Honors Muscular System Notes CHAPTER 8
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1 Honors Muscular System Notes CHAPTER 8 I. Types of Muscle Tissue Fill in the chart with the correct information (p.162) Type of muscle Location Characteristics Control Action II. The Muscular System: A. Give the three primary functions of the skeletal muscles: B. Label the Structure of the Muscle belly 1. Endomysium tissue wraps 2. Perimysium tissue wraps 3. Epimysium wraps the whole 4. The tendon attaches the
2 2 III. Muscle Cells in Action A. How do muscles contract? 1. Nerve cell fibers carry impulses and the spinal cord to 2. A single and all the it touches is a motor unit. B. The neuromuscular junction 1. NMJ is the point where (also called a synapse) 2. Neurotransmitter: a (released from ) which crosses the synaptic cleft and in the muscle membrane. 3. Acetylcholine (Ach) is released into the synaptic cleft. 4. Synaptic cleft the between where neurotransmitter is 5. Action potential that travels along the muscle, making it contract Properties that determine a response by a muscle: 6. Excitability nerve s -- current 7. Contractility the to shorten. C. The Contraction 1. Each muscle fiber is made of the protein filaments (light) & (dark); one is called a. 2. The brings an electrical current which causes the to, which causes the muscle to shorten. 3. Myosin latch onto the actin, forming cross bridges 4. With, the heads pull them along, causing a, which is the muscle. D Role of calcium 1. It is released when stimulates 2. Moves the proteins ( and ) that are blocking the on the fibers 3. Allows to form between actin and myosin 5. Returns to reticulum (SR) where it is
3 E. Energy Sources 1. Every needs. ATP is the. 2. ATP is produced by an called, which happens in the. 3. The Reaction: Glucose + oxygen = CO 2 + H 2 O + ATP 4. Storage Compounds: a) Muscles keep a small supply of and for rapid ATP (as in vigorous exercise) b) These compounds are stored as:: i. Myoglobin stores additional ii. Glycogen stores additional iii. Triglycerides store additional 2. Anaerobic Metabolism a) Oxidation is efficient but slow, so it can t supply the first few seconds of muscle contraction. b) During strenuous activity, the use oxygen faster than c) Both of these situations require the body to (anaerobically). d) So, without O 2,the cells break down which provides enough muscles. e) This causes an, which also causes a build up of. f) Rapid and discontinuing will get and break down acid. 3. Muscle Fatigue Why do you feel tired? a) Out of b) Build up of c) Physical d) make up e) Depleted reserves of 3
4 HOMEWORK # Explain what creatine kinase is and how it helps muscles (pg 169 in the box 8-1)). P. 168 Effects of Exercise 2. Explain these types of exercises and give an example. 1. resistance training 2. endurance training 3. stretching 3. Give some of the cardiovascular changes that can occur in the body with exercise. a. b. c. 4 List the three types of muscular contractions and what they do: (p ) a) Muscle tone refers to b) Isotonic contractions a. Concentric b. Eccentric c) Isometric contractions d) Most body movements involve STEROIDS: 5. How do they work, and what are they designed to do?(see box 8-2 pg 169) 6. List some serious side effects in men and women when they are used illegally.
5 IV. Mechanics of Muscle Movement A. Attachment of skeletal muscles 1. Tendons do what? 2. The origin is: 3. The insertion is B. Muscles Work Together 1. Most muscles function (biceps/triceps) 2. Agonist any muscle that 3. Antagonist performs the 4. Synergists helper muscles work 5. Example: biceps flexes ( ) as triceps relaxes ( ) 5 C. Levers and Body Mechanics 1. The three types of levers and their examples are: a. b. c. 2. Most lever systems in the body are which type of lever? 3. Explain how the muscular lever works.
6 HOMEWORK #2 V. Give some effects of aging on muscles: (p 81 VI Muscular Disorders: Give a brief description of each of the following: 1. spasm - 2. cramps - 3. atrophy: 4. muscular dystrophy: 5. myalgia:- 6. fibromyalgia syndrome 7. bursitis _ 8. tendonitis 9. shinsplints 10. carpal tunnel syndrome 6 VII. Skeletal Muscle Groups: Characteristics for Naming of Muscles Fill in the chart below using information on page 172 Characteristic Such as example Location Size Shape Direction of fibers Number of heads Action
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