PEDIATRIC BRAIN CARE
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1 PEDIATRIC BRAIN CARE
2
3 The brain matters most!
4 OVERVIEW OF NEURO ASSESSMENT 1. Overall responsiveness/activity 2. The eyes 3.? Increased ICP 4. Movements 5.? Seizures 6. Other
5 OVERALL RESPONSIVENESS/ ACTIVITY Note: much of the initial assessment can be performed rapidly from a distance
6 VISUAL FINDINGS 1. Is he visually attentive? 2. Does he interact with parents? 3. What is his position? 4. Does he vocalize? 5. Could he be sleeping? 6. Are there movements suggestive of seizure activity?
7 BEHAVIOR ASSESSMENT 1. Requires an appreciation of normal for age 2. More important is the question of normal for the particular child 3. Use the available experts!
8 A detailed neuro exam is essential in a child with apparently altered LOC; a more abbreviated exam is appropriate for the alert, apparently normal child
9 GLASGOW COMA SCORE 1. Can be used in preverbal children if the verbal component is modified 2. Can potentially be assessed in the course of routine care 3. Should be assigned serially 4. Under 8, intubate!" is sometimes appropriate
10 DIFFUSE CAUSES OF LOC 1. Hypo- or hyperglycemia 2. Meningitis/encephalitis 3. CNS hypoxia/ischemia 4. Intoxication 5. Sodium abnormalities 6. Hyperosmolar states
11 DIFFUSE CAUSES OF LOC (II) 7. Reye syndrome 8. Uremia or liver failure 9. Post-ictal state 10. Inborn errors of metabolism 11. Hypertensive encephalopathy 12. Severe hyper- or hypothermia
12 STRUCTURAL CAUSES OF LOC 1. Brain trauma/hemorrhage 2. Brain tumor 3. CNS infarction 4. Brain abscess 5. Hydrocephalus 6. Other
13 Note that diffuse metabolic causes of altered LOC typically do not result in focal findings, while structural, anatomic lesions often do. Note also that decreasing LOC is a continuum!
14 THE EYES 1. Should be examined simultaneously if possible 2. Pupil exam 3. Assessment of eye movements 4. Funduscopic exam in the ED
15 PUPILS SHOULD BE: 1. Round, not irregular or oval 2. Equal 3. Reactive to light 4. Consensually reactive
16 PUPIL SIZE 1. May be clinically helpful 2. Many conditions result in large pupils, but pinpoint pupils should provoke consideration of opiate exposure
17 EYE MOVEMENT ABNORMALITIES 1. 6th nerve palsy may reflect ICP 2. Sunsetting may result from uncontrolled hydrocephalus 3. Other gaze pareses 4. Doll's eyes 5. Other (e. g., nystagmus)
18 FUNDUSCOPIC EXAM 1. Should always be attempted in the ED in a child with decreased LOC 2. Retinal hemorrhages are a critical finding! 3. Papilledema reflects increased ICP
19 INCREASED ICP 1. May result from increase in normal intracranial contents Blood (i.e., cerebral hyperperfusion) Brain (i.e., cerebral edema) CSF (i.e., hydrocephalus) 2. May result from a mass lesion such as hematoma, abscess, or tumor
20 Increased ICP may cause death or permanent injury as a result of CNS ischemia or a herniation syndrome!
21 SIGNS/SX OF ICP 1. Headache 2. Fussiness/irritability in an infant 3. Bulging anterior fontanel 4. Vomiting 5. Altered mental status 6. Eye findings
22 SIGNS/SX OF ICP (II) 7. Seizures 8. Posturing 9. Cushing triad Hypertension Bradycardia Respiratory abnormalities
23 MOVEMENTS 1. Assess for weakness or asymmetry 2. Horizontal cut-offs reflect spinal cord pathology, while right/left asymmetry reflects brain pathology 3. Consider the possibility of seizures
24 Seizures are a common presenting complaint in children requiring an acute 911 response or ED care.
25 FEBRILE CONVULSIONS 1. Common 2. Limited to young children (usually 5 months to 5 years) 3. Associated with febrile illnesses
26 FEATURES OF FEBRILE SZ 1. Symmetrical, tonic/clonic, NOT focal 2. Relatively short (often <5 minutes) 3. Post-ictal depression short and mild 4. Tendency to recur 5. BENIGN: not associated with CNS injury
27 SEIZURE WITH FEVER 1. Not necessarily a "febrile seizure" 2. Meningitis and encephalitis can produce BOTH fever and seizure 3. Fever lowers the seizure threshold
28 CAUSES OF CHILDHOOD SEIZURES 1. Febrile convulsions 2. CNS infections 3. Trauma (consider NAT!) 4. Metabolic 5. Seizure disorder 6. Other (e. g., brain tumor or stroke)
29 METABOLIC CAUSES 1. CNS hypoxia / ischemia 2. Hypoglycemia 3. Acute hyponatremia 4. Drugs/toxins 5. Severe hyperthermia / heat stroke 6. Hypocalcemia
30 CLINICAL APPEARANCE 1. Usually unconscious / unarousable 2. Movements often but not always present 3. Findings may be subtle in infants 4. Respiratory changes 5. Color changes may be present 6. Cardiovascular changes
31 SEIZURES IN BABIES 1. Repetitive eye blinking 2. Repetitive sucking movements 3. Bicycling" leg movements 4. Frequent Moro movements 6. Apnea or cyanosis
32 SEIZURES CAN BE DANGEROUS! 1. Cause of the Sz may be injurious 2. Prolonged electrical status can cause injury to the involved neurons 3. Apnea / hypoventilation 4. Vomiting/aspiration 5. Lactic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, or severe hyperthermia
33 OTHER 1. Meningeal signs 2. Skin findings (rash or bruises) 3. Breath odor (DKA or poisoning) 4. Body temperature (profound hypothermia or heat stroke)
34 MENINGEAL SIGNS 1. Often result from CNS infection; use protection! 2. May or may not be tested in the prehospital environment 3. Stiff neck NOT seen in infants
35
36 PREHOSPITAL MANAGEMENT 1. Airway 2. Oxygenation / ventilation 3. Circulation 4. CNS care 5. Scene evaluation
37 AIRWAY ISSUES 1. Airway may be compromised by position or lack of gag / cough 2. Is there a quick fix? 3. Intubation is likely to be needed 4. Where and by whom intubation is done is a judgment call
38 BREATHING 1. High-flow oxygen is essential! 2. BEWARE of unstable respiratory drive 3. Is pco 2 monitoring possible? 4. Average desirable pco 2 is about 35
39 WHEN DOES HYPERCARBIA MATTER? 1. Increased ICP (ideal pco 2 is ~35; it should be lower if herniation is impending) 2. Severe metabolic acidosis for which compensation is required to preserve a viable ph
40 CIRCULATION 1. Rate and rhythm abnormalities may result from the primary problem 2. Rate and BP:?stress response 3. Hypertension and bradycardia:? Cushing response 4. Primary goal: assure CNS perfusion
41 BRAIN CARE 1. ABCs 2. Physical exam 3. Essential labs 4. Try "quick fixes" if available 5. Treat increased ICP if likely
42 ESSENTIAL LABS 1. Pulse oximetry 2. Blood glucose assessment 3. Electrolytes, calcium, blood gases if possible 4. Multiple others are essential in the ED
43 "QUICK FIXES" 1. Brain oxygenation/perfusion 2. Dextrose 3. Naloxone or flumazenil if not contraindicated 4. Control of seizures 5. Other (shunt pumping, etc.)
44 SEIZURE CONTROL 1. May require oxygen or dextrose, not anticonvulsants 2. Does not require an IV 3. Add a longer-acting agent such as fosphenytoin if possible 4. Note that paralytics DO NOT STOP ELECTIRCAL SEIZURES
45 PREHOSPITAL ICP CARE 1. Elevate the child's head 2. Keep the head midline 3. Avoid jugular compression 4. Assure adequate ventilation 5. Control seizures, pain, fever 6.? Diuretics
46 SCENE CLUES 1. Empty bottles? 2. Drug paraphernalia? 3. Trauma site" not consistent with history 4. Reason to suspect CO poisoning 5. Other
47 SUMMARY 1. Neurological crises can be frightening! 2. Optimal planning and care can result in decades of good life!
48
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