Äge neerupuudulikkus etioloogia ja patogenees. Äge neerukahjustus (ÄNK)( ÄNK olulisus kliinilises praktikas. ÄNK olulisus kliinilises praktikas

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1 Äge neerupuudulikkus etioloogia ja patogenees. Mai Rosenberg, TÜ, T, Sisekliinik Krooniline neeruhaigus (KNH) globaalne probleem Äge neerukahjustus (ÄNK)( Äge neerukahjustus (ÄNK)( ÄNK olulisus kliinilises praktikas, levimus ÄNK KDIGO definitsioon, klassifikatsioon ÄNK ERA-EDTA guideline töögrupi täiendused KDIGO uuele ÄNK ravijuhendile ÄNK põhjused ÄNK - haigusjuht ÄNK olulisus kliinilises praktikas, levimus ÄNK KDIGO definitsioon, klassifikatsioon ÄNK ERA-EDTA guideline töögrupi täiendused KDIGO uuele ÄNK ravijuhendile ÄNK põhjused ÄNK - haigusjuht ÄNK olulisus kliinilises praktikas < 1% väljaspool haiglat 5% haiglaravi patsientidest 25% intensiivravi patsientidest Surevus ~ 50% ÄNK olulisus kliinilises praktikas < 1% väljaspool haiglat 5% haiglaravi patsientidest 25% intensiivravi patsientidest Surevus ~ 50% Surevus sepsise haigetel 76% Allikas: Liano F, jt. The spectrum of ARF in ICU... Kidney Int S66,1998

2 ÄNK levimus ÄNP esinemissageduse, etioloogia ja ravitulemuste andmed kirjanduse andmetel sõltuvad sellest, - millist populatsiooni on uuritud - millist ÄNP definitsiooni on kasutatud d_xn0lek4 ÄNP esinemissagedus: Hospitaliseeritud pt.-l 70-ndatel 4.9% Hospitaliseeritud pt.-l 90-ndatel 7.2% - Hospit. pt.-l 90-ndatel KNP-ga 15.7% - Hospit. pt.-l 90-ndatel norm. GFR 5.3% Allikas: Liano F, jt. The spectrum of ARF in ICU... Kidney Int S66,1998 Dialüü üüsravi vajanud ägeda neerupuudulikkuse haigusjuhud TÜ Kliinikumis. Eesmärk: Uurida ägeda neerupuudulikkuse (ÄNP) haigeid, kes vajasid dialüüsravi: - ÄNP etioloogiat, - iseärasusi - kaugtulemusi TÜK-s Tulemused Kokku vajas dialüüsiravi 318 ÄNK haiget Intensiivravi osakonnas (IRO): 215 haiget Nefroloogia osakonnas: 88 Kardiokirurgia osakonnas:15 haiget Allikas: J. Uhlinova, M. Eerme, P. Tähepõld, M. Rosenberg, Stendiettekanne AT aastapäev 2012 ÄNP esinemissagedus Tartu Ülikooli Kliinikumis oli 0,23% RRT prevalence Number of patients RRT incidence Number of patients per million population RRT trends in Estonia according to modality of treatment Annual incidence per million population of new patients starting RRT ,7 65,7 54, Year starting RRT TX PD HD AKI pts TÜK-s Tulemused Contributing cases of AKI Number of patients (N) Percentage (%) Prerenal Sepsis/septic shock Poisonings Pancreatitis 22 7 Surgery: Cardiac surgery 15 Vascular surgery 17 Abdominal surgery 15 Contrast-induced 11 Pulmonologic diseases 10 Hematologic diseases 4 Other 5 Renal Post-renal Allikas: Epidemiological Data of Kidney Diseases in Estonia Annual Report 2012

3 Characteristics of patients requiring renal replacement therapy during the hospitalization at two time points: discharge and the 3 -year follow-up. Hospitalized pts 3-y follow-up Dead Alive Dead Alive Overall outcomes of the survival of the study population: Sepsis or non-sepsis patient groups (P=0.039). Survival of patients discharged alive (P=0.65). Number of pts (%) 106 (33%) 212* 44 (21%) 168* Mean age (years) Gender Male /Female (Male %) Diabetics/ non-diabetics (Diabetics %) Sepsis/no sepsis (Sepsis %) 76/30 (71%) 25/81 (31%) 35/71 (33%) 131/81 (62%) 36/176 (20%)* 38/174 (18%)* 31/13 (70%) 8/36 (18%) 7/37 (16%) * Statistically different (P 0.05) compared with patients who died 100/68 (60%) 28/140 (17%) 30/138 (18%) Survival probability Kaplan-Meier survival curve no sepsis sepsis time(years) Survival probability Kaplan-Meier survival curve, subgroup no sepsis sepsis time(years) Uuringutulemuste kokkuvõte ÄNK haigete arv suureneb aasta-aastalt ÄNP haigete seas oli rohkem mehi. Kõige suurema kontingendi ÄNP haigetest, kes vajasid dialüüsravi olid sepsise haiged ja diabeedihaiged Haiglaravi ajal ÄNP haigete surevus 33%, ellujäänud olid keskmiselt nooremad. (Kirjanduses 41-80%) ÄNK haigete seast moodustasid kroonilist dialüüsravi ägedalt alustanud 8% (s.t. haiged, kes hilinesid NAR ettevalmistamisele). Haigetest, kes lahkusid haiglast elusana jäi dialüüsravile 1/3 haigetest ÄNK olulisus kliinilises praktikas ÄNK - KNH ÄNP läbipõdenud haigetel areneb paljudel KNH, mis vajab ka dialüüsravi kohe või hiljem. Äge neerukahjustus tekib KNH patsientidel sagedamini ja kiiremini. ÄNK haigete arv ületab uute (incidence) KNH arvu aastas Äge neerukahjustus (ÄNK)( ÄNK olulisus kliinilises praktikas, levimus ÄNK definitsioon, klassifikatsioon ÄNK ERA-EDTA guideline töögrupi täiendused KDIGO ravijuhendile ÄNK põhjused ÄNK - haigusjuht ÄGE NEERUPUUDULIKKUS 1950 ndad aastad acute renal failure Definitsioon:* Varasematel aastakümnetel on kasutatud erinevaid ÄNK definitsioone paralleelselt, mistõttu on uuringute omavaheline võrdlus olnud raske: - nt. defineeritud neeru funktsiooni kiire languse alusel päevad, nädalad - ainevahetuse lõpp-produktide kuhjumise alusel Kreatiniin, uurea - vee ja elektrolüütide regulatsiooni häirete alusel *> 16 erinevat definitsiooni Palevsky PM: Acute Renal Failure JASN 5,vol3,sept 2004

4 Äge neerupuudulikkus, -kahjustus (ÄNP, ÄNK) klassifikatsioon 1. Lokalisatsiooni järgi Prerenaalne ~ 60% Renaalne ~ 35% Postrenaalne < 5% 2. Uriini koguse järgi: A. mitte-oliguuriline > 500 ml/päevas B. oliguuriline ml/päevas C. anuuriline < 100 ml/päevas Äge neerukahjustus (ÄNK)( uus ravijuhend KDIGO juhatus leidis, et acute kidney injury (AKI), äge neerukahjustus (ÄNK) on täitnud kriteeriumid eraldiseisva kliinilise ravijuhendi loomiseks ÄNK ravijuhendi definitsioon ja klassifikatsioon baseerub RIFLE ja AKIN töögruppide poolt väljatöötatud kriteeriumide kombinatsioonil Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury. Kidney inter 2012; 2(Suppl): Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) ( Sõltumatu mittetulundus fond, millel on mitmeid töögruppe, rahvusvaheline juhatus ja mille missioon on järgmine: Parandada ülemaailmselt neeruhaiguste käsitlust ja ravitulemusi järgmiste meetmete abil: - algatada ja koordineerida koostööd, - välja töötada kliinilis-praktilisi ravijuhiseid, - jälgida nende rakendamist RIFLE kriteeriumid RIFLE kriteeriumid R risk I injury F failure L loss E end stage kidney disease Euroopas Bellomo R, Ronco C. jt. The Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative II: the Vicenza Conference Adv. Acute Ren Replace Ther : ,2002 Kreatiniini ja GFR kriteeriumid R: S-kreat tõus 1.5 x või GFR langus 25% I: S-kreat tõus 2 x või GFR langus 50% F: S-kreat tõus 3 x või GFR langus 75% L: Persisteeruv ÄNP (> 4 näd) E: Lõpp-staadiumi NP (> 3 k.) Diureesi kriteeriumid < 0.5 ml/kg/t 6 t. jooksul < 0.5 ml/kg/t 12 t jooksul < 0.3 ml/kg/t 24 t. või anuuria 12 t. AKIN (acute kidney injury network) töögrupp USA-s Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV et al. Acute Kidney Injury Network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit Care 2007; 11: R31

5 Äge neerukahjustus (ÄNK)( KDIGO ravijuhend ndad aastad acute renal failure KDIGO juhatus leidis, et acute kidney injury (AKI), äge neerukahjustus (ÄNK) on täitnud kriteeriumid eraldiseisva kliinilise ravijuhendi loomiseks, sest: - esineb sageli. - on võimalik varakult avastada ja on potentsiaalselt ärahoitav. - mõjutab oluliselt haiguste kulgu (suremus!). - kõrge maksumus. - kliinilises praktikas esineb küllaltki suur erinevus ennetuse, diagnoosimise, ravi ja kaugtulemuste osas. - kliiniliste ravijuhendite olemasolu võimaldab vähendada neid erinevusi, parandada kaugtulemusi ja vähendada ravimaksumust. 2008, juuni KDIGO töögrupp Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury. Kidney inter 2012; 2(Suppl): , juuni KDIGO töögrupp: ÄNK ravijuhend SCOPE Definition, Evaluation and Classification Definition of AKI Classification of AKI (RIFLE, AKIN, others) Diagnostic tools (urinary abnormalities, blood tests, biomarkers, imaging techniques) Clinical settings to consider (community, in-hospital, ICU, developing countries) Prevention Susceptible groups and risk factors (genetic, clinical, age, baseline egfr) General measures (volume status, hemodynamic monitoring, urine flow, renal perfusion) Pharmacologic interventions (diuretics, vasopressors, vasodilators, acetylcysteine) Measures to consider in the use of drugs and procedures associated with AKI Treatment Non-dialytic (volume, anti-sepsis, ventilation, metabolic control, euglycemia) Dialytic (type, dose, initiation, discontinuation, anticoagulants, access) Prognosis Scoring systems (recovery, mortality) The interrelationship between AKI and CKD Factors that determine general and renal recovery and outcome ÄNK definitsioon ÄNK staadiumid Ägedat neerukahjustust saab diagnoosida, kui esineb vähemalt üks järgmistest seisunditest: Ägeda neerukahjustuse staadium Seerumi kreatiniin Diurees seerumi kreatiniini sisalduse suurenemine 48 tunni jooksul üle 26,5 µmol/l; seerumi kreatiniini sisalduse suurenemine 1,5 korra võrreldes baasväärtusega, mis on teada või arvatavasti tekkinud eelneva 7 päeva jooksul; diureesi vähenemine 6 tunni jooksul alla 0,5 ml/kg/t. 1. 1,5 1,9 korda üle baasväärtuse või sisalduse kasv 26,5 µmol/l < 0,5 ml/kg/t 6 12 tunni jooksul 2. 2,0 2,9 korda üle baasväärtuse < 0,5 ml/kg/t enam kui 12 tunni jooksul 3. 3,0 korda baasväärtusest kõrgem või sisalduse suurenemine 353,6 µmol/l või NARi alustamine või alla 18 a vanustel patsientidel egfr vähenemine alla 35 ml / min / 1,73 m 2 kohta < 0,3 ml/kg/t enam kui 24 tunni jooksul või anuuria üle 12 tunni Allikas: Allikas: A European Renal Best Practice (ERBP) position statement on the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Clinical Practice Guidelines on Acute Kidney Injury A European Renal Best Practice (ERBP) position statement on the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Clinical Practice Guidelines on Acute Kidney Injury KDIGO guidelines are based on the systematic review of relevant trials published before February Nevertheless, for many sections of the guidelines, appropriate supporting evidence is lacking in the literature. As a consequence, variations in practice will inevitably occur when clinicians take into account the needs of individual patients, available resources and limitations unique to a region, an institution or type of practice. Therefore, in line with its philosophy, the European Renal Best Practice (ERBP) wanted to issue a position statement on these guidelines 1.1: Definition and classification of AKI We recommend using a uniform definition of AKI, based on urinary output and on changes in serum creatinine (SCr) level. It is important that both criteria are taken into account. (1C) We recommend diagnosing and indicating the severity of AKI according to the criteria in the table below: (ungraded statement)

6 A European Renal Best Practice (ERBP) position statement on the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Clinical Practice Guidelines on Acute Kidney Injury AKD, AKI ja CKD kontseptuaalne mudel Stage 1: one of the following: Serum creatinine increased times baseline Serum creatinine increase >0.3mg/dl (26.5 μmol/l) Urinary output < 0.5ml/kg/h during a 6 hour block Stage 2: one of the following Serum creatinine increase times baseline Urinary output <0.5ml/kg/h during two 6 hour blocks Stage 3: one of the following: Serum creatinine increase >3 times baseline Serum creatinine increases to >4.0mg/dl (353 μmol/l) Initiation of renal replacement therapy Urinary output <0.3ml/kg/h during more than 24 hours Anuria for more than 12 hours The ERBP workgroup stresses that this classification should be considered as a severity scoring rather than a nosological definition AKD AKI AKD acute kidney disease (disorder), AKI acute kidney injury, CKD chronic kidney disease, Allikas: CKD äge neeruhaigus äge neerukahjustus krooniline neeruhaigus ÄNK kontseptuaalne mudel Miks on vaja uusi biomarkereid ÄNK käsitluses kreatiniini abil ei saa diagnoosida ÄNK varakult ja arvutuslik GFR ei näita tõelist neerufunktsiooni kreatiniin üksi ei ole neerufunktsiooni hindamisel usaldusväärne, sest on mõjutatud erinevatest faktoritest ning filtratsioon võib väheneda poole võrra enne kui kreatiniini tase oluliselt suureneb. otsitakse uusi biomarkereid, mis aitaksid ägedat neerukahjustust diagnoosida võimalikult varakult ja alustada ravi. kahjuks on paljud ÄNK biomarkeri kandidaadid on osutunud ebapiisava spetsiifilisuse ja sensitiivsuse tõttu kliiniliseks kasutuseks mittesobivaiks üksikult ja ka paneelina määramisel. Allikas: (Tsüstatiin C (CysC), Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), Interleukiin-18 (IL-18), Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), jt.) A European Renal Best Practice (ERBP) position statement on the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Clinical Practice Guidelines on Acute Kidney Injury The additional clinical benefit for differential diagnosis of AKI of newer markers of kidney function (e.g. cystatin C) or kidney injury parameters (e.g. neutrophil gelatinase- associated lipocalin) has so far not been proved and is a matter of debate (Haase, Lameire). ERBP at this stage does not recommend their use for diagnostic purposes in clinical conditions. Haase M, Devarajan P, Haase-Fielitz A et al. The outcome of neutro- phil gelatinase-associated lipocalin-positive subclinical acute kidney injury: a multicenter pooled analysis of prospective studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57: Lameire NH, Vanholder RC, Van Biesen WA. How to use bio- markers efficiently in acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2011; 79: Äge neerukahjustus (ÄNK)( ÄNK olulisus kliinilises praktikas, levimus ÄNK definitsioon, klassifikatsioon ÄNK ERA-EDTA guideline töögrupi täiendused KDIGO ravijuhendile ÄNK põhjused ÄNK - haigusjuht

7 ÄNK põhjused Arengumaades gastroenteriit, mürgistused, malaaria, infektsioonhaigused Looduskatastroofid crush sündroom Recommendation for the management of crush victims in mass disasters. Sever MS, Vanholder R; RDRTF of ISN Work Group on Recommendations for the Management of Crush Victims in Mass Disasters. Nephrol Dial Transplant Apr;27 Suppl 1:i1-67. Arenenud maades: * intensiivravi palatites: infektsioonid, sepsis, südamepuudulikkus, postoperatiivsed pt * ÄNK esinemine KNH-l, * ravimite kasutus vanematel, * kontrastained ÄNK põhjused Äge NK Prerenaalne (50-80%) Renaalne (10-45%) Postrenaalne 10-15%) Vaskulaarne kahjustus (5%) Glomerulaarne kahjustus (5%) Interstitsiaalne nefriit (5%) Isheemiline Toksiline Pigmendid Äge tubulaarnekroos (80%) Kardiorenaalne sündroom I tüüp järsk südametegevuse halvenemine (nt. kardiogeenne šokk või SP), mis viib ÄNP tekkele II tüüp krooniline SP (krooniline kongestiivne SP), mis põhjustab progresseeruvat ja permanentset KNH. III tüüp - järsk neerufunktsiooni halvenemine (nt. äge neeruisheemia, glomerulonefriit), mis põhjustab ÄSP (nt. SP, arütmiaid, isheemia). IV tüüp krooniline neeruhaigus (nt. krooniline glomerulaarhaigus), mis seostub kroonilise SP, kardiaalse hüpertroofia ja/või suurenenud südameveresoonkonna tüsistuste riskiga. V tüüp süsteemne seisund (nt. diabeet, sepsis), mis põhjustab nii südame- kui ka renaalset düsfunktsiooni. Allikas: Claudio Ronco MD et al Cardiorenal Syndrome Journal of the American College of Cardiology,, 2008 Vol 52, Issue 19, ÄNK põhjused Äge NK Prerenaalne (50-80%) Renaalne (10-45%) Postrenaalne 10-15%) Vaskulaarne kahjustus (5%) Glomerulaarne kahjustus (5%) Interstitsiaalne nefriit (5%) Äge tubulaarnekroos (80%) Isheemiline Toksiline Pigmendid Allikas: Claudio Ronco MD et al Cardiorenal Syndrome Journal of the American College of Cardiology,, 2008 Vol 52, Issue 19,

8 A European Renal Best Practice (ERBP) position statement on the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Clinical Practice Guidelines on Acute Kidney Injury A European Renal Best Practice (ERBP) position statement on the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Clinical Practice Guidelines on Acute Kidney Injury The cause of AKI should be determined whenever possible. As a minimal work-up, the presence of hypo- volaemia, post-renal causes, low cardiac output, use of nephrotoxic agents, acute glomerulonephritis and renal micro-angiopathy as underlying contributors to AKI should be evaluated. (Ungraded statement) As hypovolaemia, post-renal causes and nephrotoxic drugs can result in reversible causes and can be readily diagnosed, these should be excluded as soon as possible. Although their prevalence as a cause of AKI is only limited, a minimal work-up for the presence of underlying rapidly progressive forms of glomerular disease should also be performed, especially in the absence of other potential explanations. Kardiorenaalne sündroom I tüüp järsk südametegevuse halvenemine (nt. kardiogeenne šokk või SP), mis viib ÄNP tekkele II tüüp krooniline SP (krooniline kongestiivne SP), mis põhjustab progresseeruvat ja permanentset KNH. III tüüp - järsk neerufunktsiooni halvenemine (nt. äge neeruisheemia, glomerulonefriit), mis põhjustab ÄSP (nt. SP, arütmiaid, isheemia). IV tüüp krooniline neeruhaigus (nt. krooniline glomerulaarhaigus), mis seostub kroonilise SP, kardiaalse hüpertroofia ja/või suurenenud südameveresoonkonna tüsistuste riskiga. V tüüp süsteemne seisund (nt. diabeet, sepsis), mis põhjustab nii südame- kui ka renaalset düsfunktsiooni. Allikas: Claudio Ronco MD et al Cardiorenal Syndrome Journal of the American College of Cardiology,, 2008 Vol 52, Issue 19, Allikas: Claudio Ronco MD et al Cardiorenal Syndrome Journal of the American College of Cardiology,, 2008 Vol 52, Issue 19, Brenner s ja Rector s The Kidney 9.ed.

9 Crescentic GN = kliiniliselt kiiresti progresseeruv GN Haigused ( ) n % Primaarsed glomerulopaatiad Mesangioproliferatiivne GN IgA nefropaatia Membranoproliferatiivne GN Fokalne-segmentarne glomeruloskleroos Minimaalsete muutustega haigus Nekrootiline/poolkuudega GN Membranoosne GN Difuusne endokapillarne proliferatiivne GN Skleroseeruv GN Sekundaarne glomerulonefriit Lupusnefriit Henoch-Schönlein purpura Riispere Z, Ots- Süsteemne vaskuliit Rosenberg M. Wegeneri granulomatoos Occurrence of kidney Infektsioossete haigustega diseases and patterns assotsieerunud GN of glomerular disease based on a 10-year Neerude amüloidoos kidney biopsy Diabeetiline glomeruloskleroos material: a Alporti sündroom retrospective singlecentre analysis in Teised hereditaarsed haigused Estonia Scand J Urol Nephrol Oct;46(5): Tubulointerstitsiaalsed haigused Teised seisundid Äge neerukahjustus (ÄNK)( ÄNK olulisus kliinilises praktikas, levimus ÄNK definitsioon, klassifikatsioon ÄNK ERA-EDTA guideline töögrupi täiendused KDIGO ravijuhendile ÄNK põhjused ÄNK - haigusjuht Anti-GBM haigusjuht, 25 a. M Kaebused: nõrkus, jõuetus, põlvevalu, uriin punakas-pruuni värvi, palavik õhtuti, kõhulahtisus olnud mõned päevad tagasi Pöördunud nimetatud vaevustega perearstile , kes teinud uuringud, avastanud uriini patoloogia - nefriitiline uriin ja jääkainete suurenemine (S-kreatiniin ~300 μmol/l), aneemia (103 g/l) ning suunas pt nefroloogia os. Anamneesist: Pt. töötab maakonnas valveteenistuses, öövahetustes võimalik kokkupuude närilistega. Pt. oli paar nädalat tagasi osa võtnud suuremast peost sõpradega, kus suitsetatud vesipiipu ja kasutatud ohtralt alkoholi. Võimalik, et külmetunud selle peo järgselt nefroloogia os. Anti-GBM haigusjuht, 25 a. M Saabudes üldseisund rahuldav, hemodünaamika stabiilne, kopsudes vesikulaarne hingamiskahin, tursevaba, nahk puhas, subfebriliteet CRV tõus kuni 26 mg/l Algne ravi: a/b ravi + sümptomaatiline ravi: AKE inhibiitor, diureetikum võimaliku postinfektsioosse GN tõttu 2 nädala jooksul diurees vähenes ning seoses jääkainete kahekordistumisega kuni 600 μmol/l oli vajalik dialüüsi alustamine. Anti-GBM haigusjuht, 25 a. M Uriini analüüs testribaga SG PH 5.0 NIT NEG LEU NEG PRO 0.25 g/l GLU NEG KET NEG UBG NEG BIL NEG ERY 100 /µl Uriini sademe mikroskoopia erütrotsüüdid <10-15 leukotsüüdid 2 (<4 /hpf ) lameepiteelid <1

10 Anti-GBM haigusjuht, 25 a. M Uuringud: Kopsuröntgen: Kopsuväljad transparentsed, infiltratiivseid muutusi ei ilmestu. Siinused vabad, hiilused struktuursed. Süda ealine. Ultraheli: Pankrease piirkonnas ekspansiivseid muutusi nähtavale ei tule. Pankrease juha ei ole laienenud. Maksa parenhüümi ehhostruktuur on tavaline, koldemuutusi maksas ei leidu. Sapisüsteemis aktuaalseks tõlgendatavat nähtavale ei tule. Neerud mõõtmetelt ja kuju poolest tavalised. Pehmakoelisi kasvajaid või hüdronefroosi ei visualiseeru. Põrn mõõtmetelt normipiires. Paraaortaalselt lümfadenopaatiat ei täheldata. Kõhuaordi kaliiber normi piires. Kusepõis on pooltühi. Vabat vedelikku intraperitoneaalselt ei visualiseeru. Anti-GBM haigusjuht, 25 a. M Uuringud: Immunoloogia: HIV1/2 ag+aknegatiivne HBsAgNegatiivne HCV antikehad Negatiivne HBcantikehad Negatiivne HBs antikehad kvant. 0.3 (>10.0 Positiivne U/L ) ASO neg HantaviirusIgMNegatiivne HantaviirusIgGNegatiivne Leptospiraantikehad Negatiivne ANA neg ANCA neg Anti-GBM a/k - positiivne Neerubiopsia Anti-GBM haigusjuht, 25 a. M Ravi: - Arvestades kliinilisi uuringuid alustatud immuunosupressiivset ravi Medroli ja Tsüklofosfamiidiga (taluvus halb, peatatud). - Kaasnevalt sümptomaatiline ravi antihüpertensiivsete preparaatidega, + Calcigran, +EPO, +Fe-preparaat Haiglaravil alustatud hemodialüüsravi ja plasmafereesi, mis jätkusid ambulatoorselt Ravi Medrol 48 mg (H)+32 mg (L), Omep 20 mg x2, Calcigran 1 tab x 3, Monopril 20 mg x 2, Amlodipin 10 mg (Õ), EPO 5000 TÜ x 2 nädalas, Venofer 5 ml x 1 nädalas (HD ajal), HD 3 korda nädalas, Plasmaferees 2 korda nädalas. Anti-GBM haigusjuht, 25 a. M Haiguse kulg: - HD ja plasmafereesi foonil aneemia (Hb 86 g/l), trombotsütopeenia - anti-gbm a/k neg - Plasmaferees lõpetatud Planeeritud ema neeru siirdamine pt haigestub kopsupõletikku, mistõttu neerusiirdamine edasi lükatud ( )

11 Kokkuvõte ÄNK - KNH Traditsiooniline arusaam, et neerufunktsioon paraneb pt-del universaalselt peale ÄNK, ei ole enam tõene ÄNP läbipõdenud haigetel areneb paljudel KNH, mis vajab ka dialüüsravi kohe või hiljem. ÄNK haigete arv ületab uute (incidence) KNH arvu aastas A European Renal Best Practice (ERBP) position statement on the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Clinical Practice Guidelines on Acute Kidney Injury 1.3. Further follow-up of AKI Assess patients 2 months after AKI to evaluate the completeness of resolution, the detection of new onset CKD or worsening of pre-existing CKD. (1C) Äge neerukahjustus tekib KNH patsientidel sagedamini ja kiiremini. Kaugtulemuste kohta vähe uuringuid tehtud. Goodpasture sündroom ajalugu Tänan tähelepanu eest! 1919 a. Ernest Goodpasture kirjeldas 18-a mehel gripiepideemia ajal esinenud kopsuverejooksuga kaasnevat poolkuudega GN 1955 kirjeldas Parkin 3 samasuguse kliinilise leiuga haigusjuhtu 1958 a., 40 a hiljem kirjeldati veel samasuguste nähtudega 9 haigusjuhtu (Stanton, Tange). Sellest ajast on kasutusel Goodpasture sündroom a näitasid Scheer ja Grossman otsesel IF uuringul neerubiopsial iseloomulikke lineaarseid ladestusi 1967 a. anti-gbm antikehade avastamine Praegu on teada, et Goodpasture haiguse kohta, et tegemist on autoimmuunse haigusega, kus autoantigeeniks on spetsiifiline GBM paiknev antigeen kollageeni IV ahelas, täpsemalt α-3 ahela mitte-kollageenne osa, ehk lühendatult α3(iv)nci (carboxy-terminal globular (NCI) domain of a tissue specific type IV collagen chain, the α 3 chain) (Krakower and Greenspun) Esinemissagedus USA 1-2% kõigist kiiresti progresseeruvatest glomerulonefriitidest Inglismaa: 1984 a tehtud 4 aastat kestnud uuringus leiti 0.5 anti-gbm GN juhtu miljoni elanikkonna kohta aastas Võrreldes Wegeneri granulomatoosiga, kus esinemissagedus on 0.5 haigusjuhtu elanikkonna kohta aastas, on anti-gbm haigus palju harvem Harva esinev autoimmuunne haigus Sagedamini meestel M:N = 2-9:1 Surevus: Varem oli tegemist fataalse haigusega. Tänapäeval on surevus ~ 10%. Enamikel tekib lõpp-staadiumi neerupuudulikkus 1 aasta jooksul. Kliinilised nähud Goodpasture sündroomi triaad: diffuusne kopsuverejooks, glomerulonefriit, tsirkuleerivad anti-gbm antikehad Kliinilised nähud võivad olla seotud klassikaliselt kopsu ja neerukahjustusega (60-80%), kuid võib olla ka ainult kopsu (10%) või ainult neerukahjustus (20-40%). Noortel meestel peamiselt kopsu-neeru sündroom (20 30 a.). Vanematel naistel (60-70 a.) esineb peamiselt glomerulonefriit Haiguse algus: respiratoorsed sümptoomid (hemoptoe, köha, düspnoe) (25%) Rö-th: infiltraadid Sageli palavik, seedetrakti sümptoomid (41%), rinnavalu (40%), artralgia, aneemia (kopsuverejooksu tõttu) Uriinis nefriitiline leid, kiiresti progresseeruva GN teke, ÄNP teke Autoantikehade poolt põhjustatud põletikuline destruktsioon neerupäsmakeste ja kopsualveoolide basaalmembraanis

12 Haiguse avaldumise riskitegurid Diagnoosimine Geneetiline eelsoodumus seotud teatud HLA subtüübidega (HLA- DR2, HLA-DRB1*1501 ja *1502, DR-W 15, HLA-B7 ) Suitsetamine Viirusinfektsioonid (A gripp) Kokaiini inhalatsioom Orgaanilised lahused, metallitolmud Kliiniline sündroom äge nefriitiline, kiiresti progresseeruv GN Seerumis tsirkuleerivad anti-gbm antikehad (IgG) %-l juhtudest esinevad ka ANCA antikehad Neerubiopsia (intra- ja ekstrakapillaarne proliferatsioon, poolkuud, hiljem lisaks glomeruloskleroos, interstitsiaalne fibroos ja tubulaarne atroofia) Diferentsiaaldiagnoos: muud glomerulonefriidi vormid, pneumoonia, Wegener i granulomatoos, SLE Ravi Immuunosupressioon (kortikosteroidid, tsüklofosfamiid) Metüülprednisoloon pulssravi Plasmaferees antikehade eemaldus Vältida riskitegureid, mis võiksid käivitada autoantikehade produktsiooni Neerupuudulikkuse korral neeruasendusravi A European Renal Best Practice (ERBP) position statement on the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Clinical Practice Guidelines on Acute Kidney Injury The use of diuretics in AKI We recommend diuretics should not be used to prevent AKI. (1B) We suggest not using diuretics to increase urinary volume in established AKI, except for the management of volume overload. (2C) A European Renal Best Practice (ERBP) position statement on the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Clinical Practice Guidelines on Acute Kidney Injury Pharmacological interventions We recommend low-dose dopamine should not be used to prevent or treat AKI. (1A) We do not recommend using fenoldopam to prevent or treat AKI. (1C) We do not recommend using atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) to prevent (1C) or treat (1B) AKI.

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