Technical Aspects and Clinical Indications of FFR
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1 Technical Aspects and Clinical Indications of FFR Emanuele Barbato, MD, PhD, FESC Cardiovascular Center Aalst - OLV Clinic Aalst, Belgium
2 Potential conflicts of interest Consulting fees and honoraria on my behalf go to the Cardiovascular Research Center Aalst Contracted Research between the Cardiovascular Research Center Aalst and the following pharmaceutical and device companies: Ablynx, Astra Zeneca, BMS, Eli Lilly, GSK, Therabel, Abbott Vascular, Biotronik, Boston Scientific, Cordis J&J, Edwards, Medtronic, Orbus Neich, St Jude, Terumo Ownership Interest: Cardiovascular Research Center Aalst is cofounder of Cardio³BioSciences, a start-up company focusing on cellbased regenerative cardiovascular therapies
3 Technical Aspects P a P d + + = FFR
4 How to... equalize Pd and Pa P d P a Sensor of the pressure wire should be positioned outside the guiding catheter and proximal to the lesion to be measured!
5
6 How to... position the Pw P d P a Pressure wire should be positioned distal to the stenosis: note that pressure sensor is located at 3 cm from the tip!
7 How to... Induce maximal hyperemia + =
8 Why maximal hyperemia is important? NO MAXIMAL HYPEREMIA NO FFR!
9 No maximal hyperemia No FFR! Flow (Q) FFR = S Q max N Q max = P d P a CFR = Q max Q rest Coronary Pressure (P)
10 Why maximal hyperemia is important? A maximal hyperemia is important for the correct measurement of FFR A maximal hyperemia is fundamental for the correct clinical decision making
11 Coronary Hyperemic Stimuli Intravenous Infusion (preferable central line) - Adenosine 140 mg/kg/min Intracoronary Bolus LCA RCA - Adenosine > 100mg (up to mg) - Papaverine 20 mg 10 mg
12 Side effects Rarely AV-block (transient) With IV infusion: blood pressure drop (10-15%), angina-like chest pain or shortness of breath, possible bronchospasm in patients with COPD, very rarely AV-block
13 Two Compartment Model of the Coronary Circulation Epicardial Artery Microvasculature Nitrates (ISDN 200 µg IC) Adenosine, etc, Vasoconstriction Autoregulation
14 BEFORE NITRATES AFTER NITRATES
15 WITH ADENOSINE WITH NITRATES AND ADENOSINE
16 True maximal hyperemia Minimal microvascular resistance Minimal epicardial resistance: IC NTG!
17 True maximal hyperemia Minimal microvascular resistance Minimal epicardial resistance: IC NTG!
18 P a S.L.: 55-y-old woman 6 days post Q-wave anterior infarction. P d Adenosine P = 10 mm Hg P = 33 mm Hg FFR = 42 / 75 = 0.56
19 Resting Pressures and Hyperemia Berry C et al (VERIFY study) JACC 2012 in press
20 P a S.L.: 55-y-old woman 6 days post Q-wave anterior infarction. P d Adenosine P = 10 mm Hg P = 33 mm Hg FFR = 42 / 75 = 0.56
21 Clinical Indications Intermediate stenosis Equivocal stenosis of Left Main CA Aorto-Ostial and serial stenosis Multivessel disease Bifurcation Small vessel disease ACS
22 Clinical Indications Intermediate stenosis Equivocal stenosis of Left Main CA Aorto-Ostial and serial stenosis Multivessel disease Bifurcation Small vessel disease ACS
23
24 QCA vs. FFR in LM stenosis 6% 23% Hamilos M et al Circulation 2009
25 Visual estimation vs. FFR 74% concordance 26% different estimation: Half had a DS>50%, but a FFR > 0.80 Half had a DS<50%, but a FFR < 0.80 Hamilos M et al Circulation 2009
26 How to... measure FFR in the LMCA P a P d Equalization of 2 pressures (guiding catheter [P a ] and PW [P d ]): to be perfomed with the GC disengaged!
27 GC disengaged GC engaged 5th European Interventional Cardiology Fellows Course, London, November 2010
28 GC disengaged GC engaged 5th European Interventional Cardiology Fellows Course, London, November 2010
29 New Equalization GC disengaged GC engaged 5th European Interventional Cardiology Fellows Course, London, November 2010
30 GC disengaged GC engaged New Equalization 5th European Interventional Cardiology Fellows Course, London, November 2010
31 GC disengaged GC engaged New Equalization 5th European Interventional Cardiology Fellows Course, London, November 2010
32 How to... measure FFR in the LMCA P a P d
33 How to... measure FFR in the LMCA P a P d Hyperemia with IV Adenosine infusion is strictly recommended!
34 How to... measure FFR in the LMCA P a P d With distal stenosis, FFR should be measured in both LAD
35 How to... measure FFR in the LMCA P a P d and LCX!
36 Hamilos M et al Circulation 2009
37 Hamilos M et al Circulation 2009
38 Survival at long term follow-up MACE free-survival Hamilos M et al Circulation 2009
39 Clinical Indications Intermediate stenosis Equivocal stenosis of Left Main CA Aorto-Ostial and serial stenosis Multivessel disease Bifurcation Small vessel disease ACS
40 GM 77 year-old-female Risk factors Arterial hypertension Past medical history July 2005: mid-cab with LIMA to LAD March 2007: stable angina
41 MIBI (March 2007)
42 GM 77 year-old-female CAG (May 2007) Mid-LAD 100%, LIMA to LAD patent, collaterals to LAD also from the RCA. Medical treatment.
43 October 2010 Clinical Presentation Worsening of angina
44 CAG (November 2010)
45 CAG (November 2010)
46 CAG (November 2010)
47 CAG (November 2010)
48 FFR mid-rca (November 2010)
49 FFR mid-rca (November 2010)
50 FFR mid-rca (November 2010)
51
52 FFR ostial + mid-rca
53 FFR ostial + mid-rca Started Infusion of IV adenosine (140 mg/kg/min)
54
55 PCI ostial-rca BMS 4.0 x 15 mm
56 PCI ostial- RCA NCB 4.5 x 8 mm
57 Control Angio
58
59 PCI mid-rca BMS 3.5 x 15 mm
60 Final Angiography
61 Clinical Indications Intermediate stenosis Left Main and isolated proximal LAD Aorto-Ostial and serial stenosis Multivessel disease Bifurcation Small vessel disease ACS
62 Specificity of small vessel disease No correlation between functional (by FFR) and anatomic (both by QCA and IVUS) stenosis severity
63 No correlation between FFR, QCA and IVUS Costa M et al Am Heart J 2007
64 Specificity of small vessel disease No correlation between functional (by FFR) and anatomic (both by QCA and IVUS) stenosis severity Generally supply small areas of myocardium at risk
65 Small vessels, myocardial mass and FFR Costa M et al Am Heart J 2007
66 Specificity of small vessel disease No correlation between functional (by FFR) and anatomic (both by QCA and IVUS) stenosis severity Generally supply small areas of myocardium at risk Revascularization of SVD can be technically challenging Higher risk of restenosis and target vessel failure
67 FFR-guided PCI in small vessel disease Puymirat E et al Circulation Cardiovasc Intv 2012
68 FFR-guided PCI in small vessel disease Puymirat E et al Circulation Cardiovasc Intv 2012
69 Conclusions FFR measurement, when appropriately performed, is a validated surrogate index for myocardial ischemia FFR can help clinical decision making in different anatomical and clinical settings Randomized studies and registries have demonstrated in thousands of patients that an FFR-guided revascularization is safe and effective (Class IA in the latest ESC/EACTS guidelines)
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