Chapter 10: Muscles. Vocabulary: aponeurosis, fatigue

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1 Chapter 10: Muscles 37. Describe the structural components of skeletal muscle tissue from the molecular to the organ level. 38. Describe the structure, function, and importance of sarcomeres. 39. Identify the energy sources required for muscle contraction. 40. List, in the correct order, the steps in muscle contraction beginning with nervous stimulation of the muscle cell surface. Vocabulary: aponeurosis, fatigue

2 Muscle Overview The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth These types differ in structure, location, function, and means of activation

3 Muscle Similarities Skeletal and smooth muscle cells are elongated and are called muscle fibers Muscle contraction depends on two kinds of myofilaments actin and myosin Muscle terminology is similar Sarcolemma muscle plasma membrane Sarcoplasm cytoplasm of a muscle cell Prefixes myo, mys, and sarco all refer to muscle

4 Skeletal Muscle Tissue Packaged in skeletal muscles that attach to and cover the bony skeleton Has obvious stripes called striations Is controlled voluntarily (i.e., by conscious control) Contracts rapidly but tires easily Is responsible for overall body motility Is extremely adaptable and can exert forces ranging from a fraction of an ounce to over 70 pounds

5 Cardiac Muscle Tissue Occurs only in the heart Is striated like skeletal muscle but is not voluntary Contracts at a fairly steady rate set by the heart s pacemaker Neural controls allow the heart to respond to changes in bodily needs

6 Smooth Muscle Tissue Found in the walls of hollow visceral organs, such as the stomach, urinary bladder, and respiratory passages Forces food and other substances through internal body channels It is not striated and is involuntary

7 Three Types of Muscular Tissue move bones multinucleated & striated heart pump blood various organs, exampl e: GI tract various function s, example : one nucleus, involunta striated, & ry intercalated discs skeleto n voluntar y one nucleus involunta & no ry striations Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

8 37. Describe the structural components of skeletal muscle tissue from the molecular to the organ level. Muscle Tissue Components Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

9 Microscopic Anatomy of a Muscle Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 THE NEUROMUSCULAR (MYONEURAL) JUNCTION AND THE MOTOR END PLATE

11 Skeletal Muscle Contraction In order to contract, a skeletal muscle must: Be stimulated by a nerve ending Propagate an electrical current, or action potential, along its sarcolemma Have a rise in intracellular Ca2+ levels, the final trigger for contraction com/matthews/myosin.html

12 Nerve Stimulus of Skeletal Muscle Skeletal muscles are stimulated by motor neurons of the somatic nervous system (the nervous system that YOU control) Axons of these neurons travel in nerves to muscle cells Axons of motor neurons branch profusely as they enter muscles Each axonal branch forms a neuromuscular junction with a single muscle fiber

13 Motor Unit Recruitment (MUR) The central nervous system can increase the strength of muscle contraction by the following: Increasing the number of active motor units (ie, spatial recruitment) Increasing the firing rate (firing frequency) at which individual motor units fire to optimize the summated tension generated (ie, temporal recruitment) Motor unit recruitment is a measure of how many motor neurons are activated in a particular muscle MUR is a measure of how many muscle fibers of that muscle are activated. The higher the recruitment the stronger the muscle contraction will be.

14 Neuromuscular Junction The neuromuscular junction is formed from: Axonal endings, which have small membranous sacs (synaptic vesicles) that contain the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) The motor end plate of a muscle, which is a specific part of the sarcolemma that contains ACh receptors and helps form the neuromuscular junction Though exceedingly close, axonal ends and muscle fibers are always separated by a space called the synaptic cleft com/ap/muscletissue/nervesupply/junction/animatio n.html

15 Each neuromuscular junction consists of the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the motor end plate of a muscle fiber. The Motor Neuron : The long processes of neurons are called "axons". As the axon of a motor neuron enters the structure of skeletal muscle it forms many branches called "axon terminals". There is a bulbous swelling called a "synaptic end bulb" at the extreme/end of each axon terminal. Each synaptic end bulb contains many synaptic vesicles, each of which contains an important chemical neurotransmitter called acetylcholine, which is often abbreviated to simply "ACh". The Muscle Fiber : The part of the sarcolemma of the muscle cell that is in closest proximity to the synaptic end bulb is called the "motor end plate". The "Synapse" or "Neuromuscular Junction" (NMJ): The area between the axon terminal (of the neurone nerve cell) and the sarcolemma (the plasma membrane) sheath that forms the outer-layer of the muscle cell) is called the "synaptic cleft". In terms of the anatomy of the nervous system, the tiny gap across which nerve impulses pass from one neuron (nerve cell) to the next is called a "synapse". A neuromuscular junction.

16 Neuromuscular Junction

17 Neuromuscular Junction When a nerve impulse (action potential) reaches the end of an axon at the neuromuscular junction: Voltage-regulated calcium channels open and allow Ca2+ to enter the axon Ca2+ inside the axon terminal causes axonal vesicles to fuse with the axonal membrane

18 Neuromuscular Junction This fusion releases ACh into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft to ACh receptors on the sarcolemma Binding of ACh to its receptors initiates an action potential in the muscle

19 Role of Acetylcholine (Ach) ACh binds its receptors at the motor end plate Binding opens chemically (ligand) gated channels Allows the physiological mechanisms which produces Muscle Contraction. We will investigate this physiological mechanisms behind muscle contraction in the short future.

20 Destruction of Acetylcholine ACh bound to ACh receptors is quickly destroyed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase This destruction prevents continued muscle fiber contraction in the absence of additional stimuli

21 Interesting, but not on the exam. Toxins That Block Muscle Contraction Example: Botulism Exotoxin Botulinal exotoxin, produced by Clostridium botulinum The botulism exotoxin binds to and enters the presynaptic neuron and blocks its release of acetylcholine. This causes a flaccid paralysis, a weakening of the involved muscles. Death is usually from respiratory failure.

22 The Neuromuscular Junction Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

23 Microscopic Anatomy of a Muscle 38. Describe the structure, function, and importance of sarcomeres. Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

24 Components of a Sarcomere Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

25 The Arrangement of a Sarcomere Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

26 Excitation-Contraction Coupling Figure 9.9

27 Sliding Filament Model of Contraction Each myosin head binds and detaches several times during contraction, acting like a ratchet to generate tension and propel the thin filaments to the center of the sarcomere As this event occurs throughout the sarcomeres, the muscle shortens

28 Excitation-Contraction Coupling Once generated, the action potential: Is propagated along the sarcolemma Travels down the T tubules Triggers Ca2+ release from terminal cisternae Ca2+ binds to troponin and causes: The blocking action of tropomyosin to cease Actin active binding sites to be exposed

29 Excitation-Contraction Coupling Myosin cross bridges alternately attach and detach Thin filaments move toward the center of the sarcomere Hydrolysis of ATP powers this cycling process Ca2+ is removed into the SR, tropomyosin blockage is restored, and the muscle fiber relaxes

30 Role of Ionic Calcium (Ca2+) in the Contraction Mechanism At low intracellular Ca2+ concentration: Tropomyosin blocks the binding sites on actin Myosin cross bridges cannot attach to binding sites on actin The relaxed state of the muscle is enforced

31 Role of Ionic Calcium (Ca2+) in the Contraction Mechanism Calcium-activated troponin undergoes a conformational change This change moves tropomyosin away from actin s binding sites

32 Role of Ionic Calcium (Ca2+) in the Contraction Mechanism Myosin head can now bind and cycle This permits contraction (sliding of the thin filaments by the myosin cross bridges) to begin Figure 9.10 (d)

33 Sequential Events of Contraction Cross bridge formation myosin cross bridge attaches to actin filament Working (power) stroke myosin head pivots and pulls actin filament toward M line Cross bridge detachment ATP attaches to myosin head and the cross bridge detaches Cocking of the myosin head energy from hydrolysis of ATP cocks the myosin head into the high-energy state

34 The Contraction Cycle- Identify the energy sources required for muscle contraction Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

35 Sliding Filament Mechanism Note the changes in the I band and H zone as the muscle contracts

36 Muscle Metabolism How do muscles derive the ATP necessary to power the contraction cycle? Creatine phosphate Anaerobic glycolysis Cellular respiration Muscle fatigue Muscle fatigue can be the result of (1) nervous fatigue, or the decline in stimulation of contraction by nerves, or (2) metabolic fatigure, which is the decline in contraction due to chemical inhibition of muscle fiber contraction.

37 39. Identify the energy sources required for muscle contraction Production of ATP in Skeletal Muscle Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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