METHODOLOGY. Chapter III. In this chapter, the procedures followed towards the selection of subjects,

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1 Chapter III METHODOLOGY In this chapter, the procedures followed towards the selection of subjects, experimental design, selection of variables and tests, instrument reliability, reliability of the data, pilot study, orientation of the subjects, calibration of instruments, training programme, training procedures, tests administration, collection of data and statistical techniques have been explained. Selection of Subjects To achieve these purpose 45 football players were selected randomly, from Cheyyar, Thiruvannamalai district, Tamilnadu, India. The age of the subjects were ranged between 18 and 23 years. They were simplified into three groups. Each group consist of 15 subjects, which were assumed to be appropriate for the purpose of the study. The experimental treatment assigned as continuous running and fartlek training to the two experimental groups, which was stipulated for 12 weeks (3 alternate days per week) they participated in the research voluntarily and cheerfully without any compulsion. Experimental Design The experimental design used for this study was formulated as random group design involving forty five subjects, who were divided at random into three groups of fifteen each. They were simplified into three group s namely experimental group I, experimental group II and control group. Each group consist of 15 students each, which are assured to be large enough for the purpose of the study. The experimental treatment continuous running and fartlek training assigned to the experimental group I

2 42 and experimental group II respectively, which was stipulated for 12 weeks (3 alternate days per week) they participated in the research voluntarily and cheerfully without any compulsion. Control group did not go for any training. All the subjects tested prior and after the experimental treatment periods on selected criterion variables of physical, physiological and skill related variables. Selection of the Variables and Tests In the present study, the investigator selected the following variables by guidance from the expert in the field of physical education, many theories related to the endurance training and athletic performance and overview for various articles in the selected field. I. Physical Variables 1. Speed - 50 yards dash 2. Agility - Shuttle run 3. Muscular Endurance - Bent knee Sit up Test 4. Cardio- respiratory Endurance - Cooper s 12 minute run / walk test II. Physiological Variables 1. Forced vital capacity - Micro Spirometer 2. Forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV 1 ) - Micro Spirometer 3. Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) - Micro Spirometer 4. Maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) - Mercury manometer 5. Maximum inspiration pressure (MIP) - Mercury manometer 6. Breath holding Time - 40 mmhg-mercury manometer 7. Systolic pressure (SP) - Sphygmomanometer

3 43 8. Diastolic pressure (DP) - Sphygmomanometer 9. Resting pulse rate - Manual time taken (Radial artery of the wrist) III. Skill Related Variables 1. Dribbling - Dribbling (zig-zag) INSTRUMENT RELIABILITY The instruments like Computerized Pulmonary Function Spirometer, Mercury Manometer, Sphygmomanometer, Stethoscope, Stop Watch, heart rate monitor watches and digital wrist watches were all manufactured by standard companies. Heart rate monitor and digital wrist watches were used to find out the intensity of the football players. The researcher conducted his research work in the instruments were standardized and reliable. RELIABILITY OF DATA Reliability was established by test and re-test method. Fifteen subjects were tested on selected variables. The reliability co-efficient obtained for test and re-test are presented in table.i.

4 44 TABLE -I RELIABILITY CO-EFFICIENT OF THE SELECTED PHYSICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND SKILL RELATED VARIABLES Sl.No Variables Reliability 1. Speed Agility Muscular endurance Cardio-respiratory endurance Forced vital capacity Forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV 1 ) Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) Maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) Maximum inspiration pressure (MIP) mmhg breath holding Systolic pressure (SP) Diastolic pressure (DP) Resting pulse rate Dribbling- (zig - zag) 0.84

5 45 PILOT STUDY The pilot study was conducted to assess the initial capacity of the subject in order to fix the load. To achieve the purpose ten subjects were selected and they were divided into two groups of five each at random. Group I underwent the continuous running and group II underwent the fartlek training under the careful supervision of the researcher. Based on the response of the subject in the pilot study, the training schedules for two experimental groups were constructed. However the individual differences were not taken into consideration. The basic principles of training were followed while constructing the training program, form and technique two were emphasized at all stages of the training program. The load dynamics is given in Table- II. ORIENTATION OF THE SUBJECTS The investigator was supervised the subjects of Experimental and Control Groups during the experimentation of both pre test and post test. The procedure for conducting the tests and the method of scoring were specifically explained as well as demonstrated by the investigator to enrich the tester s reliability. The physiological variables were measured with the help of department of physical education and sports, Pondicherry University at Puducherry. All the subjects were agreed to participate in the training and tests. CALIBRATION OF INSTRUMENTS All equipments and reagents were purchased from standard companies and they were maintained in good working condition and calibrated daily.

6 46 The physiological variables were tested in the research laboratory of department of physical education and sports, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India. Calibrated instruments were used to assess the physiological variables. TRAINING PROGRAMME TABLE-II LOAD DYNAMICS FOR EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS Load Dynamics for Continuous Running and Fartlek Training Groups Mode of Training Week Percentage of Load intensity (%) Total Volume (in Kilometers) % % 13 Continuous Running % % % % 13 Fartlek Training % % 15 *5% of load has been increased in every three weeks for both the experimental groups. * 1 kilometer of volume has been increased in every three weeks for both the experimental groups. TRAINING PROCEDURES Continuous Running The subjects were asked to run slow continuous and medium continuous run on the standard 400 meters track. Track is the root map for continuous running group.

7 47 Fartlek Training The subjects were asked to run slow continuous and medium continuous run on the below fartlek training root map.

8 48 TESTS ADMINISTRATION 50 yards dash (Devinder k. Kansal, 2008). The purpose of the test was to determine the ability of the individual to cover the distance in the shortest period of time. Equipments Stopwatches (atleast two) or a single stopwatch with a split second time. Two lines were marked on the floor 50 yards apart. One line was used as a starting line and the other as the finish line. On the signal Ready go, the subjects start running at their best to reach the finish line at their earliest. The signal go is accompanied with the downward sweep of the starter s arm to give visual signal to the timer/ timers who stands/stand at the finish line. Scoring The interval between the starting signal and instant subject crosses the finish line was the score of the test. The time is recorded correct up to tenth of a second. Shuttle run: 10 X 4 yards (Devinder k. Kansal, 1996). of the test was to measure the agility. Equipment Two blocks of wood (2 x 2 x 4 ), a stopwatch and marking powder. The subject should wear spikes or run bare foot.

9 49 Two parallel lines were marked on the floor 10 yards apart or with of the regular volleyball court may be used for the test. The wooden blocks are placed behind one of the lines. The subject was asked to start from behind the other line. On the signal ready go, the timer starts the watch and the subject runs towards the blocks, picks-up one block, run back to the standing line. Places the block behind the starting lines, run back and picks-ups the second block to be carried back across the starting line. As soon as the second block was placed on the ground the timer stops the watch and records the time. Scoring The scoring was the clasped time to the nearest 1/100 of a second between the starting signal and the moment the subject crosses the finish line. The best timing of the two trails was recorded. Sit-ups (Bent knees) (Devinder k. Kansal, 2008). of the test was to measure the endurance of abdominal muscles. Equipments A stopwatch and a mat or dry turf or clean floor. The subject was to lie on the back with knees bent, feet on the floor and with heels not more than 12 inches from the buttocks. The angle of the knees should be less than 90. The subject was asked to put his or her hand on the back of the neck with fingers clasped and to place the elbows squarely on the mat or turf or floor. The subject feet were held by a companion to ascertain that the feet do not leave the

10 50 surface and remain touching it. Then the subject was asked to tighten the abdominal muscles and to bring the head and elbows to the knees. The entire above process constitutes one sit-ups. The subject was asked to return to starting position with his/her elbows on the surface before sitting up again. The tester gives the above demonstration to all the subjects to be tested before and actual performance of the test. The timer gives the starting signals ready, go! At the word go the timer starts the stopwatch and the subject starts the sit-up performance as quickly as possible with his/her best efforts. The tester starts counting the number of sit-ups performed. After 60 seconds, the timer gives the signal stop and the subjects stop. Scoring The number of correctly completed sit-ups in 60 seconds was recorded as the score (one fair trial was allowed). Copper s 12 Minutes Run or Walk Test (Devinder k. Kansal 1996). To measure the cardio respiratory endurance. Equipments A Stopwatch, whistle, distance mark and 400mts were used for group testing. It is usually most efficient to assign each runner to a spotter. The runners start behind a line and, upon the starting signal, run and/ or walk as many laps as possible around the course within the 12 minutes. The spotters maintain a count of each lap, and when the signal to stop was given, they immediately run to the spots at which their runners were at the instant the whistle or command to stop was given.

11 51 Scoring The score in yard was determined by multiplying the number of complete lap s times the distance of each lap, plus the number of segments (quarters, eighths, 10-yard interval, etc.) of an incomplete lap, plus the number of yards stepped off between a particular segment. Test Administration of Physiological Variables Vital Capacity (Micro Medical Limited, 2004). To assess the Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) Forced Expiratory Volume in First Second (FEV 1 ) Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) of the lung. Equipments Micro spirometer, Disposable cardboard moth pieces, sprit and cotton. The subject was asked to sit comfortably on the chair and to take a maximum inspiration away from the spirometer. Then he was asked to hold the mouthpiece between the lips to create a good seal and expire as fast and as hard as possible for as long as possible until no breath was left. Once again he was asked to hold the mouth piece between the lips to create a good seal and breathe in and out for 2-3 tidal breaths. Then to inhale rapidly to

12 52 maximum capacity. Expire as fast and as hard as possible for as long as possible until no breath was left. The subject had to be encouraged continuously to ensure the best effort. For an acceptable test, the effort should be maximal smooth and cough free and exhalation time at least 6 seconds. Each manoeuvre had to be performed thrice and the best value out of the three was noted. Before going to the next subject, the disposable mouth piece was to be changed. When the subject was ready to blow out, the unit had to be switched on and reset using the Reset switch. Scoring Forced vital capacity, Forced expiratory volume first second and peak expiratory flow rate values were to be immediately derived from spirometer. Values from the best of three similar readings were then taken. Respiratory Pressure (Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition.2009) To assess the Maximum expiratory pressure Maximum inspiratory pressure 40 mmhg level of maintaining breathe hold. Equipments Mercury manometer, sprit, cotton, forceps and stop watch. The subject was asked to sit on a chair comfortably and the equipment height was adjusted to the subject head level. Maximum expiratory pressure was determined

13 53 by asking the subjects to blow against a mercury column after taking in a full breath. (i.e to TLC) and to maintain to column at the maximum level for about 2 seconds. Maximum inspiratory pressure was determined by asking the subject to perform maximal inspiratory effort against the mercury column after breathing out fully ( ic to RV). The maximum inspiratory pressure that could be maintained for about 2 seconds was noted. 40 mm Hg test was conducted by asking the subjects to take in a full breath and blow against the mercury column to the pressure of 40 mmhg maintaining it as long as possible. The time (in seconds) for which the subject could maintain the mercury level at 40 mmhg was noted. The lips were secured tightly around the mouth piece with the help of fingers to ensure that there was no leak. Care was taken to see that the subject did not use oral muscles or tongue to develop pressure or to block the tubing. The mouth piece made of glass helped us to observe that the subject performed the maneuver properly. Scoring Maximum expiratory pressure, Maximum inspiratory pressure and 40 mmhg test maintaining breath holding values were recorded three times for each subject. The values were taken from the best of three similar readings. Blood Pressure (Devinder k. Kansal, 2008) To measure the Systolic pressure (SP) Diastolic pressure (DP) of the subject. Equipments A sphygmo-manometer, a stethoscope and a stop watch or ordinary wrists watch having a second s hand.

14 54 The cuff of the sphygmo-manometer was wrapped securely around preferably, the naked upper arm while the patient was sitting in a chair or lying on a bed. The mercury scale was so placed on an even platform, say table/or any shelf near the patient arm, where the examiner can conveniently read the movement of mercury in the manometer. The stethoscope was placed on the anterior side of elbow joint of the examinee. Now the pressure in the cuff was raised by pumping the hand bladder of sphygmomanometer to a level above the expected systolic pressure of the patient (generally 160 mm of Hg). As soon as the mercury reaches 160 mm on the scale, stopping pumping, the examiner loosens the screw to allow the pumped air to get out slowly while the ear was on the stethoscope receivers and eyes on the mercury scale. As soon as the ears listen the first beat the reading on the mercury scale was remembered and the test continued till the pulse count was audible (listenable). As soon as the examiner finds that the pulse count was no more audible, the reading of the mercury during the last beat listened was remembered. The two readings at the start and at the end of listening of heart beats represent the systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Scoring Generally the reading was measured twice or thrice. The last reading was termed best for recording B.P. however, most doctors/nurses were confident with experience on their first count and record B.P. on a single measurement.

15 55 Resting pulse rate (Devinder k. Kansal 2008) To measure resting pulse rate Equipments A wrist watch having a seconds needle (hand) or a stop watch The tip of three fingers are placed either on the radial artery at the wrist or at the carotid artery just below the neck. As soon as the pulse was found, counting is started saying zero when the seconds needle was at 12 (or on starting the stop watch). The count was continued for 60 seconds or 30 seconds duration and multiplied by two. The number of beats counted was recorded as beats per minutes. Dribbling (Zig-zag) (Lieberman, L.J. and Houston-Wilson, C. 2002). To measure the Football dribbling ability of the subject. Equipments Cones, footballs Arrange the cones in a row 5 apart Start running (weave) around the cones in a zigzag manner. Student can dribble using both inside and outside of the foot against the cones. College soccer player can dribble against a defender, through 10 cones set 5 feet apart, up the field, without losing the ball.

16 56 Scoring The time was one tenth of a second between the standing signal and the instant at which the subject crossed the finishing line and no trail was given. Collection of the Data The data were collected on physical variables namely speed, agility, muscular endurance, cardio respiratory endurance. The physiological variables namely forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in first second, peak expiratory flow rate, maximum expiratory pressure, maximum inspiratory pressure, breath holding time, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and resting pulse rate. The skill related variable dribbling was used. For all the three groups before the experimental period (pre test), and after twelve week of the training period (post test) respectively. The data were collected on all the variables once in six days for two times. During this period the subjects were not allowed to participate in any training programme. Statistical procedure The following statistical procedures are adopted. The data were collected from the three groups on selected physical, physiological and skill related variables namely speed, agility, muscular endurance, cardio- respiratory endurance, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in first second, peak expiratory flow rate, maximum expiratory pressure, maximum inspiration pressure, 40 mm Hg breath holding time, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, resting pulse rate and dribbling (zig-zag) test. The data were statistically examined to find out whether there is any significant difference by applying the analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA).

17 57 Forty five subjects were divided at random assigned into three groups of fifteen each. Hence to make adjustment for difference in this initial means and test the adjusted post test means of significant difference, the analysis of covariance was used. Since three groups were involved, whenever the f ratio was found to be significant for adjusted post test means, Scheffe s test was followed as a post hoc test to determine which of the paired means difference was significant. In all the cases to test the significance, 0.05 level of confidence was utilized.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY This chapter describes the procedures followed in the selection of subjects, selection of variables, selection of tests, reliability of the data, competency of the tester, orientation