitched baseball. ctive propagation is that fast, passive is slower. 14. Metabotropic receptors seldom use a second messenger system. 15. Ionotropic receptors require phosphorylation to function. Requires only ligand binding. 16. ctive propagation relies on passive propagation to bring adjacent membrane
9 to threshold. 17. Neuropeptides always bind to ionotropic receptors. lways?? Most are metabotrophic 18. t the reversal potential of the ch channel, the inward K + current is equal and opposite to the outward Na + current. (ssume the channel is open.) Look closely, outward K current = inward Na, not the reverse. 19. Even without the Na + /K + Pase, most cells would have a negative intracellular potential. 20. Saltatory conduction refers to active propagation jumping from internode to internode at the speed of light. Not that fast. 26. (1 pt per blank) ill in the blanks 1. neurotransmitter that is broadcast to more than one post-synaptic target is neuropeptide/ substance P. 2. neurotransmitter that has its action stopped by a protease is neuropeptide/ substance P. 3. drug that blocks the reuptake of a neurotransmitter is prozac (SSRIs). 4. he cellular basis of learning and memory probably involves use-dependent synaptic mechanisms such as facilitation, depression, and LP. 5. Place learning in the hippocampus probably involves what synaptic mechanism? LP 6. Short-term learning and memory may involve synaptic plasticity while longterm memory may involve protein synthesis. 27. ypes of genetic mutations. Choose the best answer. a. recessive b. dominant-negative c. dominant-gain of function C Sodium channel defect causing symptoms similar to hyperkalemia Loss of function; most common type of mutation enign familial neonatal convulsions Usually involves a multimeric protein. Long Q syndrome 28. (1 pt) Circle correct answer(s). Synaptic integration may involve which of the following: (all are correct) a. facilitation b. depression c. temporal summation d. presynaptic inhibition
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