Very little is known about the activity of the peripheral
|
|
- Todd Carroll
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Sympathetic Neural Mechanisms in Normal and Hypertensive Pregnancy in Humans John P. Greenwood, MB ChB, PhD; Eleanor M. Scott, BM BS, MD; John B. Stoker, BSc, MB ChB; James J. Walker, MB ChB, MD; David A.S.G. Mary, MB ChB, PhD Background Direct recordings from peripheral sympathetic nerves have shown an increased sympathetic drive in pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and preeclampsia (PE). It is unknown whether sympathetic drive is altered in normal pregnancy, when arterial blood pressure can be normal or relatively low. The aim of this study was to measure and compare peripheral sympathetic discharge, its vasoconstrictor effect and its baroreceptor control, during pregnancy and postpartum in women with normal pregnancy (NP) and PIH and in normotensive nonpregnant (NN) women. Methods and Results Twenty-one women with NP, 18 women with PIH, and 21 NN women had muscle sympathetic nerve activity assessed from multiunit discharges (MSNA) and from single units with defined vasoconstrictor properties (s-msna). The s-msna in NP ( impulses/100 beats) was greater (P 0.05) than in NN women ( impulses/100 beats) despite similar age and body weight but less than in PIH women (P 0.001) ( impulses/100 beats). MSNA followed a similar trend. Cardiac baroreceptor reflex sensitivity (BRS) was impaired in NP and PIH women relative to NN. After delivery, sympathetic activity decreased to values similar to those obtained in NN, and there was an increase in BRS. In women with NP, the decrease in sympathetic output occurred despite an insignificant change in blood pressure. Conclusions Central sympathetic output was increased in women with normal pregnancy and was even greater in the hypertensive pregnant group. The findings suggest that the moderate sympathetic hyperactivity during the latter months of normal pregnancy may help to return the arterial pressure to nonpregnant levels, although when the increase in activity is excessive, hypertension may ensue. (Circulation. 2001;104: ) Key Words: nervous system, autonomic hypertension blood pressure pregnancy Very little is known about the activity of the peripheral sympathetic system in normal pregnancy compared with the nonpregnant state. However, using the technique of microneurography, 1,2 an increase in the mean frequency of bursts representing multiunit discharge of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) 3,4 and activity from single units (s-msna) 5 has been shown to occur during the third trimester in patients with preeclampsia (PE) or pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) relative to women with normal pregnancy. During the third trimester of normal pregnancy, arterial blood pressure tends to rise toward normal nonpregnant levels, 6,7 but it is unknown whether central sympathetic drive is involved in this process. The use of indirect measures of sympathetic output, such as changes in hemodynamic variables and circulating catecholamines, has yielded conflicting results in both normal and hypertensive pregnancy The present investigation was designed to examine whether central sympathetic vasoconstrictor output to the peripheral vascular bed is altered in normal pregnancy. For this purpose, we studied matched groups of pregnant women prepartum and postpartum with normal pregnancy (NP) and PIH in addition to normotensive nonpregnant (NN) women. Methods Subjects We examined 60 women, ranging in age between 18 and 40 years, between January 1996 and March They comprised 3 agematched groups: 21 NP, 21 NN, and 18 PIH. Only white primigravidae were examined, and they were excluded if there was any evidence of secondary hypertension or chronic disease that may influence the autonomic system, such as diabetes mellitus or neurological dysfunction. Otherwise all patients were included in whom it was possible to identify and record single-unit activity. This represented 60% of the total number of women studied; in the other 40%, it was not possible to obtain a stable recording from a single vasoconstrictor unit. Patients with PIH were recruited shortly after admission. They were accepted as having PIH if their arterial blood pressure was 140/90 mm Hg on at least two separate occasions a minimum of 6 Received June 22, 2001; revision received August 20, 2001; accepted August 20, From the Departments of Cardiology and Obstetrics and Gynecology (J.J.W.), St James s University Hospital, Leeds, UK. Presented at the meetings of the British Hypertension Society, Bristol, United Kingdom, September 15 17, 1997, and the Physiological Society, Prague, Czech Republic, June 20 23, 1998, and published in abstract form (J Hypertens. 1997;15[12 part 1]: and J Physiol [Lond]. 1998;511:11P). Correspondence to Dr J.P. Greenwood, Department of Cardiology, St James s University Hospital, Beckett St, Leeds, LS9 7TF UK. john_greenwood@ hotmail.com 2001 American Heart Association, Inc. Circulation is available at
2 Greenwood et al Sympathetic Hyperactivity in Normal Pregnancy 2201 TABLE 1. Details of the 3 Groups of Women: NN, NP, and PIH Comparisons (P) Variable NN NP PIH NN vs NP NP vs PIH n Age, y NS NS Gestation, wk NS Weight, kg* NS 0.01 Heart rate, beats/min NS Arterial pressure, mm Hg Mean Systolic NS Diastolic s-msna, impulses/100b MSNA, bursts/100b CVR, units NS 0.05 BRS, ms/mm Hg NS All data were obtained concurrently during nerve recording sessions and are presented as mean SEM. MSNA and s-msna are expressed per 100 cardiac beats (100b). One-way ANOVA for all data except length of gestation (unpaired t test). *P 0.008; P ; P Between group analyses (Newman-Keuls) are shown on the right. hours apart, they were known to have been normotensive before this time, had no albuminuria (a maximum of 300 mg in 24 hours), and had no general systemic abnormality, and they had normal arterial blood pressure by the sixth postpartum week. Subjects with NP were healthy and were attending routine antenatal clinics. The NN subjects were also healthy women (with an arterial blood pressure 130/80 mm Hg) who were recruited from hospital staff or relatives of pregnant women. NP were matched for maternal and gestational age to the group with PIH, and the NN group were age-matched with the other 2 groups. The details of the women are given in Table 1. All normotensive women were studied while receiving no medical therapy other than iron or vitamins. Of the 18 patients with PIH, 9 had recently started oral labetalol as monotherapy to control their hypertension. This was commenced between 12 and 48 hours before the study and did not significantly affect heart rate. General Protocol Each subject provided informed written consent to the investigation, which was performed under the approval of the Leeds Health Authority Ethical Committee. Pregnant women were all in their 3rd trimester and were examined before delivery and then again a minimum of 6 weeks postpartum. The details of the protocol and data analysis have been published previously. 5,14 Briefly, all of the studies were performed under similar conditions between the hours of 9:00 AM and 12:00 PM, and subjects were asked to have had a light breakfast and to empty their bladder before commencing the study. They were also asked to avoid nicotine and caffeine products for 12 hours and alcohol and strenuous exercise for 24 hours before the investigation. Resting blood pressure was measured from the arm using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer. Changes in heart rate and arterial blood pressure were monitored and recorded using a standard ECG and a Finapres device, and blood flow to the muscle of the left calf was obtained using standard strain-gauge plethysmography. Microneurography Postganglionic muscle sympathetic nerve activity was recorded from the right peroneal nerve as previously described. 1,2,5,14 Briefly, the neural signal was amplified ( ), and for the purpose of generating bursts representing multiunit discharge, the signal was filtered (bandwidth of 700 to 2000 Hz) and integrated (time constant 0.1 second). The output of action potentials and bursts from this assembly were passed to a data acquisition system, which system digitized the action potentials at samples/second and other data channels at 2000 samples/second (8 bits). MSNA was differentiated from skin sympathetic activity and afferent activity by previously accepted criteria. 1,2 Single units (s-msna) in the raw action potential neurogram were obtained by adjusting the electrode position. Fast monitor sweep and an online storage oscilloscope were then used to confirm the presence of a single unit by demonstrating consistency in action potential morphology, as previously described. 5,14,15 Only vasoconstrictor units were accepted and examined, the criteria of acceptance being appropriate responses to spontaneous changes in arterial blood pressure, the Valsalva maneuver, and isometric hand-grip exercise. The vasoconstriction function of the activity examined was confirmed by measuring calf vascular resistance (CVR). The Valsalva maneuver was performed by asking the subjects to exhale into a standard mercury manometer, at a pressure of 40 mm Hg for 15 seconds, while a pneumograph was observed to confirm correct performance of the test. The sympathetic activity increased during the latter part of phase II (blood pressure compensation) and phase III (release of strain and fall in blood pressure) and decreased during phase IV (increase and overshoot of blood pressure). An electronic discriminator was used objectively to count the spikes of s-msna and was quantified as mean frequency of impulses per 100 cardiac beats; this avoided any interference by the length of the cardiac cycle. 16 The bursts of MSNA were identified by inspection when the signal-to-noise ratio was 3 and were quantified as mean number of bursts per 100 beats (Figure 1). The variability of measuring both s-msna and MSNA in this laboratory did not exceed 10%. 14 During the fourth phase of the Valsalva maneuver, the slope of the best linear relationship between the systolic blood pressure and its pulse interval (phase 0) or the succeeding one (phase 1) was used as an indicator for baroreceptor reflex sensitivity (BRS). 17 CVR was obtained from the product of mean arterial blood pressure on the mean of at least 3 measurements of calf blood flow during each phase of the test protocol. Statistics One-way ANOVA with Newman-Keuls multiple post-test comparisons were used to compare data between the different groups.
3 2202 Circulation October 30, 2001 Figure 1. Example of a recording from a pregnant woman. Shown are the ECG, respiratory movements (Resp), MSNA (Bursts), Finapres blood pressure (FBP), and action potentials (AP in V) for measuring s-msna. The s-msna is counted from action potentials of the same profile and amplitude (tallest unit in this example) to derive the mean frequency of central vasoconstrictor sympathetic neural discharge. The burst count may include a variable number of units (smaller units in this example) with different profiles. Student s t test for paired variables was used to examine changes in variables after delivery, and t test for unpaired variables was used to examine differences between two groups. The relationship between systolic blood pressure and pulse interval was examined using regression analysis. Values of P 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Data are presented as mean SEM Results The three groups, NN, NP, and PIH, were well matched with the exception of 2 patients in the PIH group who were above average weight. These two patients were not excluded and resulted in a higher (P 0.01) average body weight in the hypertensive pregnant group (Table 1). As expected, the average indices of arterial blood pressure were significantly greater in PIH than in NP and NN groups. Also, as anticipated from the study design, the blood pressure in 3rd trimester NP subjects was only slightly lower than NN, and the resting heart rate was greater in pregnant women compared with NN. Among the patients with PIH, there were no significant differences in heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, and sympathetic nerve activity between those who received oral labetalol and those who did not. As can be seen in Table 1 and Figure 2, the frequency of s-msna in NP was significantly greater than in NN, with a 2-fold difference. This frequency was even greater in PIH, with nearly a 4-fold difference compared with NP. Similar differences, although of lesser magnitude, were seen in MSNA between the groups. In addition, CVR was found to be greater in PIH than in the NP and NN groups, and the two groups of pregnant women both had a significantly lower BRS than the NN group. Follow-up studies were carried out after delivery in 19 NP and 10 PIH women (Table 2). In both groups, the s-msna (Figure 3) and MSNA decreased back toward normal values. However, arterial blood pressure and CVR decreased significantly and consistently only in the PIH group, whereas BRS increased significantly in both groups after delivery (Table 2). Discussion The present investigation has shown for the first time that normal pregnancy is associated with an increase in resting Figure 2. Resting mean frequency of single-unit muscle sympathetic nerve activity (s-msna) in the 3 groups of subjects, NN, NP, and PIH, expressed as mean (height of columns) and SEM (bars). *P 0.05; P peripheral sympathetic neural discharge having vasoconstrictor properties. The mechanism for this increase could not be explained by changes in body weight or baroreceptor reflex control. This sympathetic hyperactivity occurred to a greater extent in women with PIH than in women with NP. The increase was found both in single-unit activity and in multiunit bursts. The single-unit activity seems to provide a more quantitative estimation of sympathetic discharge than that of multiunit bursts 14,15 and is obtained objectively. Therefore, because the frequency of firing of such units was not affected by other units, it is possible that they reflected the true resting central tone of the peripheral nervous system. 14 We only examined white women because of reported evidence that race can affect responses of MSNA 18 and only primigravidae to avoid the possibility of a confounding effect Figure 3. Resting mean frequency of single-unit muscle sympathetic nerve activity (s-msna) in the two groups of pregnant women (NP and PIH) studied both prepartum and postpartum and the normotensive nonpregnant (NN) group, expressed as mean (height of columns) and SEM (bars). *P 0.001; P
4 Greenwood et al Sympathetic Hyperactivity in Normal Pregnancy 2203 TABLE 2. Data From the Longitudinal Study of Pregnant Women Both Prepartum and Postpartum NP PIH Variable Prepartum Postpartum Prepartum Postpartum Number Weight, kg * Heart rate, beats/min * Arterial pressure, mm Hg Mean * Systolic * Diastolic * s-msna, impulses/ beats MSNA, bursts/100 beats * * CVR, units BRS, ms/mm Hg * All data were obtained concurrently during nerve recording sessions and are presented as mean SEM. Paired Student s t test. *P ; P 0.005; P 0.03; P of multiple pregnancy. 19 The reason for examining women in the 3rd trimester was because during this period in normal pregnancy, the arterial blood pressure and vascular resistance tend to normalize. Because these indices would be similar to a nonpregnant group and also after a normal delivery, significant hemodynamic change would not confound sympathetic measures. To avoid other confounding factors, all studies were undertaken within the same environmental conditions and after a light breakfast with an empty urinary bladder, because visceral distention is known to increase sympathetic activity. 20,21 In addition, the three groups were matched for age, whereas the pregnant groups were also matched for gestational age to avoid any influence on sympathetic output. 22 Two of the hypertensive patients had preconception obesity resulting in a difference in weight between the two pregnant groups. It is known that obesity can affect resting MSNA 23,24 ; however, if the results are analyzed with these 2 subjects excluded, then there is no change in the overall findings. The increase in body weight during pregnancy cannot explain the increased sympathetic activity. The frequency of MSNA bursts has been reported to be greater in subjects with obesity, 23,24 but the weight of such subjects is much greater than in pregnancy and, secondly, our groups (NN and NP) were well matched for body weight. The decrease in sympathetic activity after delivery toward normal values in both the NP and PIH groups, for the same decrease in body weight, is also against body weight being a significant factor. Similarly, the increased sympathetic activity in NP could not be related to baroreceptor reflex compensation, first, because after delivery there was a significant decrease in sympathetic output at a time when there was no significant increase in arterial blood pressure, and, second, because the cardiac baroreceptor reflex sensitivity was reduced in the NP group and recovered after delivery. Using peroneal nerve microneurography, there are reports of an increase in resting peripheral sympathetic activity in women with PIH 3,5 or PE 4 compared with women with NP. In one study, 4 comparisons were available between NP and NN; although no significant differences were found between these two groups, measurements were not made in the same subjects before and after delivery. However, in common with previous studies, 3 5 the present study showed that women with PIH had an increased peripheral sympathetic output relative to women with normal pregnancy. This was additionally confirmed by longitudinal follow-up showing that the sympathetic activity decreased after delivery to values encountered in the NN group. The present findings have important implications. It is possible to suggest that pregnancy per se results in peripheral sympathetic hyperactivity, the mechanism of which involves central factors. As discussed above, the sympathetic hyperactivity was not related to reflex control, race, or constitutional factors, and it could be the mechanism by which the arterial blood pressure and vascular resistance tend to normalize during the third trimester of normal pregnancy. 6,7,19,25 The excessive increase in sympathetic output found in patients with PIH may by implication be involved in the development of their hypertension. From the published evidence, although limited, it is possible to speculate that the increase in central sympathetic activity in pregnancy is related to hormonal changes, of which there are many. Certainly activation of the renin-angiotensin system is known to occur in pregnancy, and angiotensin II has been shown to increase MSNA. 26 Fasting levels of insulin are raised in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy in women who later develop hypertension, 27 and hyperinsulinemia produces sympathetic activation. 28 Reduction in vasopressin levels has also been reported in pregnacy, 29 and infusion of this hormone has been shown to decrease MSNA. 30 More recently it has been shown that MSNA is greater in young women during the midluteal compared with early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, when estradiol and progesterone are elevated, 31 and in pregnancy these hormones are additionally elevated. Also, there is
5 2204 Circulation October 30, 2001 experimental evidence to suggest that central neurotransmitters in the medulla modulate sympathetic output, eg, nitric oxide, 32 but changes in levels during pregnancy and their implications remain to be determined. Finally, one must also consider the hemodynamic changes associated with pregnancy, in particular the increase in blood volume that may be important in increasing sympathetic output and heart rate through afferent sympathetic fibers. 33 Indeed, in accordance with our present findings, a recent study of heart rate variability performed in similar subjects to this study 34 suggested that normal pregnancy had increased sympathetic modulation compared with the nonpregnant state, and that this increase was even greater in hypertensive pregnancy. In summary, the present investigation has shown that pregnancy is associated with peripheral sympathetic hyperactivity. In women with PIH, this hyperactivity is extreme, but in both situations the levels fall to normal after delivery. There were indications that the mechanisms of this sympathetic hyperactivity involved central factors. Acknowledgments This work was funded by the British Heart Foundation (Grant No. FS/97085). The authors thank J. Bannister and J. Corrigan for technical assistance. References 1. Vallbo AB, Hagbarth KE, Torebjörk HE, et al. Somatosensory, proprioceptive and sympathetic activity in human peripheral nerves. Physiol Rev. 1979;59: Wallin BG. Assessment of sympathetic mechanisms for recordings of postganglionic efferent nerve traffic. In: Hainsworth R, Mark AL, eds. Cardiovascular Reflex Control in Health and Disease. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1993: Sander K, Hansen J, Sander M, et al. Sympathetic overactivity in pregnancy induced hypertension. Circulation. 1995;92(suppl I): Schobel HP, Fischer T, Heuszer K, et al. Preeclampsia: a state of sympathetic overactivity. N Engl J Med. 1996;335: Greenwood JP, Stoker JB, Walker JJ, et al. Sympathetic nerve discharge in normal pregnancy and pregnancy-induced hypertension. J Hypertens. 1998;16: Clapp JF, Capeless E. Cardiovascular function before, during, and after the first and subsequent pregnancies. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80: Blake MJ, Martin A, Manktelow BN, et al. Changes in baroreceptor sensitivity for heart rate during normotensive pregnancy and puerperium. Clin Sci (Colch). 2000;98: Conde-Agudelo A, Lede R, Belizan J. Evaluation of methods used in the prediction of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1994;49: Rubin PC, Butters L, McCabe R, et al. Plasma catecholamines in pregnancy induced hypertension. Clin Sci (Colch). 1986;71: Eneroth-Grimfors E, Bevegard S, Nilsson BA, et al. Effect of exercise on catecholamines and plasma renin activity in pregnant women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1988;67: Natrajan PG, McGarrigle HHC, Lawrence DM, et al. Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline levels in normal pregnancy and in pregnancyinduced hypertension. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1982;89: Ekholm EM, Tahvanainen KU, Metsala T. Heart rate and blood pressure variabilities are increased in pregnancy-induced hypertension. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;177: Eneroth-Grimfors E, Westgren M, Ericson M, et al. Autonomic cardiovascular control in normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1994;73: Greenwood JP, Stoker JB, Mary DASG. Single-unit sympathetic discharge: quantitative assessment in human hypertensive disease. Circulation. 1999;100: Macefield VG, Wallin BG, Vallbo AB. The discharge behaviour of single vasoconstrictor motoneurones in human muscle nerves. J Physiol (Lond). 1994;481: Sundlöf G, Wallin BG. The variability of muscle nerve sympathetic activity in resting recumbent man. J Physiol (Lond). 1977;272: Ekholm EM, Vesalainen RK, Tahvanainen KU, et al. Valsalva manoeuvre can be used to study baroreflex sensitivity in pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1998;76: Calhoun DA, Mutinga ML, Collins AS, et al. Normotensive blacks have heightened sympathetic response to cold pressor test. Hypertension. 1993; 22: Broughton Pipkin F. The hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Br Med J. 1995;311: Fagius H, Karhuvaara S. Sympathetic activity and blood pressure increases with bladder distension in humans. Hypertension. 1989;14: Cox HS, Kaye DM, Thompson JM, et al. Regional sympathetic nervous activation after a large meal in humans. Clin Sci (Colch). 1995;89: Ng AV, Callister R, Johnson DG, et al. Age and gender influence muscle sympathetic nerve activity at rest in healthy humans. Hypertension. 1993; 21: Andersson B, Elam M, Wallin BG, et al. Effect of energy-restricted diet on sympathetic muscle nerve activity in obese women. Hypertension. 1991;18: Scherrer U, Randin D, Tappy L, et al. Body fat and sympathetic nerve activity in healthy subjects. Circulation. 1994;89: Teghini L, Livi R, Parretti E, et al. Maternal 24-hour blood pressure and heart rate changes in normal pregnancy. Am J Hypertens. 2000;13:231A. 26. Matsukawa T, Gotoh E, Minamisawa K, et al. Effects of intravenous infusions of angiotensin II on muscle sympathetic nerve activity in humans. Am J Physiol. 1991;261:R690 R Solomon CG, Carroll JS, Okamura K, et al. Higher cholesterol and insulin levels in pregnancy are associated with increased risk for pregnancyinduced hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1999;12: Anderson EA, Hoffman RP, Balon TW, et al. Hyperinsulinemia produces both sympathetic neural activation and vasodilation in normal humans. J Clin Invest. 1991;87: van der Post JA, van Buul BJ, Hart AA, et al. Vasopressin and oxytocin levels during normal pregnancy: effects of chronic dietary sodium restriction. J Endocrinol. 1997;152: Floras JS, Aylward PE, Abboud FM, et al. Inhibition of muscle sympathetic nerve activity in humans by arginine vasopressin. Hypertension. 1987;10: Minson CT, Halliwill JR, Young TM, et al. Influence of the menstrual cycle on sympathetic activity, baroreflex sensitivity, and vascular transduction in young women. Circulation. 2000;101: Zanzinger J, Czachurski J, Seller H. Inhibition of basal and reflexmediated sympathetic activity in the RVLM by nitric oxide. Am J Physiol. 1995;268:R958 R Bishop VS, Lombardi F, Malliani A, et al. Reflex sympathetic tachycardia during intravenous infusions in chronic spinal cats. Am J Physiol. 1976;230: Yang CC, Chao TC, Kuo TB, et al. Preeclamptic pregnancy is associated with increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic control of HR. Am J Physiol. 2000;278:H1269 H1273.
Sympathetic hyperactivity is known to occur in essential
Impact of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Sympathetic Neural Mechanisms in Hypertension Robert J. Huggett, MB, BS; Eleanor M. Scott, BM, BS, MD; Stephen G. Gilbey, BA, MD; John B. Stoker, BSc, MB, ChB; Alan
More informationSympathetic Neural Mechanisms in White-Coat Hypertension
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 40, No. 1, 2002 2002 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN 0735-1097/02/$22.00 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. PII S0735-1097(02)01931-9
More informationPREECLAMPSIA A STATE OF SYMPATHETIC OVERACTIVITY
The New England Journal of Medicine PREECLAMPSIA A STATE OF SYMPATHETIC OVERACTIVITY HANS P. SCHOBEL, M.D., THORSTEN FISCHER, M.D., KARSTEN HEUSZER, M.D., HELMUT GEIGER, M.D., AND ROLAND E. SCHMIEDER,
More informationJournal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 38, No. 6, by the American College of Cardiology ISSN /01/$20.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 38, No. 6, 2001 2001 by the American College of Cardiology ISSN 0735-1097/01/$20.00 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. PII S0735-1097(01)01600-X Hypertension
More informationInfluence of the Menstrual Cycle on Sympathetic Activity, Baroreflex Sensitivity, and Vascular Transduction in Young Women
Influence of the Menstrual Cycle on Sympathetic Activity, Baroreflex Sensitivity, and Vascular Transduction in Young Women Christopher T. Minson, PhD; John R. Halliwill, PhD; Tamica M. Young, BA; Michael
More informationHuman muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) arises
Sympathetic Neural Burst Amplitude Distribution A More Specific Indicator of Sympathoexcitation in Human Heart Failure Yrsa Bergmann Sverrisdóttir, PhD; Bengt Rundqvist, MD, PhD; Gudmundur Johannsson,
More informationSympathetic hyperactivity has been shown to occur early
Sympathetic Drive in Anterior and Inferior Uncomplicated Acute Myocardial Infarction Lee N. Graham, MB, ChB; Paul A. Smith, MB, ChB; Robert J. Huggett, MBBS; John B. Stoker, BSc, MB, ChB; Alan F. Mackintosh,
More informationDESPITE widespread use of beta-adrenergic receptor
Sympathetic Outflow to Muscles During Treatment of Hypertension with Metoprolol B. GUNNAR WALLIN, GORAN SUNDLOF, ERLAND STROMGREN, AND HANS ABERG SUMMARY Microelectrode recordings of multiunit sympathetic
More informationBaroreflex sensitivity and the blood pressure response to -blockade
Journal of Human Hypertension (1999) 13, 185 190 1999 Stockton Press. All rights reserved 0950-9240/99 $12.00 http://www.stockton-press.co.uk/jhh ORIGINAL ARTICLE Baroreflex sensitivity and the blood pressure
More informationGender-related differences in the sympathetic vasoconstrictor drive of normal subjects
Gender-related differences in the sympathetic vasoconstrictor drive of normal subjects Andrew J Hogarth, Alan F Mackintosh, David Asg Mary To cite this version: Andrew J Hogarth, Alan F Mackintosh, David
More informationThe Journal of Physiology
J Physiol 594.17 (2016) pp 4753 4768 4753 TECHNIQUES FOR PHYSIOLOGY Quantifying sympathetic neuro-haemodynamic transduction at rest in humans: insights into sex, ageing and blood pressure control L. J.
More informationSYMPATHETIC STRESSORS AND SYMPATHETIC FAILURES
SYMPATHETIC STRESSORS AND SYMPATHETIC FAILURES Any discussion of sympathetic involvement in circulation, and vasodilation, and vasoconstriction requires an understanding that there is no such thing as
More informationChapter 24 Vital Signs. Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter 24 Vital Signs Vital Signs Temperature Pulse Respiration Blood pressure When to Assess Vital Signs Upon admission to any healthcare agency Based on agency institutional policy and procedures Anytime
More informationThe postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is characterized
Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Response to Hypotensive Stress in the Postural Tachycardia Syndrome Istvan Bonyhay, MD, PhD; Roy Freeman, MD Background Increased central sympathetic activity and/or deficient
More informationAssessment of Cardiovascular Autonomic Functions to Predict Development of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension
NJOG 2011 May-June; 6 (1): 41-45 Assessment of Cardiovascular Autonomic Functions to Predict Development of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension Nandini Kapoor 1, Rajeev Sharma 1, Munish Ashat 1, Anju Huria
More informationTherefore MAP=CO x TPR = HR x SV x TPR
Regulation of MAP Flow = pressure gradient resistance CO = MAP TPR Therefore MAP=CO x TPR = HR x SV x TPR TPR is the total peripheral resistance: this is the combined resistance of all blood vessels (remember
More informationAn Acute Bout of a Controlled Breathing Frequency Lowers Sympathetic Neural Outflow but not Blood Pressure in Healthy Normotensive Subjects
Original Research An Acute Bout of a Controlled Breathing Frequency Lowers Sympathetic Neural Outflow but not Blood Pressure in Healthy Normotensive Subjects SHANNON L. MCCLAIN*, ALEXA M. BROOKS, and SARA
More informationInterrelationship between Angiotensin Catecholamines. Tatsuo SATO, M.D., Masaru MAEBASHI, M.D., Koji GOTO, M.D., and Kaoru YOSHINAGA, M.D.
Interrelationship between Angiotensin and Catecholamines Tatsuo SATO, M.D., Masaru MAEBASHI, M.D., Koji GOTO, M.D., and Kaoru YOSHINAGA, M.D. SUMMARY Urinary catecholamines were measured with an attempt
More informationExperimental Physiology
Exp Physiol 101.3 (2016) pp 349 355 349 Symposium Report Symposium Report Sex differences and blood pressure regulation in humans Michael J. Joyner 1, B. Gunnar Wallin 2 and Nisha Charkoudian 3 1 Department
More informationCopyright, 1995, by the Massachusetts Medical Society
Copyright, 1995, by the Massachusetts Medical Society Volume 332 JUNE 29, 1995 Number 26 SUPPRESSION OF ALCOHOL-INDUCED HYPERTEION BY DEXAMETHASONE DENIS RANDIN, M.D., PETER VOLLENWEIDER, M.D., LUC TAPPY,
More informationPheochromocytoma: Effects of Catecholamines
36 PHYSIOLOGY CASES AND PROBLEMS Case 8 Pheochromocytoma: Effects of Catecholamines Helen Ames is a 51-year-old homemaker who experienced what she thought were severe menopausal symptoms. These awful "attacks"
More informationWell-known clinical conditions, such as autonomic
511 Sympathetic Activity and Blood Pressure Increases With Bladder Distension in Humans Jan Fagius and Sakari Karhuvaara Microneurographic recordings of muscle nerve sympathetic activity, which is governed
More informationAUTONOMIC FUNCTION IS A HIGH PRIORITY
AUTONOMIC FUNCTION IS A HIGH PRIORITY 1 Bladder-Bowel-AD Tetraplegia Sexual function Walking Bladder-Bowel-AD Paraplegia Sexual function Walking 0 10 20 30 40 50 Percentage of respondents an ailment not
More informationExperimental Physiology
Exp Physiol 98.9 (2013) pp 1327 1336 1327 Research Paper Cardiorespiratory coupling of sympathetic outflow in humans: a comparison of respiratory and cardiac modulation of sympathetic nerve activity to
More informationTHE NATURE OF THE ATRIAL RECEPTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR A REFLEX INCREASE IN ACTIVITY IN EFFERENT CARDIAC SYMPATHETIC NERVES
Quaterly Journal of Experimental Physiology (1982), 67, 143-149 Printed in Great Britain THE NATURE OF THE ATRIAL RECEPTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR A REFLEX INCREASE IN ACTIVITY IN EFFERENT CARDIAC SYMPATHETIC
More informationAUTONOMIC FUNCTIONS IN BUERGER'S DISEASE
: 470-474 AUTONOMIC FUNCTIONS IN BUERGER'S DISEASE K. SINGH* AND S. SOOD Department of Physiology, Pt. B. D. Sharma, Postgraduate, Institute of Medical Sciences (PGIMS), Rohtak - 124 001 ( Received on
More informationMechanisms of sympathoexcitation: single-unit analysis. of muscle vasoconstrictor neurons in awake OSAS subjects.
J Appl Physiol 93: 297 303, 2002. First published April 5, 2002; 10.1152/japplphysiol.00899.2001. Mechanisms of sympathoexcitation: single-unit analysis of muscle vasoconstrictor neurons in awake OSAS
More informationLab Period: Name: Physiology Chapter 14 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure, Plus Fun Review Study Guide
Lab Period: Name: Physiology Chapter 14 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure, Plus Fun Review Study Guide Main Idea: The function of the circulatory system is to maintain adequate blood flow to all tissues. Clinical
More informationProperties of Pressure
OBJECTIVES Overview Relationship between pressure and flow Understand the differences between series and parallel circuits Cardiac output and its distribution Cardiac function Control of blood pressure
More informationBlood Pressure Fox Chapter 14 part 2
Vert Phys PCB3743 Blood Pressure Fox Chapter 14 part 2 T. Houpt, Ph.D. 1 Cardiac Output and Blood Pressure How to Measure Blood Pressure Contribution of vascular resistance to blood pressure Cardiovascular
More informationInfluence of endogenous angiotensin II on control of sympathetic nerve activity in human dehydration
J Physiol 587.22 (2009) pp 5441 5449 5441 Influence of endogenous angiotensin II on control of sympathetic nerve activity in human dehydration J. A. Rabbitts 1,2,N.A.Strom 1,J.R.Sawyer 1,T.B.Curry 1,2,N.M.Dietz
More informationWallin, 1985; Seals & Victor, 1991) and skin (SSNA) (Saito, Naito & Mano, 1990;
Journal of Physiology (1993), 462, pp. 147-159 147 With 6 figures Printed in Great Britain INFLUENCE OF FORCE ON MUSCLE AND SKIN SYMPATHETIC NERVE ACTIVITY DURING SUSTAINED ISOMETRIC CONTRACTIONS IN HUMANS
More informationCardiovascular System. Heart
Cardiovascular System Heart Electrocardiogram A device that records the electrical activity of the heart. Measuring the relative electrical activity of one heart cycle. A complete contraction and relaxation.
More informationNote: At the end of the instructions, you will find a table which must be filled in to complete the exercise.
Autonomic Nervous System Theoretical foundations and instructions for conducting practical exercises carried out during the course List of practical exercises 1. Deep (controlled) breath test 2. Cold pressor
More informationIndications and Uses of Testing. Laboratory Testing of Autonomic Function. Generalized Autonomic Failure. Benign Disorders 12/30/2012.
Indications and Uses of Testing Laboratory Testing of Autonomic Function Conditions of generalized autonomic failure Help define the degree of autonomic dysfunction and distinguish more benign from life
More informationControl of Heart Rate
Control of Heart Rate Control of Heart Rate The beating of your heart is an involuntary movement one that is beyond your direct control. The nerve impulse that causes the heart to beat originates within
More informationCitation Acta Physiologica Hungarica, 99(1), published version of the paper.
NAOSITE: Nagasaki University's Ac Title Author(s) Modulation of radial blood flow dur task Murata, Jun; Matsukawa, Kanji; Komi Hirotsugu Citation Acta Physiologica Hungarica, 99(1), Issue Date 2012-03-01
More informationCASE 13. What neural and humoral pathways regulate arterial pressure? What are two effects of angiotensin II?
CASE 13 A 57-year-old man with long-standing diabetes mellitus and newly diagnosed hypertension presents to his primary care physician for follow-up. The patient has been trying to alter his dietary habits
More informationBlood pressure. Formation of the blood pressure: Blood pressure. Formation of the blood pressure 5/1/12
Blood pressure Blood pressure Dr Badri Paudel www.badripaudel.com Ø Blood pressure means the force exerted by the blood against the vessel wall Ø ( or the force exerted by the blood against any unit area
More informationPhysiology lecture 15 Hemodynamic
Physiology lecture 15 Hemodynamic Dispensability (D) : proportional change in volume per unit change in pressure D = V/ P*V It is proportional (divided by the original volume). Compliance (C) : total change
More informationSympathetic Neural Mechanisms in Human Cardiovascular Health and Disease. Nisha Charkoudian, PhD, and Jennifer A. Rabbitts, MBChB
REVIEW SYMPATHETIC NEURAL MECHANISMS IN CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION Sympathetic Neural Mechanisms in Human Cardiovascular Health and Disease Nisha Charkoudian, PhD, and Jennifer A. Rabbitts, MBChB The sympathetic
More informationAutonomic Variation of Blood Pressure in Middle Aged Diabetics: A Prospective Study
Original Article DOI: 10.17354/ijss/2016/16 Autonomic Variation of Blood Pressure in Middle Aged Diabetics: A Prospective Study M Usharani 1, K Chandini 2 1 Professor and Head, Department of Physiology,
More informationTHERE is evidence for increased sympathetic
Potentiation of Sympathetic Nerve Responses to Hypoxia in Borderline Hypertensive Subjects VlREND K. SOMERS, ALLYN L. M A R K, AND FRANCOIS M. ABBOUD SUMMARY We tested the hypothesis that sympathetic nerve
More informationEffects of the menstrual cycle on sympathetic neural responses to mental stress in humans
J Physiol 585.2 (2007) pp 635 641 635 Effects of the menstrual cycle on sympathetic neural responses to mental stress in humans Jason R. Carter and Johnathan E. Lawrence Department of Exercise Science,
More informationEffects of the Cold Pressor Test on Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Humans RONALD G. VICTOR, WAYNE N. LEIMBACH, JR., DOUGLAS R.
Effects of the Cold Pressor Test on Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Humans RONALD G. VICTOR, WAYNE N. LEIMBACH, JR., DOUGLAS R. SEALS, B. GUNNAR WALLJN, AND AlXYN L. MARK With the research assistance
More informationThe Exercise Pressor Reflex
The Exercise Pressor Reflex Dr. James P. Fisher School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences College of Life & Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham, UK Copenhagen, 2018 Based on work
More informationBlood Pressure Regulation. Faisal I. Mohammed, MD,PhD
Blood Pressure Regulation Faisal I. Mohammed, MD,PhD 1 Objectives Outline the short term and long term regulators of BP Know how baroreceptors and chemoreceptors work Know function of the atrial reflex.
More informationMuscle sympathetic nerve activity responses to dynamic passive muscle stretch in humans
J Physiol 576.2 (26) pp 625 634 625 Muscle sympathetic nerve activity responses to dynamic passive muscle stretch in humans Jian Cui, Cheryl Blaha, Raman Moradkhan, Kristen S. Gray and Lawrence I. Sinoway
More informationDoes pulsatile and sustained neck pressure or neck suction produce differential cardiovascular and sympathetic responses in humans?
Does pulsatile and sustained neck pressure or neck suction produce differential cardiovascular and sympathetic responses in humans? Shigehiko Ogoh *, Paul J. Fadel, Janelle M. Hardisty, Wendy L. Wasmund,
More informationSympathetic neural reactivity to mental stress in humans: test-retest reproducibility
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 9: R138 R1386, 15. First published September 23, 15; doi:.1152/ajpregu.344.15. Sympathetic neural reactivity to mental stress in humans: test-retest reproducibility
More informationVeins. VENOUS RETURN = PRELOAD = End Diastolic Volume= Blood returning to heart per cardiac cycle (EDV) or per minute (Venous Return)
Veins Venous system transports blood back to heart (VENOUS RETURN) Capillaries drain into venules Venules converge to form small veins that exit organs Smaller veins merge to form larger vessels Veins
More informationAtrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained
Effect of Atrial Fibrillation and an Irregular Ventricular Response on Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Human Subjects Stephen L. Wasmund, PhD; Jian-Ming Li, MD, PhD; Richard L. Page, MD; Jose A. Joglar,
More informationBIPN100 F15 Human Physiol I (Kristan) Lecture 14 Cardiovascular control mechanisms p. 1
BIPN100 F15 Human Physiol I (Kristan) Lecture 14 Cardiovascular control mechanisms p. 1 Terms you should understand: hemorrhage, intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms, anoxia, myocardial contractility, residual
More informationCardiovascular System B L O O D V E S S E L S 2
Cardiovascular System B L O O D V E S S E L S 2 Blood Pressure Main factors influencing blood pressure: Cardiac output (CO) Peripheral resistance (PR) Blood volume Peripheral resistance is a major factor
More informationIncreased forearm vascular resistance after dopamine blockade
Br. J. clin. Pharnac. (1984), 17, 373-378 Increased forearm vascular resistance after dopamine blockade D. MANNERING, E.D. BENNE7T, N. MEHTA & F. KEMP Department of Medicine 1, St George's Hospital Medical
More informationA CENTRAL NORADRENERGIC MECHANISM RESPONSIBLE FOR MODULATION OF THE ARTERIAL BARORECEPTOR REFLEX IN CATS
www.kopfinstruments.com A CENTRAL NORADRENERGIC MECHANISM RESPONSIBLE FOR MODULATION OF THE ARTERIAL BARORECEPTOR REFLEX IN CATS V. S. EREMEEV, Ph.D. R. S. KHRUSTALEVA, Ph.D. V. A. TSYRLIN, Ph.D. Yu. I.
More informationBaroreflex sensitivity and responses to the Valsalva manoeuvre in subjects with diabetes mellitus
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 1976, 39, 178-183 Baroreflex sensitivity and responses to the Valsalva manoeuvre in subjects with diabetes mellitus T. BENNETT,' D. J. HOSKNG, AND J.
More informationChapters 9 & 10. Cardiorespiratory System. Cardiovascular Adjustments to Exercise. Cardiovascular Adjustments to Exercise. Nervous System Components
Cardiorespiratory System Chapters 9 & 10 Cardiorespiratory Control Pulmonary ventilation Gas exchange Left heart Arterial system Tissues Right heart Lungs Pulmonary ventilation Cardiovascular Regulation-
More informationBalance between cardiac output and sympathetic nerve activity in resting humans: role in arterial pressure regulation
J Physiol 568.1 (2005) pp 315 321 315 Balance between cardiac output and sympathetic nerve activity in resting humans: role in arterial pressure regulation N. Charkoudian, M. J. Joyner, C. P. Johnson,
More informationElevated Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Borderline Hypertensive Humans. Evidence From Direct Intraneural Recordings
177 Elevated Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Borderline Hypertensive Humans Evidence From Direct Intraneural Recordings Erling A. Anderson, Christine A. Sinkey, William J. Lawton, and Allyn L. Mark Reports
More informationHRV in Diabetes and Other Disorders
HRV in Diabetes and Other Disorders Roy Freeman, MD Center for Autonomic and Peripheral Nerve Disorders Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School Control Propranolol Atropine Wheeler
More informationIntroduction to Autonomic
Part 2 Autonomic Pharmacology 3 Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology FUNCTIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM The autonomic nervous system (Figure 3 1) is composed of the sympathetic and parasympathetic
More informationExercise Training for PoTS and Syncope
B 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Blood Pressure (mm Hg) Blood Pressure Heart Rate 60 degree Head Up Tilt Time 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Heart Rate (beats.min -1 ) Exercise Training for PoTS and Syncope C Blood
More informationThe independent influence of the respiratory rhythm generator
Clinical Research Role of Respiratory Motor Output in Within-Breath Modulation of Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Humans Claudette M. St. Croix, Makoto Satoh, Barbara J. Morgan, James B. Skatrud,
More informationComparative Effects of Glibenclamide and Metformin on Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Reactivity in NIDDM
Clinical Care/Education/Nutrition O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Comparative Effects of Glibenclamide and Metformin on Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Reactivity in NIDDM PURNIMA SUNDARESAN,
More informationShiraz E Medical Journal, Vol. 10, No. 1, January In the name of God. Shiraz E-Medical Journal Vol. 10, No. 1, January 2009
In the name of God Shiraz E-Medical Journal Vol. 10, No. 1, January 2009 http://semj.sums.ac.ir/vol10/jan2009/87016.htm Evaluation of Insulin Resistance in Severe Preeclampsia. Teimoori B*; Sakhavar N*;
More informationCardiac vagal response to water ingestion in normal human subjects
Clinical Science (2002) 103, 157 162 (Printed in Great Britain) 157 Cardiac vagal response to water ingestion in normal human subjects Helen C. ROUTLEDGE*, Saqib CHOWDHARY*, John H. COOTE and Jonathan
More informationPREGESTATIONAL DIABETES (TYPE 1 AND 2)
PREGESTATIONAL DIABETES (TYPE 1 AND 2) Women with diabetes prior to pregnancy need to evaluate and optimize their baseline to assure the healthiest pregnancy possible.[1] The overall prevalence of pregnant
More informationThe Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System The Cardiovascular System A closed system of the heart and blood vessels The heart pumps blood Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body The function of
More informationCentral command: Feedforward control of the sympathoadrenal system during exercise
J Phys Fitness Sports Med, 1(4): 573-577 (2012) JPFSM: Review Article Central command: Feedforward control of the sympathoadrenal system during exercise Kanji Matsukawa *, Nan Liang and Kei Ishii Department
More informationBlood Pressure Regulation. Slides 9-12 Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) = 1/3 systolic pressure + 2/3 diastolic pressure
Sheet physiology(18) Sunday 24-November Blood Pressure Regulation Slides 9-12 Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) = 1/3 systolic pressure + 2/3 diastolic pressure MAP= Diastolic Pressure+1/3 Pulse Pressure CO=MAP/TPR
More informationDisorders of the Autonomic Nervous System: Part 2. Investigation and Treatment*
NEUROLOGICAL PROGRESS Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System: Part 2. Investigation and Treatment* J. G. McLeod, PPhil, FRACP, and R. R. Tuck, PhD, FRACP Autonomic function may be adequately tested
More informationEffect of facial cooling and cold air inhalation on sympathetic nerve activity in men
Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 142 (2004) 69 80 Effect of facial cooling and cold air inhalation on sympathetic nerve activity in men Silke Heindl, Jan Struck, Peter Wellhöner, Friedhelm Sayk, Christoph
More informationDetermination of Blood Pressure and Hemodynamics from Oscillometric Waveforms
Determination of Blood Pressure and Hemodynamics from Oscillometric Waveforms J. Jilek*, M. Stork** *Carditech, Culver City, California, USA **Department of Applied Electronics and Telecommunications University
More informationF indings or symptoms of autonomic dysfunction are
1407 PAPER Age and duration related changes in muscle sympathetic nerve activity in Parkinson s disease K Shindo, H Watanabe, H Tanaka, K Ohashi, T Nagasaka, S Tsunoda, Z Shiozawa... See end of article
More informationChapter 9, Part 2. Cardiocirculatory Adjustments to Exercise
Chapter 9, Part 2 Cardiocirculatory Adjustments to Exercise Electrical Activity of the Heart Contraction of the heart depends on electrical stimulation of the myocardium Impulse is initiated in the right
More informationEvidence of Baroreflex Activation Therapy s Mechanism of Action
Evidence of Baroreflex Activation Therapy s Mechanism of Action Edoardo Gronda, MD, FESC Heart Failure Research Center IRCCS MultiMedica Cardiovascular Department Sesto S. Giovanni (Milano) Italy Agenda
More informationOptimizing Postpartum Maternal Health to Prevent Chronic Diseases
Optimizing Postpartum Maternal Health to Prevent Chronic Diseases Amy Loden, MD, FACP, NCMP Disclosures Research: None Financial: none applicable to this presentation PRIUM QEssentials Market Research
More informationOutcomes of Pregnancies at Risk for Hypertensive Complications Managed Using Impedance Cardiography
Outcomes of Pregnancies at Risk for Hypertensive Complications Managed Using Impedance Cardiography David G. Chaffin, M.D., 1 and Denise G. Webb, RNC, BSN 2 ABSTRACT We assessed the effect of antihypertensive
More informationHypertension is one of the leading causes of death in
Transdermal Estrogen Replacement Therapy Decreases Sympathetic Activity in Postmenopausal Women Wanpen Vongpatanasin, MD; Meryem Tuncel, MD; Yasser Mansour, MD; Debbie Arbique, RN; Ronald G. Victor, MD
More informationWhen Fluids are Not Enough: Inopressor Therapy
When Fluids are Not Enough: Inopressor Therapy Problems in Neonatology Neonatal problem: hypoperfusion Severe sepsis Hallmark of septic shock Secondary to neonatal encephalopathy Vasoplegia Syndrome??
More informationPrevalence of thyroid disorder in pregnancy and pregnancy outcome
Original Research Article Prevalence of thyroid disorder in pregnancy and pregnancy outcome Praveena K.R. 1, Pramod Kumar K.R. 2*, Prasuna K.R. 3, Krishna Kumar TV 4 1 Assistant Professor, Department of
More informationLocalization of lesion in patients with idiopathic orthostatic hypotension'
British Heart Journal, I975, 37, 868-872. Localization of lesion in patients with idiopathic orthostatic hypotension' M. Mohsen Ibrahim2 From the Research Division, Cleveland Clinic, U.S.A.; and the Cardiac
More informationCardiac Pathophysiology
Cardiac Pathophysiology Evaluation Components Medical history Physical examination Routine laboratory tests Optional tests Medical History Duration and classification of hypertension. Patient history of
More informationEvoked skin sympathetic nerve responses in man
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1987;50:1015-1021 Evoked skin sympathetic nerve responses in man PAUL M SATCHELL, CHRISTOPHER P SEERS From the Sobell Department ofneurophysiology, Institute
More informationI ngestion of water increases seated blood pressure (BP) in
1737 PAPER The effects of water ingestion on orthostatic hypotension in two groups of chronic autonomic failure: multiple system atrophy and pure autonomic failure T M Young, C J Mathias... See end of
More informationCARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 1. Resting membrane potential of the ventricular myocardium is: A. -55 to-65mv B. --65 to-75mv C. -75 to-85mv D. -85 to-95 mv E. -95 to-105mv 2. Regarding myocardial contraction:
More informationBlood Pressure. a change in any of these could cause a corresponding change in blood pressure
Blood Pressure measured as mmhg Main factors affecting blood pressure: 1. cardiac output 2. peripheral resistance 3. blood volume a change in any of these could cause a corresponding change in blood pressure
More informationAutonomic Nervous System Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi
Autonomic Nervous System Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi Nervous System Divisions of the nervous system The human nervous system consists of the central nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
More informationEFFECTS OF SUDDEN AND PROLONGED STANDING FROM SUPINE POSTURE ON HEART RATE, ECG-PATTERN AND BLOOD PRESSURE
J. Human Ergol.,17: 3-12,1988 Center for Academic Publications Japan. Printed in Japan. EFFECTS OF SUDDEN AND PROLONGED STANDING FROM SUPINE POSTURE ON HEART RATE, ECG-PATTERN AND BLOOD PRESSURE Satipati
More informationDo Now pg What is the fight or flight response? 2. Give an example of when this response would kick in.
Do Now pg 81 1. What is the fight or flight response? 2. Give an example of when this response would kick in. Autonomic Nervous System The portion of the PNS that functions independently (autonomously)
More informationSerum β-hcg levels between 12 to 20 weeks of gestation in prediction of. hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology Muthulakshmi D et al. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Aug;6(8):3347-3351 www.ijrcog.org DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20173263
More informationPatients with chronic renal failure, and particularly patients
Sympathetic Nerve Activity in End-Stage Renal Disease Martin Hausberg, MD; Markus Kosch, MD; Patrick Harmelink, MS; Michael Barenbrock, MD; Helge Hohage, MD; Klaus Kisters, MD; Karl Heinz Dietl, MD; Karl
More informationBAROREFLEX GAIN IN ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION: THE EFFECT OF COMBINED TRANDOLAPRIL AND DILTHIAZEM THERAPY
SCRIPTA MEDICA (BRNO) 74 (1): 25 30, February 2001 BAROREFLEX GAIN IN ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION: THE EFFECT OF COMBINED TRANDOLAPRIL AND DILTHIAZEM THERAPY FI ER B. 1, SIEGELOVÁ J. 2, DU EK J. 2, PLACHETA
More informationAutonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System Keri Muma Bio 6 Organization of the Nervous System Efferent Division Somatic Nervous System Voluntary control Effector = skeletal muscles Muscles must be excited by a motor neuron
More informationAlcohol consumption may be linked to syncopal events.
Alcohol Potentiates Orthostatic Hypotension Implications for Alcohol-Related Syncope Krzysztof Narkiewicz, MD, PhD; Ryan L. Cooley, MD; Virend K. Somers, MD, PhD Background Alcohol consumption may be linked
More informationStructure and organization of blood vessels
The cardiovascular system Structure of the heart The cardiac cycle Structure and organization of blood vessels What is the cardiovascular system? The heart is a double pump heart arteries arterioles veins
More information3/10/2009 VESSELS PHYSIOLOGY D.HAMMOUDI.MD. Palpated Pulse. Figure 19.11
VESSELS PHYSIOLOGY D.HAMMOUDI.MD Palpated Pulse Figure 19.11 1 shows the common sites where the pulse is felt. 1. Temporal artery at the temple above and to the outer side of the eye 2. External maxillary
More information