Evaluating the Athlete Questionnaire
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- Beverly Allen
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1 Evaluating the Athlete Questionnaire Prior to developing the strength and conditioning training plan the coach should first evaluate factors from the athlete s questionnaire that may impact the strength and conditioning training plans. Medical History Athletes with a history of injuries, inflammatory conditions, chronic pain or other health complications should be referred to a healthcare provider before proceeding with strength and conditioning training. It is important to identify any current heart conditions as well as risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Page 1 of 11
2 Surgeries, Injuries and Medications Some medications will affect blood pressure and heart rate. Identify history of surgeries and injuries. Pay particular attention to these areas when conducting the initial screening. You may need to modify exercises to avoid re-injury. Sport Specific Goals Evaluate the athlete s sport-specific limiters and strengths. Use these to develop goals, and to help you identify specific exercises to incorporate in the program. Strength and Conditioning Training Experience Take note of the athlete s prior strength training experience. Novices may need additional instruction and guidance to correctly perform exercises. Some athletes enjoy specific exercises or routine. You should evaluate their current plan and try to incorporate as many of these exercises as possible as long as it meets the specific goal. You may need to educate the athlete on your choices should they differ from the current plan. Instructor Note: If your athlete is currently participating in group fitness programs you will need to educate him or her on the benefit of sport-specific training rather than general fitness classes. Page 2 of 11
3 Equipment and Schedule Evaluate the athlete's preferences for location (home, facility and/or work) schedule and equipment. This information will impact the choice of exercises and session scheduling. Lifestyle Athletes who sit for long periods with hips flexed may lead to tight hip flexors, postural imbalances (rounded shoulders and forward leaning head). Wearing high heel shoes may also increase the athlete s tightness of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles comprising the calves, and the Achilles tendon. Repetitive motions can cause a pattern overload to muscles and joints. Look for repetitive motions in occupation (such as using a mouse and keyboard), lifestyle (such as lifting an infant) or previous training (such as long distance cycling). Page 3 of 11
4 Screenings Screenings will: Evaluate an athlete s asymmetries and muscle imbalances that may contribute to the development of poor performance and chronic overuse injuries. Identify limitations and risks for strength and conditioning exercises Provide a basis for selecting exercises that address factors of faulty movement patterns and exercises to improve stability, strength and muscle endurance The essential screenings that will help a coach create a strength and conditioning training plan are: Static postural screening Dynamic postural screening: o overhead squat screening o single-leg squat screening Core endurance screening Instructor Note: The results of the screenings are used to customize exercise selections for an athlete s strength and conditioning training plan. Static Posture Screening (See Resource for Protocols, Form and Muscle Imbalances) You should conduct a posture san athlete s muscular imbalances just by observing his or her posture from an anterior, lateral and posterior viewpoint. Proper postural alignment allows for optimal neuromuscular efficiency. It also ensures all the muscles in the body are kept at the proper length, which allows for proper joint motion, muscle balance and maximal force production. Proper postural alignment allows for optimal neuromuscular efficiency. It also ensures all the muscles in the body are kept at the proper length, which allows for proper joint motion, muscle balance and maximal force production. Page 4 of 11
5 Static Posture Screening: Anterior View Ask the athlete to stand with his or her arms by the sides of the body, and with the feet hipwidth and facing forward. Head and Neck The head should be in a neutral position; not tilted left or right. Shoulders The shoulders should be relaxed and level; not elevated or rounded. Lumbar-pelvic hip complex The pelvis should be level; the anterior iliac crest (hips) should be horizontally level (in the same transverse plane.) Knees The knees should be in line with the toes, not abducted (externally rotated) or adducted (internally rotated.) Feet The feet should be straight and parallel; not flattened or externally rotated. Static Posture Screening: Lateral View Ask the athlete to stand laterally with his or hands at the side, looking forward. Begin by examining the head and neck. Head and Neck The head should be in a neutral position; not tilted or rotated. The chin should not be excessively extended or jutting out. Shoulders The shoulders should have a normal curve and should not be elevated. The shoulder should line up with AC (acromioclavicular) joint ; scapulae should not be winged Page 5 of 11
6 Static Posture Screening: Lateral View (cont d) Lumbar-pelvic hip complex The spine should have a normal curve that is slightly convex to anterior. The thoracic spine should have a normal curve, slightly convex to posterior, and the lumbar spine should have a normal curve, not overly extended. The pelvis should be in a neutral position, not anteriorly (sway back) or posteriorly rotated. Knee The knees should be in a neutral position, not flexed or hyperextended. Feet The leg should be vertical and at a right angle to the soles of the feet. Static Posture Screening: Posterior View Head and Neck The head should be in a neutral position; not tilted left or right. Shoulders The shoulders should be relaxed and level; not elevated. The scapula should be horizontally even about 3-4 inches apart. The medial borders should be parallel, and not protracted. Pelvis The pelvis should be level; the posterior iliac crest (hips) should be horizontally level (in the same transverse plane.) Knee The legs should be parallel; not abducted (externally rotated) or adducted (internally rotated.) Feet The heels should be straight and parallel; not overly pronated. Page 6 of 11
7 Posture Screening: Upper Cross Syndrome Upper crossed syndrome is an imbalance of the upper body muscles. In the posture screening you may see: Jutting chin and forward extension of the head (commonly found with athletes who sit at a desk and work on computer monitors). Elevated and or rounded shoulders Winging scapula Overactive (tight) muscles are: Scalenes upper trapezius levator scapulae latissimus dorsi teres major and subscapularis pectoralis (major and minor) Underactive (and weak) muscles are: deep neck flexors (muscles in neck in front of the spine) serratus anterior rhomboids middle and lower trapezius Teres minor Infraspinatus Lower Cross Syndrome The lower crossed syndrome is characterized by an arch or sway in the back possibly due to an anterior tilt of the pelvis. This causes an increase in the lumbar extension and a decrease in hip extension. It is commonly seen in athletes who sit a lot for work. Overactive (or tight) muscles are: thoraco-lumbar extensors hip flexors (rectus femoris and iliopsoas) gastrocnemius soleus Underactive muscles are: abdominals (particularly transversus abdominus and internal obliques) glutes (maximus and medius) anterior tibialis and posterior tibialis Instructor Note: Overactive muscles should be addressed with muscle specific flexibility and stretching exercises before strengthening and activating the underactive muscles. Page 7 of 11
8 Dynamic Movement Screenings Poor dynamic postural alignment increases the risk of muscle imbalances with can alter movement patterns and increase stress on the joints. This two-part screening consists of the overhead squat and the single-leg squat. Instructor Note: The results of this screening will help you determine issues with joint mobility, stability, balance, and muscle imbalance. These can be addressed through exercise selection. (For example, select stretching exercises to reduce muscle tension of overactive muscles. Select auxiliary and activation exercises for underactive muscles. Overhead Squat Screening (See Resources for Protocol, Form, Muscle Imbalances) The purpose of the overhead squat screening is to evaluate issues in the hips, shoulders and ankles due to joint immobility, muscle activation and overall neuromuscular control. It may also help identify muscle imbalances. *Instructor Note: Some coaches conduct the screening with and without running shoes. The results are compared to determine if the shoes are affecting stability, balance, and joint mobility. Overhead Squat Screening: Front (Anterior) View The feet should remain straight ahead; not pronating or turned out or supinating The knees should be tracking in line with the toes; not moved inward (adducted and internally rotated) Shoulders should be level and depressed; not elevated Head and chin should be in a neutral position; chin should not be jutting out Page 8 of 11
9 Overhead Squat Screening: Side (Lateral) View The feet should remain straight ahead; not pronating or turned out or supinating; heels should remain on ground The knees should be tracking in line with the toes; not moved inward (adducted and internally rotated) The lower back should be flat and aligned with shoulders/arms; not arching or rounding The upper body should not be excessively leaning Shoulders should be aligned with arms and back; not falling forward Head and chin should be in a neutral position; chin should not be jutting out Overhead Squat Screening: Posterior (Back) View The feet should remain flat on the ground; heels should not be elevated The heels should remain on the ground; not elevated The pelvis should remain symmetrical from midline; not shifted right or left Single Leg Squat (See Resources for Protocol, Form, Muscle Imbalances) The purpose of the single-leg squat screening is to evaluate dynamic flexibility, core strength, balance and neuromuscular control. Single Leg Squat Screening: The feet should remain straight ahead; not pronating or turned out or supinating The knees should be tracking in line with the foot (2 nd and 3 rd toes); not moving inward (adducted and internally rotated) The hips should be level; one side should not be elevated or dropped Shoulders should be level and depressed; not elevated Valgus Knee compensation possibly due to: Overactive(tight): o Abductor complex o biceps femoris (short head) o Vensor Fascia Latae (TFL) o Vastus lateralis Underactive (weak): o Gluteus medius o Gluteus maximus muscles o Vastus medialis oblique(vmo) Mobility and stability issue in the ankle and hip joints Page 9 of 11
10 Core Endurance (See Resources for Protocol, Form, Muscle Imbalances) The purpose of the core muscle endurance screening is to establish a baseline used to monitor the development of the core muscle endurance. The results of this screening will help the coach determine core exercises to be incorporated into the strength and conditioning training sessions. This screening involves five core endurance tests: Trunk flexion test Trunk extensor test Bilateral (left/right) side plank tests Prone plank test Core muscles and their function: Muscle Function Muscle Fiber Muscle Actions Type Rectus Abdominis Trunk Flexion Fast Twitch Global/ Superficial Internal Obliques Trunk Flexion, Rotation Slow Twitch Deep Stabilizer and Lateral Flexion External Obliques Trunk Flexion, Rotation Fast Twitch Global/ Superficial and Lateral Flexion Transversus Compresses Abdomen Slow Twitch Deep Stabilizer Abdominis Multifidus Stabilize Spine Slow Twitch Deep Stabilizer Rotatores Stabilize Spine Slow Twitch Deep Stabilizer Semispinalis Stabilize Spine Slow Twitch Deep Stabilizer Quadratus Side Flexion Fast Twitch Global/ Superficial Lumborum Latissimus Dorsi Shoulder Adduction, Fast Twitch Global/ Superficial Extension and Internal Rotation Pelvic Floor Forms pelvic diaphragm Slow Twitch Deep Stabilizer -Levator ani -Coccygeus that support pelvic viscera, increases intraabdominal pressure and flexes coccyx Diaphragm Respiration Instructor notes; Use the results of this screening to determine core exercises to be incorporated into the strength and conditioning training sessions. Page 10 of 11
11 Creating a Strength and Conditioning Training Plan After obtaining information from the athlete questionnaire, conducting the screenings you can make informative decisions about what exercises should be included in the athlete s training sessions. Remember, overactive muscles should be stretched, and. underactive muscles should be strengthened. Stretch these muscles Activate and strengthen these muscles Example - Results from Single Leg Squat Screening Checkpoint Expected Issue Knees Shoulders Knees track in line with 2 nd and 3 rd toes Horizontally level and depressed Knees move inward (adduct and internally rotate) R Shoulder elevated L- Shoulder elevated Probable Overactive Muscles Adductor Complex Bicep Femoris (short head) Tensor Fascia Latae (TFL) Vastus Lateralis Upper Trapezius Sternocleidomastoid Levator Scapula Probable Underactive Muscles Gluteus Medius Gluteus Maximus Vastus Medialis Oblique (VMO) Mid/lower Trapezius Instructor Note: You will explore the various exercises to stretch the overused muscles, and activate/strengthen the underused muscles in this module s Exercises topic. You will also learn how to sequence these exercises in the Training Sessions topic. Page 11 of 11
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