10/8/2018. Lecture 9. Cardiovascular Health. Lecture Heart 2. Cardiovascular Health 3. Stroke 4. Contributing Factor
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1 Lecture 9 Cardiovascular Health 1 Lecture 9 1. Heart 2. Cardiovascular Health 3. Stroke 4. Contributing Factor 1
2 The Heart Muscular Pump The Heart Receives blood low pressure then increases the pressure Heart consists of 4 chambers: Atria (2) receive venous blood from the lungs and body circulation. Ventricles (2) receive blood from the Atria and pumps blood out of the heart to lungs and body 2
3 The Heart Heart RA - Right Atria LA - Left Atria RV - Right Ventricle LV - Left Ventricle RA RV LA LV 6 3
4 Heart RA - Right Atria LA - Left Atria RV - Right Ventricle LV - Left Ventricle RA RV LA LV 7 Heart From Body RA LA From Lungs To Lungs RV LV To Body 4
5 Cardiovascular System 9 The Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular System - the heart and blood vessels that circulate blood throughout the body Pulmonary Circulation - the pumping of oxygenpoor blood to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood back to the heart by the right side of the heart Systemic Circulation - the pumping of oxygen-rich blood to the body and oxygen-poor blood back to the heart by the left side of the heart 5
6 11 The Heart Vascular System 12 6
7 Cardiovascular Health 13 Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) - any disease involving the heart and/or blood vessels CVD include heart attack, stroke, peripheral artery disease, congestive heart failure, and others 14 7
8 CVD the leading cause of death in the United States, accounting for one-third of all deaths 15 Heart Disease and Stroke account for 65.4% of deaths from CVD in the U.S. 16 8
9 Atherosclerosis The disease process underlying many forms of CVD is atherosclerosis A thickening or hardening of the arteries due to the buildup of fats and other substances 17 Atherosclerosis Starts with damage to the inner lining of vessels and the formation of a fatty streak(s) 18 9
10 Atherosclerosis Once an injury exists on the artery, white blood cells, collagen, and other proteins are formed, creating plaque (accumulation of debris in an artery wall) 19 Atherosclerosis Eventually the artery becomes blocked, or Plaque can break off and completely block artery elsewhere 20 10
11 Coronary Heart Disease Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) - atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, which can result in a heart attack CHD is the leading form of all cardiovascular diseases An estimated 16.3 million Americans are living with CHD Those who survive a heart attack are often left with damaged hearts and significantly altered lives, lead to CHF Coronary Heart Disease 22 11
12 Coronary Heart Disease Ischemia - insufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients to tissue, caused by narrowed or blocked arteries Angina - pain, pressure, heaviness, or tightness in the center of the chest caused by a narrowed coronary artery 23 Coronary Heart Disease Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack!) - lack of blood flow to the heart muscle with resulting death of heart tissue 24 12
13 Coronary Heart Disease Coronary Thrombosis (also a heart attack) - blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot that may cause sudden death 25 13
14 Testing /Treatment for Heart Disease Diagnostic Testing Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) 27 Testing /Treatment for Heart Disease Diagnostic Testing Echocardiogram (sound waves) 28 14
15 Testing /Treatment for Heart Disease Diagnostic Testing Exercise Stress Test - involves doing brisk cardiovascular activity while your heart beat, blood pressure, and breathing are monitored. 29 Treatment: Angioplasty (balloon catheter) 30 15
16 Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting 31 Congestive Heart Failure Usually follows a severe heart attack Heart s pumping power is weaker than normal Chambers of the heart stretch to hold more blood, or heart muscle becomes thick and stiff (heart tries to compensate) Eventually the heart muscle weakens Person with this condition experiences difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, coughing, fatigue, and confusion. Fluid build up in lungs and extremities 32 16
17 Congestive Heart Failure 33 Arrhythmias and Sudden Cardiac Death Arrhythmia - irregular or disorganized heartbeat Ventricular Fibrillation - type of arrhythmia in which the ventricles contract rapidly and erratically, causing the heart to quiver or tremor rather than beat Sudden Cardiac Death - abrupt loss of heart function caused by an irregular or ineffective heartbeat 34 17
18 Stroke 35 Stroke A Stroke or Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) - when blood flow to the brain or part of the brain is blocked Fourth leading cause of death in the United States; leading cause of severe, long-term disability 36 18
19 Stroke Ischemic Stroke - caused by blockage in a blood vessel in the brain (accounts for 87% of all strokes) 37 Stroke Hemorrhagic Stroke - caused by rupture of a blood vessel in the brain, with bleeding into brain tissue 38 19
20 Stroke Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs) ministrokes - periods of restricted blood supply that produce the same symptoms as a stroke
21 Management of Stroke Management medications can dissolve clot and restore blood flow to the brain If hemorrhagic, depends on the underlying cause of the bleed; sometimes surgery is necessary Rehabilitation, usually including physical therapy, an important component 41 Contributing Factors 42 21
22 Hypertension Hypertension - blood pressure that is forceful enough to damage artery walls the silent killer many people don t know they have it until its too late Untreated high blood pressure/hypertension: Can weaken and scar the arteries and make the heart work harder Can cause heart attacks, strokes, kidney disease, peripheral artery disease, and blindness 43 Hypertension Systolic Pressure Diastolic Pressure 44 22
23 Hypertension 45 Other Contributing Factors Triglyceride Levels fat in blood Levels in blood should be less than 150 to achieve desired levels Alcohol Intake Heavy drinking (more than 3 drinks/day) can damage the heart Light drinking (less than 2 drinks/day) can increase HDL levels, therefore protecting against heart disease and stroke risk Psychosocial Factors Personality, chronic stress, socioeconomic status, depression, and social support 46 23
24 Cholesterol 47 Noncontrollable Factors in Cardiovascular Health Age Gender Genetics and Family History Ethnicity and Race Postmenopausal Status 48 24
25 Major Controllable Factors in Cardiovascular Health Tobacco Use Blood Pressure Levels Cholesterol Levels Physical Activity BMI Blood Glucose Levels Diet 49 Areas of Interest for Future CVD Research Researchers are looking at how the following are associated with CVD: Low levels of vitamin D High blood levels of homocysteine (amino acid red meat) Metabolic syndrome (a set of conditions associated with CVD) Inflammation (body s response to protect itself) High levels of C-reactive protein in the blood Infections that may cause atherosclerotic plaques to break free Lower birth weight 50 25
26 Other Cardiovascular Diseases Heart Valve Disorders 51 Other Cardiovascular Diseases Congenital Heart Disease Structural defect at birth 52 26
27 Other Cardiovascular Diseases Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) - Atherosclerosis in the arms and legs 53 Other Cardiovascular Diseases Cardiomyopathy - Disease of the heart muscle 54 27
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