Index. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.

Transcription

1 Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Activated partial thromboplastin time abnormality, perioperative approach to, Acute kidney injury, perioperative, early diagnosis biomarkers, 94 epidemiology, 90 prognosis, 94 renal protection strategies, risk stratification based on surgical setting, Addiction. See Substance abuse. Affordable Care Act, shared decision-making in, 36 Age, and risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, 76 Aging. See Geriatric patients. Alcohol abuse, preoperative evaluation and perioperative considerations, American College of Cardiology, guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation before noncardiac surgery, American Heart Association, guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation before noncardiac surgery, Analgesia, type of, and risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, 79 Anemia, preoperative, definition, 127 epidemiology, 128 evaluation for, history, 132 laboratory evaluation, 135 signs, symptoms, and physical examination, 133 in patients with sickle cell disease, patient blood management, 138 perioperative blood transfusions for, and postoperative outcomes, mortality, postoperative complications, 131 preoperative optimization of patients and anemia evaluation, treatment of, nutritional deficiency, 136 red cell transfusion, 137 stimulation of erythropoiesis, Anesthesia, effects of surgery and, during pregnancy, fetal, maternal, non-operating room, adding value of anesthesiologists, anesthesia vs procedural sedation, Anesthesiology Clin 34 (2016) anesthesiology.theclinics.com /16/$ see front matter ª 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

2 242 Index Anesthesia (continued) assessment of environment for, challenges of, diagnostic testing, future directions, 237 patient assessment for, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, 234 obstetric, pulmonary, renal, 234 pre-procedural medication management, 237 procedural assessment, 235 quality assurance, 225 type of, and risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, 79 Anesthesiologists, adding value as, with non-operating room anesthesia, Anticoagulant therapy, perioperative management of patients on chronic, with target-specific anticoagulants, Antiplatelet management, before noncardiac surgery in patients with cardiac disease, Arterial blood gas, chest, to assess risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, Asthma, and risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, 75 Automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator (AICD), perioperative management of patients with, Autonomic dysfunction, in preoperative evaluation of patients with diabetes mellitus, , 164 cardiac neuropathy, 159 gastroparesis, Autonomy, DNR orders in the operating room, 39 B Behavioral assessment, preoperative, in geriatric patients, 172 Beneficence, DNR orders in the operating room, 39 Bernard-Soulier disease, perioperative management of, 114 Beta-blockade, indications for postoperative, in patients with cardiac disease, Biomarkers, for risk of perioperative acute kidney injury, 94 Bleeding risk, assessment of perioperative, 102 Bleeding time, assessment of perioperative, 105 Blood glucose testing, preoperative, Blood transfusions, perioperative, in patients with anemia, mortality, patient blood management, 138t postoperative complications, 131 red cell transfusion, 137 allogeneic, 137 autologous, 137 C Cannabinoids, preoperative evaluation and perioperative considerations,

3 Cardiac disease, patients with, preoperative assessment for noncardiac surgery, approach to the patient, 64 choice of diagnostic test, clinical assessment, coronary artery disease, interventions for patients with, importance of exercise tolerance, importance of the operative procedure, 63 Cardiac evaluation, preoperative, in geriatric patients, Cardiac neuropathy, in preoperative evaluation of patients with diabetes mellitus, 159 Cardiovascular assessment, preoperative, for non-operating room anesthesia, Cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED), assessment and perioperative management of patients with, Chest radiograph, to assess risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, 81 Chronic kidney disease, risk of perioperative bleeding in, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, Clinics, preoperative, 1 15 benefits and outcomes, 4 5 developing programs for, 5 6 history and background, 2 4 identifying resources, 9 12 performance management and quality improvement, 12 visit volume and space, workforce, 9 10 scope of, 6 7 specific services delivered, 8 9 algorithms, 9 communication, 9 in-person clinic visits, 9 phone calls, 9 triage, 8 9 Coagulation disorders, perioperative approach to, activated partial thromboplastin time abnormality, bleeding risk assessment, 102 bleeding time, 105 chronic kidney disease, coagulation pathway assessment, hemophilia and von Willebrand disease, platelet count assessment, platelet dysfunction, 114 inherited disorders of, 114 platelet function testing, 114 special hematologic considerations, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, 116 sickle cell anemia, 115 thrombocytosis, thrombocytopenia, Coagulation studies, preoperative, Cocaine abuse, preoperative evaluation and perioperative considerations, Consultations, preoperative medical, coordination of, Index 243

4 244 Index Consultations (continued) cost of, current use of, medicolegal aspects, outcomes and, purpose of, recommendations, Coronary artery disease, interventions before noncardiac surgery in patients with documented, Coronary revascularization, before noncardiac surgery in patients with documented coronary artery disease, D Decision-making, shared, as a perioperative ethical issue, Affordable Care Act, 36 barriers and motivators, 37 evidence for, Deep brain stimulators, perioperative management of patients with, 193 Delirium, preoperative, in geriatric patients, Dependent functional status, and risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, 78 Diabetes mellitus, preoperative evaluation of patients with, autonomic dysfunction, , 164 cardiac neuropathy, 159 gastroparesis, classification, comorbidities associated with, 159 medication considerations, 160, physical examination considerations for anesthesiologist, airway, 160 anesthesia plan, 161, 164 cardiovascular, 161 continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (pumps), instructions, 161 intraoperative glycemic monitoring, 164 laboratory testing, 161 postoperative glycemic monitoring, surgical site infection screening, 161 related complications, impact on perioperative risk, 157 Diagnostic testing, preoperative, for non-operating room anesthesia, preoperative, for noncardiac surgery in patients with cardiac disease, Diaphragmatic nerve stimulators, perioperative management of patients with, 195 Disseminated intravascular coagulation, perioperative management of, 112 Do not resuscitate (DNR) orders, in the operating room, reconciliation of these two perspectives, autonomy, 39 beneficence, 39 biomedical ethical principles, 39 justice and fairness, nonmaleficence, 39 responsibility for discussing and clarifying, 40 41

5 Index 245 Drug abuse. See Substance use disorder. Drug-induced thrombocytopenia, perioperative management of, 112 E Echocardiography, to assess risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, 82 Elderly. See Geriatric patients. Electrocardiogram, in preoperative testing, Electromagnetic interference, with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices, Emergency surgery, and risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, 80 Erythropoiesis, stimulation of, for treatment of preoperative anemia due to, Ethical issues, perioperative, do not resuscitate in the operating room, reconciliation of these two perspectives, responsibility for discussing and clarifying, shared decision-making, Affordable Care Act, 36 barriers and motivators, 37 evidence for, European Society of Cardiology, guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation before noncardiac surgery, Exercise testing, in preoperative evaluation of patients with cardiac disease before noncardiac surgery, to assess risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, 82 Exercise training, before a physiologic challenge, preoperative programs for, minute walk test, F Fairness, DNR orders in the operating room, Fetal effects, effects of anesthesia and surgery during pregnancy, Folate deficiency, treatment of preoperative anemia due to, 136 Frailty, preoperative assessment of, in geriatric patients, 178 Functional assessment, preoperative, in geriatric patients, 173 G Gastrointestinal assessment, preoperative, for non-operating room anesthesia, 234 Gastroparesis, in preoperative evaluation of patients with diabetes mellitus, Genetic testing, preoperative, 53 Geriatric patients, preoperative assessment of, cardiac evaluation, comprehensive geriatric assessment, decision for surgery, delirium, frailty, 178 functional assessment, medication management, neurocognitive and behavioral assessment, 172

6 246 Index Geriatric (continued) nutrition, pulmonary evaluation, 173 Glanzmann thrombasthenia, perioperative management of, 114 Glucose testing, preoperative, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, perioperative management of, 116 Glycated hemoglobin, preoperative, Glycemic control, perioperative, in patients with diabetes mellitus, 161, H Health status, general, and risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, 76 Heart failure, and risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, 77 Hematocrit, preoperative, 52 Hematologic disorders, perioperative approach to, coagulation disorders, activated partial thromboplastin time abnormality, bleeding risk assessment, 102 bleeding time, 105 chronic kidney disease, coagulation pathway assessment, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, 116 hemophilia and von Willebrand disease, platelet count assessment, platelet dysfunction, 114 sickle cell anemia, 115 special hematologic considerations, thrombocytopenia, thrombocytosis, patients on chronic anticoagulant therapy, target-specific oral anticoagulants, venous thromboembolism, in patients undergoing hip or knee replacement, 119 methods for prevention, Hemoglobin A1c, in preoperative evaluation of patients with diabetes mellitus, 156 Hemophilia, perioperative approach to, Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, perioperative management of, 112, 113 Hyperglycemia, postoperative, avoidance in surgical patients, 146 Hypoglossal nerve stimulators, perioperative management of patients with, 195 I Immune thrombocytopenia, primary, perioperative management of, Immunonutrition, in surgical patients, 147 Implantable devices, assessment and perioperative management, cardiovascular implantable electronic devices, intraoperative management, possible sources of electromagnetic interference and its consequences, preoperative assessment, 188 neurostimulators, deep brain stimulators, 193 hypoglossal nerve stimulators, 195

7 Index 247 phrenic nerve and diaphragmatic stimulators, 195 spinal cord stimulators, vagal nerve stimulators, 195 other implantable devices, 196 ventricular assist devices, specific hemodynamic considerations, 191 Insulin pumps, in preoperative evaluation of patients with diabetes mellitus, Insulin resistance, avoidance of, in surgical patients, 146 Interstitial lung disease, and risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, Iron deficiency anemia, preoperative, treatment of, 136 J Justice, DNR orders in the operating room, K Kidney disease, chronic, and risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, 78 perioperative acute injury, stratification and risk reduction, L Laboratory testing, preoperative, coagulation studies, electrocardiogram, genetic testing, 53 hematocrit, 52 highly sensitive troponin, 48 natriuretic peptides, pregnancy testing, renal function testing, role of age, 46 test grid studies, testing for blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin, urine analysis, 50 Laparoscopic surgery, vs open, and risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, M Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), effects on cardiovascular implantable electronic devices, 188 Magnets, effects on cardiovascular implantable electronic devices, 188 Malnutrition, detection of before surgery, 144 Marijuana use, preoperative evaluation and perioperative considerations, Maternal effects, effects of anesthesia and surgery during pregnancy, Medical consultations. See Consultations, preoperative. Medical ethics. See Ethical issues. Medication management, perioperative, in geriatric patients, perioperative, in patients with diabetes mellitus, 160, periprocedural, for non-operating room anesthesia, 237

8 248 Index Myocardial infarction, preoperative testing before noncardiac surgery in patients who have had, 61 N Natriuretic peptides, in preoperative testing, Neurocognitive assessment, preoperative, in geriatric patients, 172 Neurologic impairment, and risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, 78 Neuromuscular blockade, and risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, 79 Neurostimulators, assessment and perioperative management of patients with, deep brain stimulators, 193 hypoglossal nerve stimulators, 195 phrenic nerve and diaphragmatic stimulators, 195 spinal cord stimulators, vagal nerve stimulators, 195 Non-operating room anesthesia, adding value of anesthesiologists, anesthesia vs procedural sedation, assessment of environment for, challenges of, diagnostic testing, future directions, 237 patient assessment for, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, 234 obstetric, pulmonary, renal, 234 preprocedural medication management, 237 procedural assessment, 235 quality assurance, 225 Nonmaleficence, DNR orders in the operating room, 39 Nutrition, preoperative, anemia due to nutritional deficiency, 136 avoiding insulin resistance and postoperative hyperglycemia, 146 detecting malnutrition before surgery, immunonutrition, 147 nutrition assessment and optimization, 144 prehabilitation, role of total parenteral nutrition, screening in geriatric patients, Nutritional status, and risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, 78 O Obesity, and risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, 77 Obstetric patients, preoperative assessment of, for non-operating room anesthesia, Obstructive sleep apnea, and risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, 77 Operating room, do not resuscitate (DNR) orders in, reconciliation of these two perspectives, autonomy, 39

9 Index 249 beneficence, 39 biomedical ethical principles, 39 justice and fairness, nonmaleficence, 39 responsibility for discussing and clarifying, Opioid addiction, postoperative, 209 preoperative evaluation and perioperative considerations in patients with, P Patient blood management, for surgery, 138 Phrenic nerve stimulators, perioperative management of patients with, 195 Platelet count, preoperative assessment of, Platelet dysfunction, perioperative management of, 114 inherited disorders of, 114 testing, 114 Postoperative pulmonary complications. See Pulmonary risk. Pregnancy, effects of anesthesia and surgery, fetal, maternal, effects of anesthesia and surgery during, non-obstetric surgeries or procedures requiring anesthesia during, 218 physiologic changes during, preoperative testing for, 50 51, 220 recommendations for, intraoperative, 220 postoperative, 220 preoperative, coordination of care and fetal well-being, NPO guidelines and aspiration pneumonia, 219 Pregnancy testing, preoperative, 50 51, 220 Prehabilitation, preoperative, exercise programs, minute walk test, exercise training before a physiologic challenge, physical activity and health outcomes, 147 Preoperative evaluation, consultations, coordination of, cost of, current use of, medicolegal aspects, outcomes and, purpose of, recommendations, ethical issues, do not resuscitate in the operating room, shared decision-making, evaluation of major organ systems, 59 70, 71 88, 89 99, anticoagulants and hematologic disorders,

10 250 Index Preoperative (continued) patients with cardiac disease undergoing noncardiac surgery, perioperative acute kidney injury, pulmonary risk estimation, innovative treatment and preparation programs, , for anemia, definition, 127 epidemiology, 128 evaluation for, in patients with sickle cell disease, patient blood management, 138 perioperative blood transfusions for, and postoperative outcomes, preoperative optimization of patients and anemia evaluation, treatment of, nutrition and prehabilitation, avoiding insulin resistance and postoperative hyperglycemia, 146 detecting malnutrition before surgery, immunonutrition, 147 nutrition assessment and optimization, 144 prehabilitation, role of total parenteral nutrition, laboratory testing, coagulation studies, electrocardiogram, genetic testing, 53 hematocrit, 52 highly sensitive troponin, 48 natriuretic peptides, pregnancy testing, renal function testing, role of age, 46 test grid studies, testing for blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin, urine analysis, 50 preoperative clinics, 1 15 benefits and outcomes, 4 5 developing programs for, 5 6 history and background, 2 4 identifying resources, 9 12 performance management and quality improvement, 12 visit volume and space, workforce, 9 10 scope of, 6 7 specific services delivered, 8 9 algorithms, 9 communication, 9 in-person clinic visits, 9 phone calls, 9 triage, 8 9 tactical and operational plans, 7 8

11 special considerations, , , , , , diabetes mellitus, autonomic dysfunction, classification, comorbidities associated with, 159 medication considerations, 160 physical examination considerations for anesthesiologist, related complications, impact on perioperative risk, 157 geriatric patients, cardiac evaluation, comprehensive geriatric assessment, decision for surgery, delirium, frailty, 178 functional assessment, medication management, neurocognitive and behavioral assessment, 172 nutrition, pulmonary evaluation, 173 implantable devices, cardiovascular implantable electronic devices, neurostimulators, other implantable devices, 196 ventricular assist devices, non-operating room anesthesia, adding value of anesthesiologists, anesthesia vs procedural sedation, assessment of environment for, challenges of, future directions, 237 patient assessment for, quality assurance, 225 pregnancy, fetal effects of anesthesia and surgery, maternal effects of anesthesia and surgery, non-obstetric surgeries or procedures requiring anesthesia during, 218 physiologic changes during, preoperative testing for, 220 recommendations for, substance use disorder, impact and associated illnesses, 202 incidence, perioperative considerations, 202 postoperative risk of new or relapsed, 209 screening for, specific abused substances, Primary immune thrombocytopenia, perioperative management of, Prothrombin time abnormality, perioperative approach to, , 105 Pulmonary assessment, preoperative, for non-operating room anesthesia, Pulmonary function test, to assess risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, Pulmonary hypertension, and risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, 77 Index 251

12 252 Index Pulmonary risk, preoperative evaluation of, definition of postoperative pulmonary complications, in geriatric patients, 173, 174 nonpulmonary risk factors, age, 76 chronic kidney disease, 78 dependent functional status, 78 general health status, 76 heart failure, 77 neurologic impairment, 78 nutritional status, 78 obesity, 77 obstructive sleep apnea, 77 pulmonary hypertension, 77 perioperative strategies to decrease postoperative complications, physical examination, 80 procedure-related risk factors, duration of surgery, emergency surgery, 80 neuromuscular blockade, 79 open versus laparoscopic surgery, surgical site, 78 type of anesthesia and analgesia, 79 pulmonary pathology in perioperative period, 72 pulmonary risk factors, asthma, 75 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, smoking, 74 upper respiratory tract infection, 76 risk scores, tests for, arterial blood gas, chest radiograph, 81 echocardiography, 82 exercise testing, 82 pulmonary function test, Q Quality assurance, with non-operating room anesthesia, 225 R Radiographs, chest, to assess risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, 81 Red cell transfusion, for treatment of preoperative anemia due to, 137 allogeneic, 137 autologous, 137 Referrals, for preoperative medical consultation, Renal assessment, preoperative, for non-operating room anesthesia, 234 Renal function testing, preoperative, 49 50

13 Index 253 Renal protection strategies, for perioperative acute kidney injury, Risk factors, for postoperative pulmonary complications, nonpulmonary, age, 76 chronic kidney disease, 78 dependent functional status, 78 general health status, 76 heart failure, 77 neurologic impairment, 78 nutritional status, 78 obesity, 77 obstructive sleep apnea, 77 pulmonary hypertension, 77 procedure-related, duration of surgery, emergency surgery, 80 neuromuscular blockade, 79 open versus laparoscopic surgery, surgical site, 78 type of anesthesia and analgesia, 79 pulmonary, asthma, 75 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, smoking, 74 upper respiratory tract infection, 76 Risk scores, for probability of postoperative pulmonary complications, Risk stratification, of perioperative acute kidney injury, S Screening, for substance abuse, preoperative, Sedation, anesthesia vs, in non-operating room procedures, Shared decision-making, as a perioperative ethical issue, Affordable Care Act, 36 barriers and motivators, 37 evidence for, Sickle cell anemia, perioperative management of, 115 Sickle cell disease, preoperative anemia in patients with, Six-minute walk test, preoperative testing with, Sleep apnea, and risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, 77 Smoking, and risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, 74 Spinal cord stimulators, perioperative management of patients with, Stimulant abuse, preoperative evaluation and perioperative considerations, Substance use disorder, perioperative considerations, impact and associated illnesses, 202 incidence, perioperative considerations, 202 postoperative risk of new or relapsed, 209 alcohol and food addiction transfer, 209 opioid addiction, 209 screening for,

14 254 Index Substance (continued) specific abused substances, alcohol, cannabinoids, cocaine and other stimulants, 208 hallucinogens and psychedelics, 208 opioids and heroin, Surgery, decision for, in geriatric patients, patient blood management, 138 preoperative clinics, 1 15 procedure-related risk factors for postoperative pulmonary complications, duration of, emergency, 80 neuromuscular blockade, 79 open versus laparoscopic, surgical site, 78 type of anesthesia and analgesia, 79 T Target-specific oral anticoagulants, perioperative management of patients on, Test grid studies, in preoperative laboratory testing, Thrombocytopenia, preoperative assessment of, disseminated intravascular coagulation, 112 drug-induced, 112 heparin-induced, 112, 113 primary immune, Thrombocytosis, perioperative management of, Total parenteral nutrition, role of, Transfusion. See Blood transfusion. Troponin, highly sensitive, in preoperative testing, 48 U Upper respiratory tract infection, and risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, 76 Urine analysis, preoperative, 50 V Vagal nerve stimulators, perioperative management of patients with, 195 Venous thromboembolism, perioperative risk stratification and prevention, Ventricular assist devices, perioperative management of patients with, 191 Vitamin B 12 deficiency, treatment of preoperative anemia due to, 136 von Willebrand disease, perioperative approach to,