Natriuretski peptidi u klini koj praksi

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1 2 147 A K T U E L N E T E M E UDC : Natriuretski peptidi u klini koj praksi Radomir Matunovi, Aleksandar Stojanovi, Milorad Damjanovi Vojnomedicinska akademija, Klinika za kardiologiju, Beograd K lj u n e r e i : natriuretski peptidi; natriuretski faktor pretkomore; natriuretski peptid mozga; natriuretski peptid, tip C; srce, bolesti. K e y w o r d s : natriuretic peptides; atrial natriuretic factor; natriuretic peptide, brain; natriuretic peptide, C-type; heart diseases. Markeri neurohumoralne aktivacije, u koje ubrajamo natriuretske peptide, pružaju zna ajne dijagnosti ke i prognosti ke informacije o mnogim bolestima, naro ito o akutnom koronarnom sindromu (AKS) i kongestivnoj sr anoj slabosti (CHF congestive heart failure). S obzirom na njihove biohemijske i druge karakteristike i jednostavnost laboratorijskog odre ivanja, natriuretski peptidi bi mogli u budu nosti initi nezaobilaznu kariku u evaluaciji mnogih hemodinamskih poreme aja. Biohemijske i molekulske osnove sekrecije natriuretskih peptida Porodicu natriuretskih peptida ine tri glavna lana i svi u svojoj strukturi imaju 17- lani aminokiselinski prsten. To su: pretkomorski (ANP atrial natriuretic peptide) i moždani natriuretski peptid (BNP brain natriuretic peptide) koji se sintetišu u miokardnim elijama, kao i natriuretski peptid tip-c (CNP) koji se sintetiše u endotelu (1 3). Sva tri peptida se eliminišu preko C-receptora za natriuretske peptide, a razgra uju preko neutralne endopeptidaze (1, 2). BNP nastaje iz prohormona (probnp 108 ) koji se pre lu- enja iz kardiomiocita cepa na neaktivni aminoterminalni fragment probnp 1-76 (NT-proBNP) i na biološki aktivan hormon BNP (tj. COOH-terminalni probnp ) (4 6) (slika 1). Oba peptida cirkulišu u plazmi. Ekspresija BNP-a u kardiomiocitima indukovana je brzom kinetikom primarno odgovornog gena (7). Brza indukcija transkripcije se može posti i molekulima koji produžuju poluživot irnk (informacione RNK). Napetost i istezanje zida komore indukuje sintezu BNP irnk (7, 8). Kao rezultat toga, promene u ekspresiji BNP mogu predstavljati reakciju na ishemiju miokarda, nekrozu, ošte enje i lokalni mehani ki stres komorskih miocita, ak i kada opšti hemodinamski parametri ostanu nepromenjeni. Fiziološko dejstvo natriuretskih peptida Natriuretski peptidi ostvaruju svoje dejstvo vezivanjem za receptore uglavnom na endotelnim elijama, vaskularnim glatkomiši nim elijama i na drugim ciljnim elijama. Identifikovana su tri razli ita receptora za natriuretske peptide u tkivima sisara i to: A, B i C (9). Receptiri A i B imaju sli nu strukturu, sa 44% homologije u domenu vezivanja liganda. Oba tipa receptora koriste cgmp signalnu kaskadu. Receptor A se uglavnom nalazi u velikim krvnim sudovima, dok se receptor B nalazi pretežno u mozgu. Oba tipa receptora su na ena i u bubrezima i nadbubrežnim žlezdama. Receptor A vezuje uglavnom ANP, a u nešto manjoj meri i BNP. S druge strane, C-tip natriuretskog peptida je prirodni ligand receptora B (10). Moždani natriuretski peptid je mo an natriuretik, diuretik i vazodilatator (tabela 1). On u estvuje u homeostazi te nosti i elektrolita dejstvom na centralni nervni sistem i periferna tkiva. Tako e, podsti e vaskularnu relaksaciju i snižava krvni pritisak, naro ito u stanjima hipervolemije. Inhibiše simpati ki tonus, osovinu renin-angiotenzin i sintezu vazokonstriktornih molekula kao što su kateholamini, angiotenzin II, aldosteron i endotelin-1. Poboljšava centralnu hemodinamiku, uklju uju i sr ani indeks, kod bolesnika sa CHF supresijom proliferacije miocita i kompenzatorne hipertrofije srca. Njegovi efekti na bubrežnu funkciju obu- Matunovi R, et al. Vojnosanit Pregl 2005; 62(2):

2 148 2 Tabela 1 Fiziološko delovanje natriuretskih peptida Bubreg Krvni sudovi Srce SNS/RAAS brzinu glomer. filtracije arterijski tonus luzitropno tonus vagusa resorpciju Na + venski tonus antifibrotski aktivnost SNS antiproliferativno antiproliferativno osloba anje renina osloba anje aldosterona SNS simpati ki nervni sistem; RAAS renin-angiotenzin-aldosteron sistem hvataju pove anje glomerulske filtracije i ekskrecije natrijuma (11). Natriuretski peptidi kao važni sr ani neurohumoralni markeri Nivoi natriuretskih peptida precizno reflektuju stanje dekompenzacije cirkulacije (12). Izgleda da je njihovo lu enje u direktnom odnosu sa pove anjem volumena komora i pritiska punjenja (13, 14). I BNP i NT-proBNP su nezavisni prediktori povišenog enddijastolnog pritiska leve komore (LK) i mnogo su korisniji nego ANP ili drugi neurohormoni za procenu mortaliteta bolesnika sa CHF (12). Poluživot NT-proBNP je 120 minuta, što govori da se zna ajne hemodinamske promene mogu odraziti ovim testom otprilike svakih 12 sati (15). Poluživot BNP-a je 22 minuta, a ranije studije su dokazale da BNP može precizno odražavati promene pritiska u plu noj kapilarnoj mreži svaka 2 sata (slika 1). Na osnovu toga može se re i da biološke razlike izme u ova dva peptida mogu biti od koristi u specifi nim klini kim prilikama. Pore enje BNP i NT-proBNP U tabeli 2 prikazane su najvažnije razlike izme u BNP i NT-proBNP (15). Prednost BNP je u slede em: dostupan je za brzu dijagnostiku na mestu zbrinjavanja, manje zavisi od starosti i bubrežne funkcije i jedini ima utvr enu grani nu vrednost za dijagnostiku CHF. Koristi se kao dijagnosti- ko sredstvo za CHF i kao prognosti ki indikator kod akutnog koronarnog sindroma. Prednost NT-proBNP je u primeni u velikim laboratorijama. Njegova uska veza sa renalnom funkcijom navela je mnoge istraživa e na to da bi NTproBNP mogao biti marker ukupne kardiorenalne funkcije. Važno je ista i da dijagnosti ka vrednost NT-proBNP zavisi od starosti bolesnika. NT N-terminalni; ANP natriuretski peptid tip-a; BNP natriuretski peptid tip-b. Sl. 1 Struktura i poluživot natriuretskih peptida Tabela 2 Najvažnije razlike izme u BNP i NT-proBNP Karakteristike BNP NT-proBNP Komponente BNP molekul NT fragment (1 76) NT-proBNP (1 108) Molekulska masa 3,5 kda 8,5 kda Hormonski aktivan Da Ne, neaktivan peptid Geneza Cepanjem NT-proBNP Osloba anje iz miocita komora Poluživot 20 min. 120 min. Mehanizam klirensa Neutralna endopeptidaza, klirens receptori Renalni klirens Porast sa starenjem Korelacija sa procenjenom BGF -0,20-0,60 Odobrena pražna vrednost za dijagnozu CHF Starost: 75pg/ml Starost: < 75 g d. 125 pg/ml g d pg/ml Koristi se za procenu CHF Da Ne Koristi se za prognozu AKS Da Ne Dostupan na mestu zbrinjavanja Da Da Broj završenih studija Datum stupanja u prodaju u SAD Novembar Decembar BNP B-tip natriuretskog peptida; NT N-terminalni; CHF kongestivna sr ana slabost; AKS akutni koronarni sindrom; BGF brzina glomerulske filtracije. Prema McCullough (15). 3,5 kda 8,5 kda

3 2 149 Nivoi natriuretskih peptida u zdravoj populaciji Nivo BNP zavisi od starosti, ali i od prisustva ili odsustva CHF (16). Starenjem LK postaje kruta i stimuliše stvaranje BNP iji nivo u serumu raste, ali obi no ostaje niži od 50 pg/ml sve dok se ne razvije sistolna ili dijastolna disfunkcija LK (slika 2) (17). Srednji nivo BNP kod osoba starih od 55 do 64 godine je 26,2 ± 1,8 pg/ml, od 65 do 74 godine 31,0 ± 2,4 pg/ml, a kod starijih od 74 godine 63,7 ± 6,0 pg/ml (podaci Uprave za hranu i lekove SAD). Žene bez CHF izgleda da imaju nešto viši nivo BNP od muškaraca iste starosti, a srednji nivo BNP za žene starije od 75 godina je 76,5 ± 3,5 pg/ml (18). Iako je uzrok ovome još uvek nepoznat, ini se da je u pitanju dijastolna disfunkcija koja je eš a kod žena. Starost (god) BNP natriuretski peptid tip-b; CHF kongestivna sr ana slabost; LK leva komora. Prema McCulloughu (17). Sl. 2 Porast BNP tokom životnog veka zavisno od stanja funkcije miokarda Prema podacima Biosite Diagnostics, grani na vrednost za BNP je 100 pg/ml i uklju uje povišeni nivo ovih peptida koji se sre e kod starijih, a s druge strane, omogu- ava razlikovanje osoba sa CHF od onih bez nje (17). Pri ovoj koncentraciji senzitivnost je 82,4% za CHF u opštoj populaciji, a ak 99% kod onih sa NYHA (New York Heart Association) IV klasom bolesti. Specifi nost ovog testa prelazi 95% kada se porede bolesnici bez CHF sa onima sa CHF. Nivo od 100 pg/ml potvr uje da ne postoji tzv. BNP bolest koja se odnosi na grupu bolesnika za koje se greškom misli da imaju sr anu slabost zbog lažno povišenih nivoa BNP. Me utim, u praksi bi trebalo uzimati u obzir pored više i nižu grani nu vrednost, prvu (oko 100 pg/ml) za odre- ivanje specifi nosti i pozitivne prediktivne vrednosti testa, a drugu (40 60 pg/ml) za njegovu senzitivnost i negativnu prediktivnu vrednost. Na nivo NT-proBNP uti e pad glomerulske filtracije koji nastaje kao posledica starenja. Tako se vrednosti za otkrivanje sr ane slabosti pomeraju sa 125 na 450 pg/ml nakon 75. godine života (15). U intervalu sa najve om incidencom sr ane slabosti (65 85 godina) postoji zna ajna tzv. siva zona za NT-proBNP u kojoj test može biti od male koristi i može zbuniti klini are. Drugim re ima, možemo re i da nivoi NT-proBNP iznad 125 pg/ml kod bolesnika mla ih od 75 godina i preko 450 pg/ml kod bolesnika starijih od 75 godina odražavaju postojanje CHF. Vrednosti NT-proBNP izme u 125 i 450 pg/ml kod starijih trebalo bi smatrati nedijagnosti kim do dobijanja novih rezultata ispitivanja. Ni BNP ni NT-proBNP se ne odstranjuju hemodijalizom (19). Kod bolesnika sa terminalnom bubrežnom boleš u BNP je obi no povišen pre dijalize i pada za 15 30% tokom 3 sata nakon dijalize. Nivo NT-proBNP, me utim, ostaje povišen i pre i posle dijalize, pa prema tome ne može biti od koristi za procenu volumnog statusa kod ovakvih bolesnika (20). Upotreba natriuretskih peptida u klini koj praksi Da bi biomarker bio koristan u svakodnevnom radu morao bi biti pogodan za brzo i precizno odre ivanje i to po pristupa noj ceni, da pruža dodatne dijagnosti ke i prognosti ke informacije u odnosu na do tada dostupne metode i da je koristan u le enju bolesnika. Oba peptida, BNP i NTproBNP, ispunjavaju ve inu ovih kriterijuma kod bolesnika sa sumnjom na slabost srca. Odre ivanjem BNP predvi a se stadijum bolesti i prognoza bolje nego odre ivanjem ANP i NT-ANP (21, 22). Do danas nije sprovedena adekvatna studija u kojoj bi se poredio zna aj BNP i NT-proBNP. Me utim, izgleda da NT-proBNP daje uglavnom sli ne informacije kao i BNP (23). Osim dijagnosti kog i prognosti kog zna aja natriuretski peptidi sve eš e nalaze svoje mesto i u terapiji, naro ito u le enju bolesnika sa CHF. Dijagnosti ki zna aj BNP Sr ana slabost Dijagnostika sr ane slabosti je ponekad veoma teška s obzirom na to da simptomi i znaci ovog poreme aja nisu ni specifi ni, ni senzitivni (24, 25). Ova ograni enja naro ito dolaze do izražaja kada je poreme aj blag ili kada se radi o starijim bolesnicima koji esto imaju i neke druge poreme- aje koji mogu imitirati sr anu slabost, kao što su plu ni poreme aji ili gojaznost. U nekim ranijim pilot-studijama pokazano je da se povišenim vrednostima BNP može veoma dobro razlikovati sr ana slabost od drugih uzroka dispneje, ak bolje nego što je to mogu e pomo u ejekcione frakcije, ANP i NT-ANP, sa senzitivnoš u ve om od 90% i specifi noš u od 80 90% (26). Ovi nalazi su nedavno potvr eni i u multicentri noj studiji ra enoj na bolesnika sa dispnejom u jedinicama Hitne pomo i (27). U ovoj studiji koncentracija BNP je bila najve a kod bolesnika sa CHF, umereno povišena kod onih sa disfunkcijom LK, ali bez akutnog pogoršanja sr ane slabosti, a najmanja kod bolesnika bez sr ane slabosti i disfunkcije LK (slika 3). Koriste i koncentaraciju od 100 ng/l kao prag, BNP se pokazao boljim u dijagnostici sr ane slabosti od drugih klini kih varijabli, uklju uju i i klini ko prosu ivanje od strane lekara. Naro ito je korisna za isklju ivanje sr ane slabosti koncentaracija od 50 ng/l kao prag koja ima negativnu prediktivnu vrednost od 96% (tabela 3).

4 150 2 BNP natriuretski peptid tip-b; CHF kongestivna sr ana slabost; LK leva komora Prema: Maiselu (27). Sl. 3 Koncentracije BNP-a kod bolesnika sa dispnejom Operativne karakteristike grani nih vrednosti BNP Tabela 3 Grani na vrednost Senzitivnost Specifi nost PPV NPV Ta nost 50 ng/l 97% 62% % 80 ng/l 93% 74% % 100 ng/l 90% 76% % 125 ng/l 87% 79% % 150 ng/l 85% 83% % PPV pozitivna prediktivna vrednost; NPV negativna prediktivna vrednost Prema Maiselu (27). Asimptomatska disfunkcija leve komore Asimptomatska disfunkcija LK je isto tako esta kao i simptomatska sr ana slabost. Jednostavan skrining test za dijagnostiku ovog poreme aja može pomo i u identifikaciji bolesnika kod kojih postoji rizik od nastanka sr ane slabosti, a koji bi mogli imati korist od le enja koje usporava i odlaže progresiju sr ane slabosti (ACE inhibitori, blokatori) (28 31). Ovakav test može se upotrebiti i za identifikaciju bolesnika kod kojih postoji rizik od nastanka disfunkcije LK, a to su bolesnici sa dijabetesom, svežim infarktom miokarda ili terminalnom bubrežnom slaboš u. U otkrivanju asimptomatske disfunkcije leve komore BNP je manje precizan nego u otkrivanju sr ane slabosti, naro ito kada se radi o blagoj disfunkciji leve komore; koncentracije BNP-a kod bolesnika sa blagom disfunkcijom leve komore mogu biti jednake normalnim koncentracijama (32). Ova tvr enja ne iznena uju s obzirom da postoji uska korelacija nivoa BNP i NYHA funkcionalnih klasa (slika 4), kao i nivoa BNP i hemodinamskih indeksa kao što su enddijastolni pritisak leve komore i plu ni kapilarni pritisak (15, 33). NT N-terminalni; BNP natriuretski peptid tip-b; NYHA New York Heart Association Prema McCulloughu (15). Sl. 4 Veza izme u BNP i NT-proBNP i NYHA funkcijske klase

5 2 151 Dijastolna disfunkcija Koncentracije BNP su dosledno povišene kod poreme- aja koje karakteriše dijastolna disfunkcija (aortna stenoza, hipertrofijska kardiomiopatija i restriktivna kardiomiopatija) (34 36). Koncentracije su više kod bolesnika sa sistolnom disfunkcijom u odnosu na one sa izolovanom dijastolnom disfunkcijom, a najviše kod onih sa kombinovanom sistolnom i dijastolnom disfunkcijom (37). Kod bolesnika sa o uvanom sistolnom funkcijom leve komore BNP koreliše sa dopler indeksima dijastolne disfunkcije: koncentracije su povišene kod bolesnika sa ošte enom relaksacijom, a najviše kod onih sa restriktivnim tipom dijastolnog punjenja. Ta- nost BNP u dijagnostici izolovane dijastolne sr ane slabosti sli na je onoj u dijagnostici sr ane slabosti zbog sistolne disfunkcije (38). Poreme aji funkcije desne komore Koncentracija BNP raste proporcionalno stepenu disfunkcije desne komore kod poreme aja kod kojih postoji povišen pritisak punjenja ili strukturne abnormalnosti desne komore (primarna plu na hipertenzija, cor pulmonale, plu na embolija, kongenitalne sr ane bolesti i aritmogena displazija desne komore) (39 43). Me utim, ini se da je u ovim slu ajevima porast BNP manji nego u slu ajevima gde postoji disfunkcija leve komore (41). Ograni enja u dijagnosti koj vrednosti BNP Postoji nekoliko važnih ograni enja u dijagnosti koj primeni BNP. Prvo, bolesnici se ponekad javljaju sa konkomitantnim poreme ajima kao što su pneumonija i dekompenzovana sr ana slabost. Prema tome, veoma visoke koncentracije BNP, iako specifi ne za dekompenzovanu sr anu slabost, ne isklju uju postojanje drugih važnih bolesti. Drugo, bolesnici sa CHF mogu imati stalno povišene koncentracije BNP uprkos adekvatnom le enju. U ovakvim slu ajevima postavljanje dijagnoze pre zahteva pore enje sa bolesnikovom bazalnom koncentracijom BNP nego koriš enje ranije odre enih dijagnosti kih granica, iako za ta nost ove strategije još uvek nema pravih dokaza. Tre e, kod bolesnika koji nemaju simptome mala pove anja koncentarcije BNP nisu specifi na za disfunkciju leve komore. Na kraju, prilikom ispitivanja asimptomatske populacije na disfunkciju leve komore, lekari bi trebalo da imaju u vidu da normalne vrednosti BNP zavise od starosti, pola i na ina analize (44). Prognosti ki zna aj BNP Kod bolesnika sa CHF više koncentracije BNP korelišu sa pove anim kardiovaskularnim i sveukupnim mortalitetom, nezavisno od starosti, NYHA klase, ranijeg infarkta miokarda i ejekcione frakcije leve komore (45). Povišene koncentracije BNP, tako e nezavisno korelišu sa u estaloš- u rehospitalizacije i naprasne sr ane smrti kod bolesnika sa CHF (46, 47). Sli an prognosti ki zna aj BNP ima i kod dijastolne sr ane slabosti. Nakon akutnog infarkta miokarda, povišene koncentracije BNP ukazuju na bolesnike kod kojih postoji ve i rizik od disfunkcije leve komore, sr ane slabosti i smrti, nezavisno od starosti i ejekcione frakcije LK (48). ak i kod bolesnika sa nestabilnom anginom bez znakova sr ane slabosti, povišene koncentracije BNP su u korelaciji sa pove- anim rizikom od smrtnog ishoda (49). Kod poreme aja koji dovode do disfunkcije desne komore (cor pulmonale, primarna plu na hipertenzija itd.) BNP ima sli an prognosti ki zna aj (50). Testovi na natriuretske peptide predstavljaju možda najve i napredak u dijagnostici sr ane slabosti još od uvo- enja ehokardiografije pre oko 20 godina. Ipak, oni se ne mogu koristiti kao samostalni testovi, ve daju dodatne informacije lekarima, pored anamneze, radiografije plu a i drugih pomo nih testova. Njihova senzitivnost i negativna prediktivna vrednost ini ih pogodnim za isklju ivanje sr ane slabosti sa visokom sigurnoš u. 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